scholarly journals Epidemiology of UK neonatal infections: the neonIN infection surveillance network

2017 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. F547-F553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Cailes ◽  
Christina Kortsalioudaki ◽  
Jim Buttery ◽  
Santosh Pattnayak ◽  
Anne Greenough ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Onset ◽  
Guideline Development ◽  
Neonatal Infection ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Group B Streptococci ◽  
Surveillance Network ◽  
The Past ◽  
Infection Surveillance ◽  
Early Onset Sepsis ◽  
The Uk

ObjectiveTo describe the epidemiology of neonatal infection over the past decade in UK neonatal units.DesignRetrospective analysis of prospectively collected infection surveillance network data from 2005 to 2014.Setting30 neonatal units in the UK.PatientsNewborns on participating neonatal units who had a positive blood, cerebrospinal fluid or urine culture and were treated with at least 5 days of appropriate antibiotics.Results2171 episodes of neonatal infection in 1922 infants were recorded. The incidence of infection was 6.1/1000 live births and 48.8/1000 neonatal admissions (2.9 and 23.5 respectively if coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) cultures excluded). The incidence of infection showed a statistically significant reduction over time with reductions in the rates of both early-onset sepsis (EOS) and late-onset sepsis (LOS).The majority of episodes (76%) represented LOS (diagnosed > 48 hours after birth), and infection was more common in premature (<37 weeks gestation) and low birth weight (<2500 g) neonates (84% and 81%, respectively). Commonly identified pathogens included group B streptococci (43%) and Escherichia coli (18%) for EOS, while E. coli (15%), Staphylococcus aureus (14%) and CoNS were prominent causes of LOS.ConclusionsThis paper describes the epidemiology of neonatal infection in the UK over the past decade. These data enable benchmarking of practice and inform areas of future research and guideline development. The results support the hypothesis that the introduction of infection prevention care bundles and antibiotic stewardship programmes in the UK has reduced the burden of LOS.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance in UK neonatal units: neonIN infection surveillance network

2017 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. F474-F478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Cailes ◽  
Christina Kortsalioudaki ◽  
Jim Buttery ◽  
Santosh Pattnayak ◽  
Anne Greenough ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Surveillance Network ◽  
Infection Surveillance ◽  
Late Onset Sepsis ◽  
Early Onset Sepsis ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Evidence Based Guidelines

ObjectiveTo define the susceptibilities of the common causative pathogens of neonatal sepsis in the UK.DesignRetrospective analysis of the prospectively collected neonIN infection surveillance network data between 2005 and 2014.Setting30 neonatal units in the UK.PatientsNewborns admitted to participating neonatal units who return a positive blood, cerebrospinal fluid or urine culture and are treated with at least 5 days of appropriate antibiotics.Results1568 isolates with recorded antimicrobial data were collected including 328 early-onset sepsis (EOS) isolates and 1240 late-onset sepsis (LOS) isolates. The majority of EOS pathogens (>92%) were susceptible to the four empirical commonly used antimicrobial combinations (eg, 93% for benzylpenicillin/gentamicin), while LOS pathogens demonstrated higher levels of resistance (eg, 89% for flucloxacillin/gentamicin). Among infants<1500 g and <32 weeks gestation, an amoxicillin/gentamicin combination demonstrated a trend towards improved coverage of EOS isolates than benzylpenicillin/gentamicin (93% vs 86%, p=0.211).ConclusionsThis analysis provides insights into the patterns of antimicrobial resistance among UK neonatal pathogens. These data will inform areas of future research and can be used to update national evidence-based guidelines on antimicrobial usage.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and healthcare factors associated with neonatal enterococcal infections

2018 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. F480-F485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Wang ◽  
Christina Kortsalioudaki ◽  
Paul T Heath ◽  
Jim Buttery ◽  
Paul Clarke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Onset ◽  
Positive Culture ◽  
Neonatal Infection ◽  
Surveillance Network ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Staffing Ratios ◽  
Healthcare Data ◽  
High Dependency ◽  
Infection Surveillance ◽  
Enterococcal Infections

