scholarly journals Low Proportion of Recent Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infections among Newly Diagnosed Cases of HIV Infection as Shown by the Presence of HIV-Specific Antibodies of Low Avidity

2005 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 497-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Puchhammer-Stockl ◽  
B. Schmied ◽  
A. Rieger ◽  
M. Sarcletti ◽  
M. Geit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Late diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infections in high-risk groups in Karachi, Pakistan

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (14) ◽  
pp. 1400-1406
Author(s):  
Zahra Hasan ◽  
Sharaf Shah ◽  
Rumina Hasan ◽  
Shoaib Rao ◽  
Manzoor Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection prevalence in Pakistan has been increasing in high-risk groups, including people who inject drugs (PWID) and transgender hijra sex workers (TG-HSWs) nationwide. Effective control of HIV requires early diagnosis of the infection. We investigated recency of HIV infections in newly-diagnosed cases in PWID and TG-HSWs. This was an observational study with convenience sampling. Overall, 210 HIV-positive subjects comprising an equal number of PWID and TG-HSWs were included. Antibody avidity was tested using the Maxim HIV-1 Limiting Antigen Avidity (LAg) EIA (Maxim Biomedical, Inc. Rockville, Maryland, USA). The mean age of study subjects was 29.5 years: PWID, 28.5 years and TG-HSWs, 30.4 years. Study subjects were married, 27%, or unmarried. Eighteen percent of individuals had recently-acquired HIV infections: 19% of PWID and 17% of TG-HSWs. Eighty-two percent of individuals had long-term HIV infections: 81% of PWID and 83% of TG-HSWs. This is the first study identification of recent HIV-1 infections in Pakistan. We show that most newly-diagnosed HIV patients in the high-risk groups studied had long-term infections. There is an urgent need for intervention in these groups to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection to reduce transmission in Pakistan.

scholarly journals Co-infection by Cryptococcus neoformans fungaemia and Non tuberculous Mycobacterium together with Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in a patient with newly diagnosed HIV infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eihab Subahi ◽  
safwan aljafar ◽  
haidar barjas ◽  
Mohamed Abdelrazek ◽  
Fatima Rasoul
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Aids Patients ◽  
Pneumocystis Jiroveci ◽  
Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Opportunistic infections are common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Co-infections with Cryptococcus neoformans together with Mycobacterium and Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) are rare, and typically occur in immunocompromised individuals, particularly AIDS patients.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acute Deep Vein Thromboses

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 352-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Louw ◽  
Barry F. Jacobson ◽  
Harry Büller
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
South African ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Deep Vein

Abnormalities that predispose to a hypercoagulable state with an increased incidence of venous thrombosis have been described in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections and are associated with an increased mortality. A recent systematic review by Klein et al concluded that further studies are essential to elucidate the link between HIV infection and deep vein thrombosis (DVT). We prospectively evaluated 24 consecutive, active people presenting with an acute DVT; 13 consented to HIV testing, revealing an HIV prevalence of 84% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.65-1.04). In a matched healthy control group, the HIV prevalence was 4% (95% CI, 0.039-0.041). The high HIV prevalence in the DVT group that consented to testing was also significantly higher compared to that in the South African population, estimated to be 10% in 2005. Although the study numbers were low, a statistically significant increased prevalence of HIV infection was found in patients with acute DVTs.

HIV-vacuolar myelopathy: an unusual early presentation in HIV

2020 ◽  
pp. 095646242093378
Author(s):  
Jacob Leffert ◽  
Rangarajan Purushothaman ◽  
George Koshy Vilanilam ◽  
Marc Stanley ◽  
Atul Kothari
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Late Presentation ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Early Presentation ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Vacuolar Myelopathy ◽  
High Index Of Suspicion

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-vacuolar myelopathy is a late presentation of HIV infection and rarely the presenting symptom. Treatment of HIV-vacuolar myelopathy involves anti-retroviral therapy, but neurological deficits are devastating if diagnosis is delayed. We present a rare case of a patient who presented with HIV-vacuolar myelopathy as the initial presentation in a case of newly diagnosed HIV. The case emphasizes the importance of a high index of suspicion and diagnosis for better outcomes in HIV-vacuolar myelopathy.

Case 36

2020 ◽  
pp. 247-254
Author(s):  
Andrew Woodhouse
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Acute Hiv Infection ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Acute Hiv

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a worldwide infection and new cases continue to occur. Recognizing features of acute HIV infection and also underlying conditions that might reflect longer-standing infection are key to diagnosis. This allows treatment to be started which can maintain or improve health and prevent further deterioration of immune function. Treatment is indicated for the majority of newly diagnosed cases irrespective of immune function status. Current treatment strategies are so effective and tolerable now compared to early antiretroviral regimens that HIV has become a long-term manageable condition for the majority of newly diagnosed people who are able to access antiretroviral therapy.

scholarly journals Sero-prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection among patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis in a teaching hospital in Bauchi, North-Eastern Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabiu Abdu Gwalabe ◽  
Jacob Dunga ◽  
Yusuf Jibrin Bara ◽  
Alkali Muhammad ◽  
Mustapha Sabo Umar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Hiv Antibodies

