A REVIEW OF FUNGAL INFECTIONS OF ORAL CAVITY AND ITS EMERGING TRENDS

2021 ◽  
pp. 229-236
Author(s):  
Sonalee Shah ◽  
Manpreet Kaur ◽  
G. Sangeeta
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Invasive Fungal Disease ◽  
Geotrichum Candidum ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Coccidioides Immitis ◽  
Oral Infections ◽  
Wide Range

Oral commensal ora consists of a wide range of micro-organisms that include eubacteria, archaea, fungi, mycoplasmas and protozoa. From oral commensals, fungi are classied as eukaryotes. Fungal species that are present as commensal inhabitants in the oral cavity but can lead to a very serious infection with broadcast to various parts of body in patients with immune-suppressed state and therefore are referred to as opportunistic pathogenic fungi . Mucor and Cryptococcus too are etiological agents of signicant number of oral infections. Clinical presentations of the fungal infections vary from pseudo-membranes, purulent swellings, erosive lesions, pustules to widespread destruction due to necrosis that may extend upto bone.(1,2) Despite advances in treatment modalities, the frequency of deaths associated with invasive candidiasis remains high and is about one-third to one-half of affected patients. (3) The candida species, adhere utilizing both specic and nonspecic mechanisms including dimorphism with direct tissue invasion & extra-cellular enzymes. (7) Oral supercial candidiasis may occur in various clinical forms. Also, besides candida, the fungi that can cause deep-seated fungal infections in humans are : Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, Histosplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Zygomycetes class, Coccidioides immitis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Penicillium marneffei, Sporotrix schenckii and Geotrichum candidum. Detection of invasive fungal disease cannot be done from isolation and identication of fungal DNA alone. At present, treatment of candidiasis, of any type, relies only on a limited arsenal of antifungal agents. (2, 7)

scholarly journals Effect of cetylpyridinium chloride on pathogenic fungi and Nocardia asteroides in sputum

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 272-276
Author(s):  
B J Phillips ◽  
W Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Histoplasma Capsulatum ◽  
Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Cetylpyridinium Chloride ◽  
Sporothrix Schenckii ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Geotrichum Candidum ◽  
Nocardia Asteroides ◽  
Coccidioides Immitis

The effect of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) on pathogenic fungi and Nocardia asteroides was studied. Sputa seeded with each of 11 organisms (Aspergillus flavus; Aspergillus fumigatus, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Candida albicans, Coccidioides immitis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Geotrichum candidum, Histoplasma capsulatum; Nocardia asteroides, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, and Sporothrix schenckii) were treated with CPC and kept for 2, 5 and 9 days. The CPC reagent used (0.5% CPC and 0.5% sodium chloride) is one the Mycobacteriolgoy Branch at the Center for Disease Control added to sputa before shipping them to laboratories for recovery of mycobacteria. None of the organisms tested survived this treatment, and none was recovered on mycological or mycobacteriological media. Seeded sputa containing these organisms were also tested with a second CPC reagent (0.02% CPC and 0.5% sodium chloride) and held for 2, 5 and 9 days. A few colonies of A. flavus, A. fumigatus, and N. asteroides were recovered from these samples. Neither the morphology of the fungi nor their stainability by the fluorescent antibody method was affected by treatment with the reagent containing 0.5% CPC. However, the background material in smears from the 0.5% CPC-treated samples retained the conjugate, and this made weakly fluorescing organisms more difficult to detect. The 0.5% CPC treatment did not alter the morphology of N. asteroides or its ability to be stained with Kinyoun acid-fast stain.

scholarly journals Virulence Factors IN Fungi OF Systemic Mycoses

1998 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 125-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cilmery Suemi KUROKAWA ◽  
Maria Fátima SUGIZAKI ◽  
Maria Terezinha Serrão PERAÇOLI
Keyword(s):  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Histoplasma Capsulatum ◽  
Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Coccidioides Immitis ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Hostile Environments

Pathogenic fungi that cause systemic mycoses retain several factors which allow their growth in adverse conditions provided by the host, leading to the establishment of the parasitic relationship and contributing to disease development. These factors are known as virulence factors which favor the infection process and the pathogenesis of the mycoses. The present study evaluates the virulence factors of pathogenic fungi such as Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in terms of thermotolerance, dimorphism, capsule or cell wall components as well as enzyme production. Virulence factors favor fungal adhesion, colonization, dissemination and the ability to survive in hostile environments and elude the immune response mechanisms of the host. Both the virulence factors presented by different fungi and the defense mechanisms provided by the host require action and interaction of complex processes whose knowledge allows a better understanding of the pathogenesis of systemic mycoses.

