scholarly journals The Where, When, and How of Organelle Acidification by the Yeast Vacuolar H+-ATPase

2006 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia M. Kane
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Higher Eukaryotes ◽  
Specific Regulation ◽  
And Function ◽  
Acidic Organelles ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARY All eukaryotic cells contain multiple acidic organelles, and V-ATPases are central players in organelle acidification. Not only is the structure of V-ATPases highly conserved among eukaryotes, but there are also many regulatory mechanisms that are similar between fungi and higher eukaryotes. These mechanisms allow cells both to regulate the pHs of different compartments and to respond to changing extracellular conditions. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae V-ATPase has emerged as an important model for V-ATPase structure and function in all eukaryotic cells. This review discusses current knowledge of the structure, function, and regulation of the V-ATPase in S. cerevisiae and also examines the relationship between biosynthesis and transport of V-ATPase and compartment-specific regulation of acidification.

scholarly journals The Significance of Calcium in Photosynthesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quan Wang ◽  
Sha Yang ◽  
Shubo Wan ◽  
Xinguo Li
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Biochemical Reactions ◽  
Chloroplast Proteins ◽  
Secondary Messenger ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

As a secondary messenger, calcium participates in various physiological and biochemical reactions in plants. Photosynthesis is the most extensive biosynthesis process on Earth. To date, researchers have found that some chloroplast proteins have Ca2+-binding sites, and the structure and function of some of these proteins have been discussed in detail. Although the roles of Ca2+ signal transduction related to photosynthesis have been discussed, the relationship between calcium and photosynthesis is seldom systematically summarized. In this review, we provide an overview of current knowledge of calcium’s role in photosynthesis.

scholarly journals Structure-function analysis of Arabidopsis TOPLESS reveals fundamental conservation of repression mechanisms across eukaryotes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander R. Leydon ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Hardik P. Gala ◽  
Sabrina Gilmour ◽  
Samuel Juarez-Solis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Auxin Response ◽  
Middle Domain ◽  
N Terminus ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Repression Domain

SummaryThe plant corepressor TOPLESS (TPL) is recruited to a large number of loci that are selectively induced in response to developmental or environmental cues, yet the mechanisms by which it inhibits expression in the absence of these stimuli is poorly understood. Previously, we had used the N-terminus of Arabidopsis thaliana TPL to enable repression of a synthetic auxin response circuit in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast). Here, we leveraged the yeast system to interrogate the relationship between TPL structure and function, specifically scanning for repression domains. We identified a potent repression domain in Helix 8 located within the CRA domain, which directly interacted with the Mediator middle domain subunits Med21 and Med10. Interactions between TPL and Mediator were required to fully repress transcription in both yeast and plants. In contrast, we found that multimer formation, a conserved feature of many corepressors, had minimal influence on the repression strength of TPL.

scholarly journals Repression by the Arabidopsis TOPLESS corepressor requires association with the core Mediator complex

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander R Leydon ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Hardik P Gala ◽  
Sabrina Gilmour ◽  
Samuel Juarez-Solis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Mediator Complex ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Auxin Response ◽  
The Core ◽  
N Terminus ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Repression Domain

The plant corepressor TOPLESS (TPL) is recruited to a large number of loci that are selectively induced in response to developmental or environmental cues, yet the mechanisms by which it inhibits expression in the absence of these stimuli is poorly understood. Previously, we had used the N-terminus of Arabidopsis thaliana TPL to enable repression of a synthetic auxin response circuit in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast). Here, we leveraged the yeast system to interrogate the relationship between TPL structure and function, specifically scanning for repression domains. We identified a potent repression domain in Helix 8 located within the CRA domain, which directly interacted with the Mediator middle module subunits Med21 and Med10. Interactions between TPL and Mediator were required to fully repress transcription in both yeast and plants. In contrast, we found that multimer formation, a conserved feature of many corepressors, had minimal influence on the repression strength of TPL.

Neurofilaments - the Intermediate Filaments of Neural Cells. A Review

2004 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-534
Author(s):  
Alice Šonská ◽  
Tomáš Kučera ◽  
Gustav Entlicher
Keyword(s):  
Axonal Transport ◽  
Intermediate Filaments ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Axon Diameter ◽  
Phosphorylation Potential ◽  
And Function ◽  
Tubular Proteins

Cytoskeleton is one of the basic structures of eukaryotic cells. It is a system of fibrillary or tubular proteins of three classes: microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments. Neurofilaments, a member of the last class, occur in neural cells, where they are necessary for the cell to function properly. They are important in supporting and partly controlling the axon diameter and axonal transport. Neurofilaments are probably involved also in regulatory mechanisms, mainly through their extremely rich phosphorylation potential. This article introduces briefly the cytoskeleton in general and focuses on the structure and function of neurofilaments. A review with 189 references.

scholarly journals Composition, structure and function of the eukaryotic flagellum distal tip

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 815-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob T. Croft ◽  
Davide Zabeo ◽  
Radhika Subramanian ◽  
Johanna L. Höög
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Cilia And Flagella ◽  
Composition Structure ◽  
And Function

Cilia and flagella are long extensions commonly found on the surface of eukaryotic cells. In fact, most human cells have a flagellum, and failure to correctly form cilia leads to a spectrum of diseases gathered under the name ‘ciliopathies’. The cilium distal tip is where it grows and signals. Yet, out of the flagellar regions, the distal tip is probably the least intensively studied. In this review, we will summarise the current knowledge on the diverse flagellar tip structures, the dynamicity and signalling that occurs here and the proteins localising to this important cellular region.