About a third of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive population worldwide is co-infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, data are lacking about the prevalence of HIV among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in a teaching hospital in Bauchi, northeast Nigeria. The aim of this study is to determine the sero-prevalence of HIV among patients with sputum smear positive PTB at Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital (ATBUTH), Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria. This is a retrospective study review of patients’ medical records diagnosed with sputum smear positive PTB that attended and received treatment at directly observed treatment short course (DOTS) clinic of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital (ATBUTH), Bauchi, Bauchi State, North-Eastern Nigeria from January, 2015- December, 2017. All the patients were newly diagnosed with sputum smear positive PTB using ZN stain testing of their sputum and screened for HIV antibodies. There were 155 patients studied comprising of 95 (61.29%) males and 60 (38.71%) females. One hundred and twenty (77.42%) patients were seronegative and 35 (22.58%) sero-positive for HIV. Most of the patients were within the ages of 15-54 years with mean age of 34.63±15.55. The sero-prevalence of HIV infection among the patients is 22.58%. Sero-prevalence of HIV is observed to be high among young and married patients with secondary level of education. The sero-prevalence of HIV infection among the patients is relatively lower than those reported in most parts of Nigeria and the sub-Saharan Africa, hence there is still need for continued screening of HIV antibodies among patients with PTB so as to reduce the morbidity and mortality that may result from the coinfection.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus among pregnant women in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Ozim ◽  
R Mahendran ◽  
M Amalan ◽  
S Puthussery
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Primary Outcome Measure ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Pooled Prevalence ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Abstract Background Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection among pregnant women has been associated with a number of adverse maternal and infant outcomes. Nigeria accounts for about 10% of the HIV/AIDS burden worldwide and has the second highest incidence of new HIV infections among women globally. This study estimated the overall prevalence of HIV among pregnant women in Nigeria and examined variations across the geo-political zones of the country. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. A comprehensive search was conducted using eight electronic databases and grey sources for studies published from 1·1·2008 to 31·8·2019. Primary studies reporting prevalence estimates of HIV among pregnant women diagnosed using a diagnostic/ screening test were identified, screened and appraised using a two-stage process. A meta-analysis was conducted with the primary outcome measure as proportion (%) of pregnant women identified as having HIV infection. Results Twenty three eligible studies involving 72,728 pregnant women were included in the meta-analysis. The overall pooled prevalence of HIV among pregnant women was 7·22% (95% CI: 5·64, 9·21). A high degree of heterogeneity (I2=97·2%) and publication bias (p = 0.728) was reported. Prevalence rate for South-East geo-political zone (17·04%, 95% CI: 9·01, 29·86) was higher compared to the overall prevalence. Conclusions Findings imply that 7 out of every 100 pregnant women in Nigeria are likely to have HIV infection. The magnitude of the issue highlight the need for targeted efforts at local, national and international levels towards prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Key messages HIV infection among pregnant women is a major public health issue in Nigeria. Targeted efforts are needed at local, national and international levels towards prevention, diagnosis and treatment.

scholarly journals Shorter Granulocyte Telomeres Among Children and Adolescents With Perinatally Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Chronic Lung Disease in Zimbabwe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhinav Ajaykumar ◽  
Glenn C Wong ◽  
Louis-Marie Yindom ◽  
Grace McHugh ◽  
Ethel Dauya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Lung Disease ◽  
Chronic Lung Disease ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Cart Initiation ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Perinatally Acquired ◽  
Hiv Negative

Abstract Background Chronic lung disease (CLD) has been reported among African children with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (C-PHIV), despite combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). In adults, shorter telomere length (TL) has been reported in association with both CLD and HIV. As little is known in children, our objective was to compare TL in HIV-positive (cART-naive or -treated) and HIV-negative children with and without CLD. Methods Participants included Zimbabwean C-PHIV, aged 6–16, who were either newly diagnosed and cART-naive, or on cART for >6 months, and HIV-negative controls of similar age and sex. Packed blood cell (granulocyte) TLs from 621 children were compared cross-sectionally between groups. For a subset of newly diagnosed C-PHIV, changes in TL following cART initiation were evaluated. Results C-PHIV had shorter granulocyte TL compared with uninfected peers, regardless of cART. Among 255 C-PHIV without CLD, TL was shorter in cART-naive participants. In multivariable analyses adjusted for age, sex, CLD, and HIV/cART status, shorter TL was independently associated with older age, being HIV positive, and having reduced forced vital capacity (FVC). Last, cART initiation increased TL. Conclusions In this cohort, C-PHIV and those with reduced FVC have shorter granulocyte TL, possibly the result of increased immune activation and cellular turnover due to longstanding HIV infection with delayed cART initiation.

scholarly journals Interaction between leprosy and HIV infection

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prima Sudarsa ◽  
Ratih Vibriyanti Karna ◽  
Luh Mas Rusyati
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Immune Reconstitution ◽  
Therapy Response ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Immune Reconstitution Syndrome ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Leprosy Patients

Introduction: Leprosy and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infections still count as major health issues worldwide. Starting with the HIV pandemic back in the eighties, leprosy was feared to re-emerge as the HIV cases arose. Co-infections between leprosy and HIV were worried to cause an increase in leprosy cases, with worse clinical manifestation, predominantly toward the lepromatous spectrum, decrease in therapy response, and prolonged therapy period. Unlike its interaction with tuberculosis, HIV infection was turned out to not increasing nor deteriorating the manifestation of leprosy infection. All clinical spectrum of leprosy was found in HIV infection patients without predomination of lepromatous type. Responses to leprosy Multi-Drug Therapy (MDT) regimen were also found similar between leprosy patients with or without HIV.Conclusion: It is recommended to treat co-infective patients both with leprosy MDT and antiretroviral therapy. Manifestation of leprosy as a part of immune reconstitution syndrome need more attention and investigation.Keywords: HIV infection, leprosy, interaction

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