Cost-Identification Analysis in Oral Cavity Cancer Management

1998 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerry F. Funk ◽  
Henry T. Hoffman ◽  
Lucy Hynds Karnell ◽  
Joan M. Ricks ◽  
M. Bridget Zimmerman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Oral Cavity Cancer ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Hospital Charges ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Patient Mix

The objectives of this study were to investigate potential relationships between pretreatment patient-mix characteristics, treatment modalities, and costs generated during the pretreatment work-up, treatment, and 1-year follow-up periods for patients with oral cavity cancer (OCC). Another objective was to identify potential areas for cost reduction and improved resource allocation in the management of OCC patients. Using a retrospective cohort of 73 patients with OCC, pretreatment patient-mix characteristics and treatment modalities were evaluated in relation to university-based charges incurred during the pretreatment evaluation, treatment, and 1 -year follow-up periods. Simple regression and stepwise multiple regression analyses were used to develop predictive models for cost based on independent variables, including age, AJCC TNM clinical stage, smoking history, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class, comorbidity as defined by the Kaplan-Feinstein grade and treatment modality. The dependent measurements included all physician, office, and hospital charges incurred at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics during the pretreatment evaluation, treatment, and follow-up periods, as well as the total pretreatment through 1-year follow-up management costs. Independent variables that were identified as being significantly associated with treatment costs included T classification, N classification, TNM stage, unimodality versus multimodality treatment, and the Kaplan-Feinstein comorbidity grade. Age, smoking status, and ASA class were not significantly associated with costs. The majority of the OCC management costs were incurred during the treatment period. The most substantial decreases in management costs for OCC will be realized through measures that allow identification and treatment of disease at an early stage, in which single-modality treatment may effectively be used. Resource allocation for OCC should support the investigation of measures through which the diagnosis and treatment of OCC at the earliest possible stage is facilitated. The presence of comorbid illness is a significant component in the determination of management costs for OCC and should be included in analyses of resource allocation for OCC. The singular diagnosis of OCC encompasses a wide range of patient illness severity, and diagnosis-related reimbursement schemes for OCC treatment should optimally differentiate between early and advanced stage disease.

Evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo dimorphism ofSporothrix schenckii,Blastomyces dermatitidis, andParacoccidioides brasiliensisisolates after preservation in mineral oil

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 445-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Ferretti de Lima ◽  
Marcelly Maria dos Santos Brito ◽  
Guido Manoel Vidal Schäffer ◽  
Osana Cunha de Lima ◽  
Cintia de Moraes Borba
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis ◽  
Sporothrix Schenckii ◽  
Brain Heart Infusion ◽  
Morphological Differentiation ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Blastomyces Dermatitidis

Morphological differentiation has commanded attention for its putative impact on the pathogenesis of invasive fungal infections. We evaluated in vitro and in vivo the dimorphism from mycelial to yeast-phase of Sporothrix schenckii, Blastomyces dermatitidis and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis isolates, two strains for each species, preserved in mineral oil. S. schenckii strains showed typical micromorphology at 25 °C but one strain was unable to complete the dimorphic process in vitro. After in vivo passage through mice the strains had the ability to turn into yeast-like cells and to form colonies on brain-heart infusion medium at 36 °C. B. dermatitidis strains grew as dirty white to brownish membranous colonies at 25 °C and their micromorphology showed thin filaments with single hyaline conidia. At 36 °C the colonies did not differ from those grown at 25 °C, but produced a transitional micromorphology. P. brasiliensis strains grew as cream-colored cerebriform colonies at 25 °C showing a transitional morphology. B. dermatitidis and P. brasiliensis strains did not turn into yeast-like cells in vivo. The present results demonstrate that B. dermatitidis and P. brasiliensis strains were unable to complete the dimorphic process even after in vivo passage, in contrast to the S. schenckii strain.Key words: pathogenic fungi, in vitro storage, in vivo passage, morphogenesis.

