Cardiovascular risk profiles in German Air Force pilots

2020 ◽  
pp. bmjmilitary-2020-001608
Author(s):  
Stefan Sammito ◽  
N Güttler
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Antihypertensive Drugs ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Positive Family History ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Risk Profiles ◽  
German Armed Forces ◽  
Military Pilots

IntroductionCardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in western industrial countries and one of the most frequent causes of sudden incapacitation in flight for pilots. There are limited data available on cardiovascular risk profiles of pilots, and especially military pilots. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) in German military pilots.MethodsThe changing prevalence of CVRF in active military pilots was studied using a cross-sectional survey during two distinct periods, 2007–2009 and 2016–2018. Data collected included sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, resting blood pressure, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides and glucose. The use of antihypertensive drugs, diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and positive family history of myocardial infarction were also captured. Based on these data, the PROCAM (Prospective Cardiovascular Münster) score was calculated.ResultsData from 5353 flight medical examinations were analysed, 3397 from 2007 to 2009, and 1959 from 2016 to 2018. Between the cohorts, age, BMI, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, glucose and triglycerides increased significantly. The number of pilots on antihypertensive medication decreased significantly. The PROCAM score increased between cohorts from 18 to 23 points predicting a 10-year risk of an acute coronary event of <1% and 1.3%, respectively.ConclusionThe German military pilot population has become older with increased CVRF. CVD will be a future challenge for the German Armed Forces and probably other military forces. However, there was only a mild increase of the PROCAM score over time.

scholarly journals Simple cardiovascular risk stratification using anthropometric measures instead of serum cholesterol. The MORGAM Prospective Cohort Project

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Kristensen ◽  
V Rosberg ◽  
J Vishram-Nielsen ◽  
M Pareek ◽  
A Linneberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Risk Stratification ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Serum Total Cholesterol ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Blood Pressures

Abstract Background Body composition predicts cardiovascular outcomes, but it is uncertain whether anthropometric measures can replace the more expensive serum total cholesterol for cardiovascular risk stratification in low resource settings. Purpose The purpose of the study was to compare the additive prognostic ability of serum total cholesterol with that of body mass index (BMI), waist/hip ratio (WHR), and estimated fat mass (EFM, calculated using a validated prediction equation), individually and combined. Methods We used data from the MORGAM (MONICA, Risk, Genetics, Archiving, and Monograph) Prospective Cohort Project, an international pooling of cardiovascular cohorts, to determine the relationship between anthropometric measures, serum cholesterol, and cardiovascular events, using multivariable Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis. We further investigated the ability of these measures to enhance prognostication beyond a simpler prediction model, consisting of age, sex, smoking status, systolic blood pressures, and country, using comparison of area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUCROC) derived from binary logistic regression models. The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), defined as a composite of death from coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Results The study population consisted of 52,188 apparently healthy subjects (56.3% men) aged 47±12 years ranging from 20 to 84, derived from 37 European cohorts, with baseline between 1982–2002 all followed for 10 years during which MACE occurred in 2465 (4.7%) subjects. All anthropometric measures (BMI: hazard ratio (HR) 1.04 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03–1.05] per kg/m2; WHR: HR 7.5 [4.0–14.0] per unit; EFM: HR 1.02 [1.01–1.02] per kg) as well as serum total cholesterol (HR 1.20 [1.16–1.24] per mmol/l) were significantly associated with MACE (P&lt;0.001 for all), independently of age, sex, smoking status, systolic blood pressures, and country. The addition of serum cholesterol significantly improved the predictive ability of the simple model (AUCROC 0.818 vs. 0.814, P&lt;0.001), as did the combination of WHR, BMI, and EFM (AUCROC 0.817 vs. 0.814, P=0.004). When assessed individually, BMI (AUCROC 0.816 vs. 0.814, P=0.004) and WHR (AUCROC 0.815 vs. 0.814, P=0.02) improved model performance, while EFM narrowly missed significance (AUCROC 0.815 vs. 0.814, P=0.06). There was no significant difference in the predictive ability of a model including serum cholesterol versus that including all three anthropometric measures (AUCROC 0.818 vs. 0.817, P=0.13). The figure shows the pertinent areas under the ROC curve in predicting MACE. Conclusion In this large population-based cohort study, the addition of a combination of anthropometric measures, i.e. BMI, WHR, and EFM, raised the predictive ability of a simple prognostic model comparable to that obtained by the addition of serum total cholesterol. Figure 1 Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

scholarly journals Cardiovascular risk in obese patients with chronic periodontitis: a clinical controlled study

