Theory of the equilibrium in a microapparatus for the isolation and concentration of organic substances from water by continuous steam distillation-extraction

1985 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 2115-2121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Václav Janda ◽  
Bohuslav Doležal
Keyword(s):  
Phase Equilibrium ◽  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Water Sample ◽  
Organic Substance ◽  
Concentration Factor ◽  
Chromatographic Analysis ◽  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Azeotropic Mixtures ◽  
Steam Distillation Extraction

The phase equilibrium establishing in a microapparatus designed for the isolation and concentration of organic substances from water by continuous steam distillation-extraction is treated. This technique, used for the preconcentration of water pollutants followed by the gas chromatographic analysis of the extract, is suitable for organic substances with boiling temperatures higher than that of water which form azeotropic mixtures with water, the boiling temperatures of which are lower than those of water and the organic substances themselves. The organic solvent used for the extraction must have a very low boiling temperature. The recovery from the whole procedure and the concentration factor depend on the volumes of the water sample and the organic solvent as well as on the volume of the space where the extraction of the organic substance from the aqueous condensate takes place.

Extraction of Pesticides from Environmental Samples by Steam Distillation

1984 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-203
Author(s):  
Ralph G Nash
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon ◽  
Steam Distillation Extraction

Abstract Steam distillation was used to extract several pesticides from samples of soil, plant tissue, and air (by using polyurethane foam filters). The major advantages of steam distillation over most other procedures are the small amounts of organic solvent required (10 mL) and the elimination of extract cleanup. In addition, the procedure is reasonably rapid and requires no special laboratory glassware. Recoveries of 22 pesticides from fortified samples were >75%, except for toxaphene and methoxychlor; recoveries were greater for the more volatile pesticides. Steam distillation extraction recoveries of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides from weathered (33 years) soil samples, compared with exhaustive Soxhlet extraction, were similar, except for DDT residues which depended on soil type. DDT residue extraction from a muck by distillation was poor (only 21–60% compared with Soxhlet extraction). The procedure is apparently limited to fairly nonpolar pesticides that are stable in steam or heat.

The Forming of Model Colloid System

2014 ◽  
Vol 971-973 ◽  
pp. 266-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis A. Voyno ◽  
Ksenia I. Machekhina ◽  
Ludmila N. Shiyan
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Electrostatic Interaction ◽  
Organic Substance ◽  
Test System ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Mechanism Of Formation ◽  
Iron Silicon ◽  
Colloid System

The paper reports on the creation of a model colloid test system which is similar to groundwater and it can be used as a test system in the water treatment. It is found that at the molar ratio iron/silicon/organic substance is equal to1/7/2 and two orders such as organic substances-Si-Fe and Si-organic substances-Fe, stable colloid system is formed. The mechanism of formation of iron colloid system is described by three steps. The first is the formation of the organosilicon complexes. The second is oxidation of the iron and forming of Fe (OH)3. The last is forming a sol at zeta potential is - 35 mV with electrostatic interaction.

The Perchloric Method for the Determination of Sulfur in Rubber

1934 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 730-735
Author(s):  
Ernest Kahane
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Perchloric Acid ◽  
Organic Substance ◽  
Present Author ◽  
General Idea ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Gutta Percha ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
As If

Abstract The problem of the determination of sulfur in rubber has been dealt with extensively in the literature, and it seems as if discussions and descriptions of new technic are nowhere nearly ended yet. The determination is so essential, and its rapid and precise execution is of such importance in industrial technic, that efforts in this direction should not be regarded as wasted. In 1926 and in 1927 Le Caoutchouc et La Gutta-Percha contained two articles in which the present author discussed the conditions of the determination of sulfur in rubber and then proposed the use of a new oxidizing mixture, not mentioned previous to that time, which involved the destruction of organic substances by perchloric acid. This method consisted simply in the attack on a 1-gram sample of rubber by 10 cc. of nitric acid (d. 1.39) and 5 cc. of perchloric acid (d. 1.61). Upon heating, attack by the nitric acid takes place, and this is followed by evaporation of the excess nitric acid, then at a little higher temperature there is an attack by the perchloric acid, which oxidizes the rest of the organic substance completely. This publication was concerned much more, in the determination of sulfur by the perchloric method, with the general idea of the destruction of organic substances than it was with the precise details of carrying it out. The technic had been studied somewhat superficially, as is shown by the text of the article itself.