ObjectiveTo investigate the epidemiology and healthcare factors associated with late-onset neonatal enterococcal infections.DesignMulticentre, multinational retrospective cohort study using prospectively collected infection data from a neonatal infection surveillance network between 2004 and 2016; this was supplemented with healthcare data from a questionnaire distributed to participating neonatal units.SettingSixty neonatal units across Europe (UK, Greece, Estonia) and Australia.PatientsInfants admitted to participating neonatal units who had a positive culture of blood, cerebrospinal fluid or urine after 48 hours of life.ResultsIn total, 414 episodes of invasive Enterococcus spp infection were reported in 388 infants (10.1% of a total 4083 episodes in 3602 infants). Enterococcus spp were the second most common cause of late-onset infection after coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp and were strongly associated with necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) (adjusted OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.03, p=0.038), total parenteral nutrition (TPN) (adjusted OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.70, p=0.016), increasing postnatal age (per 1-week increase: adjusted OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.06, p<0.001) and decreasing birth weight (per 1 kg increase: adjusted OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.74 to 0.97, p=0.017). There was no evidence that inadequate nurse to patient staffing ratios in high-dependency units were associated with a higher risk of enterococcal infections.ConclusionsEnterococcus spp were the second most frequent cause of late-onset infections. The association between enterococcal infections, NEC and TPN may inform empiric antimicrobial regimens in these contexts and provide insights into reducing these infections.

scholarly journals Criminology and criminal justice in post-devolution Wales

2020 ◽  
pp. 147737082091644
Author(s):  
Robert Jones
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Future Research ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
The Past ◽  
Major Transformation ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Criminology And Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminological Analysis

This survey provides one of the first comprehensive reviews of Wales’s role in the England and Wales criminal justice system. The article explains that executive devolution has been responsible for a major transformation to Wales’s position within the England and Wales jurisdiction. Attention is given to the institutions responsible for criminal justice since devolution to Wales as well as an overview of some of the key trends and latest data, including recent research which shows that Wales, when disaggregated from England, has the highest rate of imprisonment in Western Europe. In light of the developments that have taken place over the past two decades, this survey asserts that Wales must now be taken seriously as a distinct and worthwhile unit of criminological analysis. It is argued that future research on Wales can help to develop a more constitutionally literate criminological debate across the UK as well as European regions affected by devolution.

scholarly journals NEONATAL SEPSIS

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (04) ◽  
pp. 451-456
Author(s):  
RIZWAN WASEEM ◽  
MUHAMMAD KHAN ◽  
TAHIRA S. IZHAR ◽  
Abdul Waheed Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Sepsis ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Group B Streptococci ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽  
Early Onset Sepsis ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern ◽  
Group B

Objective: To find out the bacterial pathogens in neonatal sepsis and todetermine antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of these pathogens. Place and Duration: At the Neonatal Unit of GhurkiTrust Teaching Hospital Lahore, from February 2003 to December 2004. Design: It was an analytical comparativestudy, done in prospective fashion. Subjects and Methods: A total of 100 culture proven neonates of sepsis wereincluded. Clinical data including neonatal and maternal history, physical examination and laboratory data includingblood counts and cultures were recorded. The cases that have already been given antibiotics were excluded. Standarddisc-diffusion method was used to assess the sensitivity pattern for the antibiotics (ampicillin, gentamicin, cefotaxime,ceftazidime, amikacin and imipenem). Results: Out of total of 100 cases, 64 belonged to Early onset Sepsis (EOS)and 36 belonged to Late onset Sepsis (LOS). Gram negative organisms were isolated from more than 80% of thecases. E. Coli was the commonest isolate (n=34), followed by Klebsiella (n=30) and Pseudomonas (n=13), involvingboth early and late onset groups. No isolate of group B streptococci (GBS) was found. Out of 34 isolates ofE.Coli,14.70%(n=5),17.6%(n=6),41.17%(n=14),61.76%(n=21),79.4%(n=27) and 97.05%(n=33) were sensitive toampicillin, gentamicin, cefotaxime, amikacin, ceftazidime and imipenem respectively. Klebsiella and Pseudomonas alsoshowed a low sensitivity to ampicillin, gentamicin, and cefotaxime, while good sensitivity to amikacin, ceftazidime andimipenem. The mortality was significantly high (P<0.05) in low birth weight infants. Conclusion: Improvement inantenatal and natal services is mandatory to reduce incidence of neonatal sepsis and related mortality. Most of theorganisms are resistant to commonly used drugs. Surveillance is required on regular basis.