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 188-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Rico Pires ◽  
Thaís Uenoyama Dezem ◽  
Eliane Marçon Barroso ◽  
Benedicto Egbert Corrêa de Toledo ◽  
Sally Cristina Moutinho Monteiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Chronic Periodontitis ◽  
Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Cvd Risk

INTRODUCTION: Studies have shown that obesity is considered a risk factor for the development of periodontal disease and cardiovascular events. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in obese patients with and without periodontal. MATERIAL AND METHOD: One hundred patients were divided into four groups: Group O - obese without chronic periodontitis (n=25); Group OP - obese with chronic periodontitis (n=25); Group NO - non-obese without chronic periodontitis (n=25); and Group NOP - non-obese with chronic periodontitis (n=25). Demographic and laboratorial data (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein - HDL and low-density lipoprotein - LDL, triglycerides, and glucose); anthropometric measurements (body mass index - BMI; waist circumference - WC; body fat - BF); blood pressure; and periodontal parameters (bleeding on probing - BOP, periodontal probing depth - PPD, and the clinical attachment level - CAL) were evaluated. Cardiovascular risk was obtained according to the PROCAM's score. The correlation between obesity, periodontal disease and risk for CVD was verified by Spearman's test (α = 0.05). RESULT: The group OP showed a statistically higher rate of PPD > 7 mm (11.2 ± 2.03) when compared with other groups, as well as higher levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL (p<0.05). The risk for CVD was statistically higher in the group OP (28.1 ± 3.3) when compared with group O (16.5 ± 3.5), group NOP (12.8 ± 3.9), and group NO (7.7 ± 0.9). Obesity and periodontal disease are directly related to a moderate increase in CVD risk (r = 0.53, p <0.0001 and r = 0.62, p <0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSION: It was concluded that obesity and periodontal disease increases the risk to cardiovascular events.

Abstract 155: Evaluation of Dyslipidemia Control and Its Risk Factors of Cardiac Outpatients

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iman Nazar Talib Al-Ani ◽  
Hadeer Akram AbdulRazzaq Al-Ani ◽  
Hanan Hussein ◽  
Syed Azhar Syed Sulaiman ◽  
Aseel Hadi Abdulameer Al-Hashimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Asian Population ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol

Objective: is to assess the dyslipidemia control and demographic differences in lipid patterns among dyslipidemic cardiac patients. Method: data based a retrospective analysis of 504 persons (age mean 58.16 ± 11.119 years) was conducted in Malaysia which estimated the lipid abnormalities in statin-treated patients. Demographic data including age, race, alcoholic and smoking status were collected. Lipid profiles including triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured. Results: a desirable level of (TC) and (TG) were 62.2% and 54.4% respectively, optimal level of (LDL-C) was 66.5% and the normal level of (HDL-C) was 54.2%. Risk factor analysis of dyslipidemia was done with a primary focus on the possible impact of statin type, gender, race and dyslipidemia type. Atorvastatin was significantly more effective for primary dyslipidemia than simvastatin and lovastatin in HDL cholesterol ( p < 0.002), while in LDL cholesterol (p = 0.001) and total cholesterol (p < 0.03) simvastatin was significantly found more effective for primary dyslipidemia. A significant correlation emerged between gender and statin type in HDL cholesterol (p < 0.02) and total cholesterol TC (p < 0.001), atorvastatin is found more effective to be used by males than females. A correlation was also significant between gender and dyslipidemia type in HDL cholesterol (p < 0.01). Results for triglyceride reported a significant relationship between age, race and statin type (p < 0.001), atorvastatin was found to be more effective among Chinese while lovastatin was more effective among Indians. Finally 18.2% abnormality of HDL was explained by interactions of risk factors: first statin type and dyslipidemia type, second for gender and dyslipidemia type and the third was gender and statin type. Conclusions: more than 50% of cardiac outpatients were in an acceptable range of lipid profile evaluation. This could support the need for increasing attention to basic monitoring of cardiovascular risk factors in these dyslipidemic patients particularly in Asian population.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular Risk Distribution in a Contemporary Polish Collective

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 3306
Author(s):  
Anita Liput-Sikora ◽  
Anna Cybulska ◽  
Wiesława Fabian ◽  
Anna Fabian-Danielewska ◽  
Marzanna Stanisławska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Primary Care ◽  
Family History ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Positive Family History ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Medical Documentation ◽  
Significant Difference