Solid Sampling Device for Direct Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Spices

1963 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 819-824
Author(s):  
W H Stahl ◽  
J H Sullivan ◽  
W A Voelker
Keyword(s):  
Chromatographic Analysis ◽  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Solid Sampling ◽  
Ionization Detector ◽  
Sampling Device ◽  
Chromatographic Methods ◽  
Gas Chromatographic Analysis

Abstract In developing gas chromatographic methods for spice analysis, a solid sampling device was used to eliminate the tedious and time-consuming preparation of samples by steam distillation. The device can be used only with the ionization detector. Analyses compare favorably with those on steam-distilled samples.

Research on the Extraction of Dendranthema Morifolium Volatile Oils by Microwave-Assisted Steam Distillation Extraction

2013 ◽  
Vol 634-638 ◽  
pp. 1049-1053
Author(s):  
Hui Lin Cao ◽  
Shuang Ran Liang ◽  
Yang Tian ◽  
Zhi Ling Chen ◽  
Jian Ping Chao
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Method ◽  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Volatile Oils ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Steam Extraction ◽  
Steam Distillation Extraction ◽  
Optimum Extraction ◽  
Modern Technologies

Microwave-assisted steam extraction system combines the advantages of both conventional and modern technologies. MAE is probably going to be the leading technology in essential oil producing industry. In our research, one-factor and uniform experimental designs are used to determine the optimum extraction conditions, and the results are as follows: the extraction yield is measured as 2.30% with 3h of reflux time, when degree of pulverization is 90, immersing time is 3h, yield of solid to liquid equals 12: 1 ml/g. The chemicals in the production were examined by GC-MS. More than 40 kinds of chemicals were detected, which is consistent with that of the traditional steam extraction method. However, the extraction efficiency is dramatically increased when the steam extraction is assisted with microwave heating, and it is up to 3.8 times.

The cell-wall constituents of Apjohnia laetevirens Harvey

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 143 ◽  
Author(s):  
CM Stewart ◽  
CJ Dawes ◽  
BM Dickens ◽  
JWP Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Green Alga ◽  
Protein Complex ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Crystalline Aggregates

Cells of the green alga, Apjohnia laeterivens Harvey, have been ruptured in a Waring blendor in order to remove the majority of the protoplast from the cell-wall substances. The cell walls have been shown to contain, apart from extraneous protoplasmic constituents and some encrusting bryozoa, framework microfibrils of cellulose 1 which seem to be associated with pectin-like materials, arabinogalactan matrix substances and, perhaps, a polysaccharide-protein complex; these components appear to represent about 90% of the organic substances in the original organic-solvent extracted cell walls. Less than 25 % of the initial cellulose 1 was converted to cellulose 11 during treatments of several hours' duration at room temperature with aqueous solutions of 24% KOH and 17.5 % NaOH. The low degree of conversion is attributed to the presence of highly ordered and/or large "crystalline" aggregates of �-1,4'-glucan molecules in the cellulosic micelles of the framework microfibrils of the cell walls.

scholarly journals The Main Aroma Compounds in Cookie Analysis of the Main Aroma Compounds in Cookies Using Steam Distillation Extraction and Aroma Extract Dilution Methods

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 171-175
Author(s):  
Nobuko Egi ◽  
Kazuko Hirao ◽  
Saori Mitsuboshi ◽  
Yoko Yoneyama ◽  
Masahiro Murakami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Aroma Compounds ◽  
Steam Distillation Extraction

scholarly journals Volatile compounds of some popular Mediterranean seafood species

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. GIOGIOS ◽  
N. KALOGEROPOULOS ◽  
K. GRIGORAKIS
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Carbonyl Compounds ◽  
Mytilus Galloprovincialis ◽  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Striped Mullet ◽  
Merluccius Merluccius ◽  
Steam Distillation Extraction

The volatile compounds of highly commercialised fresh Mediterranean seafood species, including seven fish (sand-smelt Atherina boyeri, picarel Spicara smaris, hake Merluccius merluccius, pilchard Sardina pilchardus, bogue Boobps boops, anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus and striped-mullet Mullus barbatus), squid (Loligo vulgaris), shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) and mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis), were evaluated by simultaneous steam distillation-extraction and subsequent GC-MS analysis. A total of 298 volatile compounds were detected. The mussels contained the highest total concentration of volatile compounds, while pilchard among fish species contained the highest number and concentrations of volatile compounds. Individual patterns of volatile compounds have been distinguished. The fish species when compared to the shellfish species studied, contained 6 to 30 times more 1-penten-3-ol, higher quantities of 2-ethylfuran, and 2,3-pentanedione, which was absent from the shellfish species. Pilchard is characterized by a high concentration of alcohols, shrimps by the high presence of amines and S-compounds, while mussels by high amounts of aldehydes, furans, and N-containing compounds (pyridine, pyrazines and pyrrols). The fatty acid-originating carbonyl compounds in fish seem to be related to the species’ fat content.

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