scholarly journals Characterization of emerging predominant HFMD pathogen, coxsackievirus A6 in mainland China

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Song ◽  
Y Zhang ◽  
W B Xu
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Surveillance Network ◽  
The Past ◽  
Coxsackievirus A6

Abstract Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) had the highest yearly incidence, with over 10 million cases of HFMD annually reported in China. Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) have been regarded as the leading pathogens of HFMD outbreaks worldwide and in China; however, in recent years, the leading pathogens have been changing, as large outbreaks of CV-A6-associated HFMD have been reported worldwide. Since 2013, repeated large-scale HFMD outbreaks caused by CV-A6 happened in mainland China, where, as a result, CV-A6 has surpassed EV-A71 and CV-A16 as the leading HFMD pathogen in most Chinese provinces. We sequenced the whole genomes of 158 CV-A6 clinical samples that were isolated between 2010 and 2018 from the HFMD Surveillance Network established in our laboratory. Our results showed that: seven recombination forms (RFs) of Chinese CV-A6 were detected; different CV-A6 RFs showed distinct virulence and transmissibility; VP1283T may play an important role in the virulence of Chinese CV-A6. HFMD epidemics in China have become a serious public health problem over the past decade. In this research, we have attempted to explore the causes of the high transmissibility of the emerging CV-A6 in mainland China on the basis of CV-A6 evolution based on 336 whole-genome sequences, and we have yielded some fruitful results for the future research and surveillance of HFMD in China. Key messages HFMD epidemics in China have become a serious public health problem over the past decade. CV-A6 has surpassed EV-A71 and CV-A16 as the leading HFMD pathogen in most Chinese provinces.

AI in Industry

2021 ◽  
pp. 112-139
Keyword(s):  
Data Science ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us ◽  
Exhaustive Study ◽  
Global Economic Growth ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Near Future

The past two years have seen a tremendous number of changes in the global AI landscape. There has been a stable balance with the US as the unquestioned leader in the global IT market for nearly the past 20 years and by extension the international AI industry as well, which has evolved from the data science and big data analysis sector to become the engine of the 4th industrial revolution, global economic growth, and social progress that it is today. However, when it comes to AI spending, the US is outgunned by China whose government is investing $150 billion to support its goal to become the undisputed global leader in the AI race by 2030. This chapter will offer a broad overview of the UK AI industry and share insights on its present state, near-future, and what can be done in order to optimise the industry's trajectory over the course of the next several years and to maximise the UK's potential to become a global AI leader by 2020. It is not intended to be an exhaustive study and instead demonstrates the forces at work and possible areas for future research.