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of selected risk factors for cardiovascular disease (hypertension, overweight, obesity, carbohydrate metabolism disorders, a positive family history, a lack of physical activity), and to estimate the risk of a cardiovascular incident according to the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) algorithm for patients aged 35, 40, 45, 50, and 55 years, included in a primary-care prevention program, with regard to selected variables (sex and age brackets). The study sample consisted of 2009 subjects, 63% of whom were women. The largest group was the group of 35-year-olds (27%). The research method was the analysis of medical documentation of primary-care patients living in West Pomerania included in the Program of Prevention and Early Detection of Cardiovascular Disease of the National Health Fund. We collected data concerning risk factors for cardiovascular disease, blood pressure, anthropometric measurements (arm circumference, waist circumference, height, weight), body mass index (BMI), and the levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and fasting glucose, as well as the SCORE results. Men more often than women were overweight and obese, had hyperglycemia, and had elevated levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides (p < 0.001). There was also a statistically significant difference in the odds of a cardiovascular incident (p < 0.001)—the SCORE results obtained by men were higher. Men require special preventive measures in order to reduce their risk factors for cardiovascular disease, especially hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, overweight, obesity, smoking, and a positive family history.

scholarly journals Lipid profiles in smoking and non-smoking male adolescents

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 232
Author(s):  
Sigit Prastyanto ◽  
Mei Neni Sitaresmi ◽  
Madarina Julia
Keyword(s):  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Lipid Profiles ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mean Differences

Background The prevalence of smoking in adolescentstends to increase. Smoking is associated with a higher risk ofdyslipidemia.Objective To compare the lipid profiles of tobacco-smoking andnon-tobacco-smoking male adolescents.Methods We performed a cross- sectional study in three vocationalhigh schools in Yogyakarta from January to April 2011. Dataon smoking status, duration of smoking and number cigarettesconsumed per day were collected by questionnaires. We randomlyselected 50 male smokers and 50 male non-smokers as the studysubjects.Results Mean differences between smokers and non-smokerswere 44.5 (95%CI 28. 7 to 60.1) mg/dL for triglyceride levels; 8.0(95% CI 1.0 to 14.9) mg/dL for low density lipoprotein (LDL)cholesterol; 11.8 (1.1 to 22.4) mg/dL for total cholesterol and -5.7mg/dL (95% CI -8.8 to -2.6) for high density lipoprotein (HDL)cholesterol. Mean differences (95% CI) between smokers whohad engaged in smoking for > 2 years and those who had smokedfor :S:2 years were -18.1 (95% CI -33 .9 to -2.3) mg/dL for totalcholesterol; -49.4 (95% CI -67.2 to -3 1.5) mg/dL for triglycerides.Mean differences between those who smoked > 5 cigarettes/dayand :s:5 cigarettes per day were -18 .4 (95% CI -32.8 to -4.1) mg/dL for total cholesterol and -29.1 (95% CI -53.6 to -4.6) mg/dLfor triglycerides.Conclusion Smoking more than 5 cigarettes/day significantlyincreases total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceridelevels, as well as reduces HDL cholesterol levels; while smokingmore than 2 years significantly increases total cholesterol andtriglyceride levels

scholarly journals Nutritional status and food consumption in 10–11 year old Dutch boys (Dutch Nutrition Surveillance System)

1991 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geert Van Poppel ◽  
Petra Schneijder ◽  
Michiel R. H. Löwik ◽  
Jaap Schrijver ◽  
Frans J. Kok
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cholesterol Levels

As part of the Dutch Nutrition Surveillance System, cardiovascular risk factors and food consumption (24 h recall) as well as haematological, Fe and vitamin status (A, B6, C) were assessed in 126 Dutch boys aged 10–11 years (response 71 %). Body mass index (BMI) and the sum of four skinfolds were strongly associated (r0.85,P< 0.01) and 8% of the boys were overweight (BMI > 20.1 kg/m2). Elevated serum total cholesterol levels (> 4.4 mmol/l) were observed in 38 %; total cholesterol and low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol levels were strongly associated (r0.88,P< 0.001). Intake of fat was high (38 % of energy) and too much fat was saturated (polyunsaturated: saturated 0.44, guideline: 0.5–1.0), whereas intake of carbohydrate (49% of energy) and dietary fibre was low. About 12% of the boys had insufficient Fe stores (plasma ferritin < 12.0 μg/l) and the mean Fe intake (9.0 mg/d) was below recommended daily allowance (10.0 mg/d). Plasma ferritin was, however, not associated with haematological indices and no frank anaemias were observed. No marginal values were observed for vitamins A, B6and C status. In conclusion, the main nutritional risks in boys aged 10–11 years are cardiovascular risk factors and Fe nutrition.