scholarly journals Targeting the Homoserine Dehydrogenase of Paracoccidioides Species for Treatment of Systemic Fungal Infections

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariane C. Bagatin ◽  
Arethusa L. Pimentel ◽  
Débora C. Biavatti ◽  
Ernani A. Basso ◽  
Erika S. Kioshima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Structure ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Homoserine Dehydrogenase ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Zinc Database ◽  
Etiological Agents

ABSTRACT This work evaluated new potential inhibitors of the enzyme homoserine dehydrogenase (HSD) of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, one of the etiological agents of paracoccidioidomycosis. The tertiary structure of the protein bonded to the analogue NAD, and l-homoserine was modeled by homology. The model with the best output was subjected to gradient minimization, redocking, and molecular dynamics simulation. Virtual screening simulations with 187,841 molecules purchasable from the Zinc database were performed. After the screenings, 14 molecules were selected and analyzed by the use of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity criteria, resulting in four compounds for in vitro assays. The molecules HS1 and HS2 were promising, exhibiting MICs of 64 and 32 μg · ml−1, respectively, for the Pb18 isolate of P. brasilensis, 64 μg · ml−1 for two isolates of P. lutzii, and also synergy with itraconazole. The application of these molecules to human-pathogenic fungi confirmed that the HSD enzyme may be used as a target for the development of drugs with specific action against paracoccidioidomycosis; moreover, these compounds may serve as leads in the design of new antifungals.

scholarly journals In vivo and In vitro Antifungal Activity of 2,3-Dimethylquinoxline

2021 ◽  
pp. 198-207
Author(s):  
Abdelbagi Alfadil ◽  
Hamoud A. Alsamhan ◽  
Ahmed S. Ali ◽  
Huda M. Alkreathy ◽  
Mohammad W. Alrabia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Preclinical Study ◽  
Mice Model ◽  
Wide Range

Aims: To explore the antifungal activity of 2,3-dimethylquinoxaline. Study Design: A preclinical study of a compound against 10 fungal species. Backgrounds: Severe fungal infections cause significant clinical problem and need more effort to search for new antifungals. Methodology: We evaluated the susceptibility of 2,3-dimethylquinoxaline in vitro against a wide range of pathogenic fungi, including six Candida species, two Aspergillus species, one Cryptococcus species, and one Trichophyton species. Also, we evaluated the susceptibility of 2,3-dimethylquinoxaline in vivo against oral candidiasis using a mice model. Results: The highest score of the minimum inhibitory concentration was 9 µg/ml against Cryptococcus neoformans. While, the lowest score was 1125 µg/ml against Candida tropicalis. The oral candidiasis in a mouse model was resolved using 2,3-dimethylquinoxaline 1% gel. Conclusion: The 2,3-Dimethyquinoxaline has interesting antifungal activity. Quinoxalines in general need to be further developed as a promising antifungal candidate.

Heterocycle Compounds with Antimicrobial Activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 867-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Fesatidou ◽  
Anthi Petrou ◽  
Geronikaki Athina
Keyword(s):  
Heterocyclic Compounds ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Literature Survey ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Number Of Microorganisms

Background: Bacterial infections are a growing problem worldwide causing morbidity and mortality mainly in developing countries. Moreover, the increased number of microorganisms, developing multiple resistances to known drugs, due to abuse of antibiotics, is another serious problem. This problem becomes more serious for immunocompromised patients and those who are often disposed to opportunistic fungal infections. Objective: The objective of this manuscript is to give an overview of new findings in the field of antimicrobial agents among five-membered heterocyclic compounds. These heterocyclic compounds especially five-membered attracted the interest of the scientific community not only for their occurrence in nature but also due to their wide range of biological activities. Method: To reach our goal, a literature survey that covers the last decade was performed. Results: As a result, recent data on the biological activity of thiazole, thiazolidinone, benzothiazole and thiadiazole derivatives are mentioned. Conclusion: It should be mentioned that despite the progress in the development of new antimicrobial agents, there is still room for new findings. Thus, research still continues.