scholarly journals Tropoelastin and Elastin Assembly

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jazmin Ozsvar ◽  
Chengeng Yang ◽  
Stuart A. Cain ◽  
Clair Baldock ◽  
Anna Tarakanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Elastic Fibers ◽  
Assembly Process ◽  
Intrinsic Properties ◽  
Hierarchical Assembly ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

Elastic fibers are an important component of the extracellular matrix, providing stretch, resilience, and cell interactivity to a broad range of elastic tissues. Elastin makes up the majority of elastic fibers and is formed by the hierarchical assembly of its monomer, tropoelastin. Our understanding of key aspects of the assembly process have been unclear due to the intrinsic properties of elastin and tropoelastin that render them difficult to study. This review focuses on recent developments that have shaped our current knowledge of elastin assembly through understanding the relationship between tropoelastin’s structure and function.

scholarly journals The Schizosaccharomyces pombe cho1+ Gene Encodes a Phospholipid Methyltransferase

Genetics ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 150 (2) ◽  
pp. 553-562
Author(s):  
Margaret I Kanipes ◽  
John E Hill ◽  
Susan A Henry
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Schizosaccharomyces Pombe ◽  
Gene Disruption ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Biosynthetic Enzyme ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Complementation Groups ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms ◽  
And Function

Abstract The isolation of mutants of Schizosaccharomyces pombe defective in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine via the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine is reported. These mutants are choline auxotrophs and fall into two unlinked complementation groups, cho1 and cho2. We also report the analysis of the cho1+ gene, the first structural gene encoding a phospholipid biosynthetic enzyme from S. pombe to be cloned and characterized. The cho1+ gene disruption mutant (cho1Δ) is viable if choline is supplied and resembles the cho1 mutants isolated after mutagenesis. Sequence analysis of the cho1+ gene indicates that it encodes a protein closely related to phospholipid methyltransferases from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and rat. Phospholipid methyltransferases encoded by a rat liver cDNA and the S. cerevisiae OPI3 gene are both able to complement the choline auxotrophy of the S. pombe cho1 mutants. These results suggest that both the structure and function of the phospholipid N-methyltransferases are broadly conserved among eukaryotic organisms.

scholarly journals Lung ultrasound presentation of COVID-19 patients: phenotypes and correlations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianmarco Secco ◽  
◽  
Marzia Delorenzo ◽  
Francesco Salinaro ◽  
Caterina Zattera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Lung Ultrasound ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
General Ward ◽  
Prognostic Role ◽  
Interstitial Syndrome ◽  
Lung Structure ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractBedside lung ultrasound (LUS) can play a role in the setting of the SarsCoV2 pneumonia pandemic. To evaluate the clinical and LUS features of COVID-19 in the ED and their potential prognostic role, a cohort of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients underwent LUS upon admission in the ED. LUS score was derived from 12 fields. A prevalent LUS pattern was assigned depending on the presence of interstitial syndrome only (Interstitial Pattern), or evidence of subpleural consolidations in at least two fields (Consolidation Pattern). The endpoint was 30-day mortality. The relationship between hemogasanalysis parameters and LUS score was also evaluated. Out of 312 patients, only 36 (11.5%) did not present lung involvment, as defined by LUS score < 1. The majority of patients were admitted either in a general ward (53.8%) or in intensive care unit (9.6%), whereas 106 patients (33.9%) were discharged from the ED. In-hospital mortality was 25.3%, and 30-day survival was 67.6%. A LUS score > 13 had a 77.2% sensitivity and a 71.5% specificity (AUC 0.814; p < 0.001) in predicting mortality. LUS alterations were more frequent (64%) in the posterior lower fields. LUS score was related with P/F (R2 0.68; p < 0.0001) and P/F at FiO2 = 21% (R2 0.59; p < 0.0001). The correlation between LUS score and P/F was not influenced by the prevalent ultrasound pattern. LUS represents an effective tool in both defining diagnosis and stratifying prognosis of COVID-19 pneumonia. The correlation between LUS and hemogasanalysis parameters underscores its role in evaluating lung structure and function.

scholarly journals Structure and Function of the CFTR Chloride Channel

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. S23-S45 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID N. SHEPPARD ◽  
MICHAEL J. WELSH
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Chloride Channel ◽  
Atp Hydrolysis ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Binding Domains ◽  
Transporter Family ◽  
Membrane Spanning ◽  
And Function ◽  
R Domain

Sheppard, David N., and Michael J. Welsh. Structure and Function of the CFTR Chloride Channel. Physiol. Rev. 79 , Suppl.: S23–S45, 1999. — The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a unique member of the ABC transporter family that forms a novel Cl− channel. It is located predominantly in the apical membrane of epithelia where it mediates transepithelial salt and liquid movement. Dysfunction of CFTR causes the genetic disease cystic fibrosis. The CFTR is composed of five domains: two membrane-spanning domains (MSDs), two nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs), and a regulatory (R) domain. Here we review the structure and function of this unique channel, with a focus on how the various domains contribute to channel function. The MSDs form the channel pore, phosphorylation of the R domain determines channel activity, and ATP hydrolysis by the NBDs controls channel gating. Current knowledge of CFTR structure and function may help us understand better its mechanism of action, its role in electrolyte transport, its dysfunction in cystic fibrosis, and its relationship to other ABC transporters.

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