Listeria monocytogenes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabrielle A. Rizzuto ◽  
Anna I. Bakardjiev
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Neonatal Infection ◽  
Maternal Cell ◽  
Cell Mediated Immune Response ◽  
Early Onset Sepsis ◽  
Gastrointestinal Barrier

Listeria monocytogenes is a intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes serious foodborne illness in humans. Among all infectious diseases caused by gastrointestinal pathogens, listeriosis has the highest mortality rate, likely because of its ability to cross the gastrointestinal barrier and cause sepsis and infection of other organs such as the brain and placenta. Infection of the placenta leads to fetal infection, and otherwise healthy pregnant women have a significantly increased incidence of listeriosis than the general population, likely due to changes in the maternal cell-mediated immune response during pregnancy. Clinical manifestations include miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm labor, and neonatal infection and death. Neonates develop early-onset sepsis or late-onset meningitis. Physicians must evaluate pregnant women and neonates with febrile illnesses for listeriosis, since prompt treatment with antibiotics can cure it. It is important to note that L. monocytogenes is resistant to cephalosporins. Ampicillin is the treatment of choice in patients without penicillin allergy.

scholarly journals Bibliometric Analysis of Dental Erosion (2011–2020)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 10971
Author(s):  
Laura Marqués Martínez ◽  
Carla Borrell García ◽  
Clara Guinot Barona ◽  
Paula Boo Gordillo ◽  
Esther García Miralles
Keyword(s):  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Dental Erosion ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mesh Terms ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
The Uk

During the past decade, an increase in the number of studies about dental erosion has been observed. The aim of the present study was to describe the current trends in published scientific articles related to dental erosion between 2011 and 2020. Data of the authors, year and language of publication were analyzed. A bibliometric analysis of the articles published in PubMed was conducted using the MeSH terms (dental erosion) and (tooth erosion) using the Boolean operator OR/AND. A sample of n = 1090 articles published during the past ten years (2011–2020) was obtained. The variables analyzed were the language of the article, the year of publishing, the number of authors, the affiliations of the first and last author and the relationship between them. The countries of origin of the first and last author were ranked according to the number of publications, led by Brazil, the UK, and the USA. During the analysis of the type of article, we observed that 79.4% of all publications were research articles. In recent years, a significant increase in research articles on dental erosion has been observed, especially in Brazil and the UK, with a high number of publications of translational articles in humans and cross-sectional observational studies. The main findings in this article will help researchers, academics and students to characterize scientific results regarding dental erosion, to evaluate management strategies and to identify important topics and issues that will help design future research.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of infections and antimicrobial use in Greek Neonatal Units

2018 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. F293-F297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Despoina Gkentzi ◽  
Christina Kortsalioudaki ◽  
Benjamin Campbell Cailes ◽  
Theoklis Zaoutis ◽  
John Kopsidas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Onset ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Neonatal Infections ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Surveillance Network ◽  
Prevalence Survey ◽  
Infection Surveillance ◽  
Late Onset Sepsis ◽  
Evidence Based Guidelines

ObjectiveTo describe the epidemiology of neonatal infections and of antimicrobial use in Greek Neonatal Units (NNUs) in order to develop national, evidence-based guidelines on empiric antimicrobial use for neonatal sepsis in Greece.DesignRetrospective analysis of prospectively collected infection surveillance data from 2012 to 2015, together with a Point Prevalence Survey (PPS) on antimicrobial use and the collection of data on local empiric antimicrobial policies.Setting16 NNUs in Greece participating in the neonIN infection surveillance networkPatientsNewborns in participating NNUs who had a positive blood, cerebrospinal fluid or urine culture and were treated with at least 5 days of antibiotics.Results459 episodes were recorded in 418 infants. The overall incidence of infection was 50/1000 NNU-admissions. The majority of episodes were late-onset sepsis (LOS) (413, 90%). Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (80%) were the most common Gram-positive organisms causing LOS and Klebsiella spp (39%) the most common Gram-negative. Nearly half (45%) of the Klebsiella spp were resistant to at least one aminoglycoside. The PPS revealed that 196 of 484 (40%) neonates were on antimicrobials. The survey revealed wide variation in empiric antimicrobial policies for LOS.ConclusionsThis is the largest collection of data on the epidemiology of neonatal infections in Greece and on neonatal antimicrobial use. It provides the background for the development of national evidence-based guidelines. Continuous surveillance, the introduction of antimicrobial stewardship interventions and evidence-based guidelines are urgently required.

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