Recognition of Fungal Components by the Host Immune System

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura C. García-Carnero ◽  
José A. Martínez-Álvarez ◽  
Luis M. Salazar-García ◽  
Nancy E. Lozoya-Pérez ◽  
Sandra E. González-Hernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Histoplasma Capsulatum ◽  
Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis ◽  
Sporothrix Schenckii ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Fungal Antigens

: By being the first point of contact of the fungus with the host, the cell wall plays an important role in the pathogenesis, having many molecules that participate as antigens that are recognized by immune cells, and also that help the fungus to establish infection. The main molecules reported to trigger an immune response are chitin, glucans, oligosaccharides, proteins, melanin, phospholipids, and others, being present in the principal pathogenic fungi with clinical importance worldwide, such as Histoplasma capsulatum, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and Sporothrix schenckii. Knowledge and understanding of how the immune system recognizes and responds to fungal antigens are relevant for the future research and development of new diagnostic tools and treatments for the control of mycosis caused by these fungi.

Selecting a PRO-CTCAE based subset for patient reported symptom monitoring during lung cancer treatment (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evalien Veldhuijzen ◽  
Iris Walraven ◽  
Jose Belderbos
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
European Organization ◽  
Specific Patient ◽  
Symptom Monitoring ◽  
Lung Cancer Patients ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Patient Reported

BACKGROUND The Patient Reported Outcomes Version of the Common Terminology Criteria of Adverse Events (PRO-CTCAE) item library covers a wide range of symptoms relevant for oncology care. To enable implementation of PRO-CTCAE-based symptom monitoring in clinical practice, there is a need to select a subset of items relevant for specific patient populations. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to develop a PRO-CTCAE subset relevant for patients with lung cancer. METHODS The PRO-CTCAE-based subset for lung cancer patients was generated using a mixed methods approach based on the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) guidelines for developing questionnaires, consisting of a literature review and semi-structured interviews with both lung cancer patients and health care practitioners (HCPs). Both patients and HCPs were queried on the relevance and impact of all PRO-CTCAE items. Results were summarized and, after a final round of expert review, a selection of clinically relevant items for lung cancer patients was made. RESULTS A heterogeneous group of lung cancer patients (n=25) from different treatment modalities and HCPs (n=22) participated in the study. A final list of eight relevant PRO-CTCAE items was created: decreased appetite, cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, constipation, nausea, sadness, and pain (general). CONCLUSIONS Based on literature and both professional and patient input, a subset of PRO-CTCAE items has been identified for use in lung cancer patients in clinical practice. Future work is needed to confirm the validity and effectiveness of this PRO-CTCAE lung cancer subset internationally, and in the real-world clinical practice setting.

scholarly journals The Role of Fungi in the Cocoa Production Chain and the Challenge of Climate Change

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 202
Author(s):  
Johannes Delgado-Ospina ◽  
Junior Bernardo Molina-Hernández ◽  
Clemencia Chaves-López ◽  
Gianfranco Romanazzi ◽  
Antonello Paparella
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Cocoa Production

Background: The role of fungi in cocoa crops is mainly associated with plant diseases and contamination of harvest with unwanted metabolites such as mycotoxins that can reach the final consumer. However, in recent years there has been interest in discovering other existing interactions in the environment that may be beneficial, such as antagonism, commensalism, and the production of specific enzymes, among others. Scope and approach: This review summarizes the different fungi species involved in cocoa production and the cocoa supply chain. In particular, it examines the presence of fungal species during cultivation, harvest, fermentation, drying, and storage, emphasizing the factors that possibly influence their prevalence in the different stages of production and the health risks associated with the production of mycotoxins in the light of recent literature. Key findings and conclusion: Fungi associated with the cocoa production chain have many different roles. They have evolved in a varied range of ecosystems in close association with plants and various habitats, affecting nearly all the cocoa chain steps. Reports of the isolation of 60 genera of fungi were found, of which only 19 were involved in several stages. Although endophytic fungi can help control some diseases caused by pathogenic fungi, climate change, with increased rain and temperatures, together with intensified exchanges, can favour most of these fungal infections, and the presence of highly aggressive new fungal genotypes increasing the concern of mycotoxin production. For this reason, mitigation strategies need to be determined to prevent the spread of disease-causing fungi and preserve beneficial ones.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document