scholarly journals Estimation of cardiovascular risk based on total cholesterol versus total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein within different ethnic groups: The HELIUS study

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (17) ◽  
pp. 1888-1896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilco Perini ◽  
Marieke B Snijder ◽  
Ron J Peters ◽  
Anton E Kunst ◽  
Irene G van Valkengoed
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Risk Classification ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
Helius Study ◽  
Majority Groups

Aims European guidelines recommend estimating cardiovascular disease risk using the Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) algorithm. Two versions of SCORE are available: one based on the total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, and one based on total cholesterol alone. Cardiovascular risk classification between the two algorithms may differ, particularly among ethnic minority groups with a lipid profile different from the ethnic majority groups among whom the SCORE algorithms were validated. Thus in this study we determined whether discrepancies in cardiovascular risk classification between the two SCORE algorithms are more common in ethnic minority groups relative to the Dutch. Methods Using HELIUS study data (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), we obtained data from 7572 participants without self-reported prior cardiovascular disease of Dutch, South-Asian Surinamese, African Surinamese, Ghanaian, Turkish and Moroccan ethnic origin. For both SCORE algorithms, cardiovascular risk was estimated and used to categorise participants as low (<1%), medium (1–5%), high (5–10%) or very high (≥10%) risk. Odds of differential cardiovascular risk classification were determined by logistic regression analyses. Results The percentage of participants classified differently between the algorithms ranged from 8.7% to 12.4% among ethnic minority men versus 11.4% among Dutch men, and from 1.9% to 5.5% among ethnic minority women versus 6.2% among Dutch women. Relative to the Dutch, only Turkish and Moroccan women showed significantly different (lower) odds of differential cardiovascular risk classification. Conclusion We found no indication that discrepancies in cardiovascular risk classification between the two SCORE algorithms are consistently more common in ethnic minority groups than among ethnic majority groups.

scholarly journals Take-away milk tea intake was associated with cholesterol independent of adiposity in young adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Liu ◽  
Huan Chang ◽  
Mengnan Lu ◽  
Huangtao Chen ◽  
Junxiang Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Fat Percentage

IntroductionTake-away milk tea (TAMT) is popular among young generation, and the numbers of retails of TAMT have increased dramatically in recent years in many cities in China. Non-dairy cream is one of the major ingredients of TAMT. Concerns have been raised whether trans-fat originated from non-dairy cream may have an influence on cardio-metabolic traits. We evaluated the associations between daily intake of TAMT with plasma lipid profiles among young Chinese adults, who are the major customers of TAMT retailers.Materials and MethodsThe study population was from the phase 1 sample (104 adults) of the Carbohydrate Alternatives and Metabolic Phenotypes study. Those lacking blood samples or with a body mass index less than 18.5 kg/m2 were excluded, therefore, a total of 88 subjects with an average age of 22.8 years were included in the analysis. A food frequency questionnaire with 27 items was used to collect the dietary intake. Generalized linear regression was used to evaluate the associations between TAMT intake and cholesterol levels.ResultsThe estimated mean (± SE) of TAMT intake was 14.4 ± 3.4 ml/day, with apparent differences between males (8.8 ± 2.7 ml/day) and females (17.7 ± 5.1 ml/day). The mean of total cholesterol of the participants was 4.1 ± 0.1 mmol/L. After adjusted for age, sex, education attainment, smoking status, alcohol drink habit, and physical activity level, daily TAMT intake was positively associated with total cholesterol (beta ± SE = 0.0053 ± 0.0020, P = 0.011). The association was not substantially changed with further adjustment of body fat percentage (beta ± SE = 0.0053 ± 0.0020, P = 0.010). Similar associations were observed for high/low density lipoprotein cholesterols. When analysis was performed by sex, the association was only observed among females (beta ± SE = 0.0049 ± 0.0022, P = 0.031), but not in males (beta ± SE = 0.0022 ± 0.0060, P = 0.703).ConclusionIn young adult Chinese, we observed an association between TAMT intake with plasma cholesterol level, independent of body adiposity.

scholarly journals Tracking Visual Scanning Techniques in Training Simulation for Helicopter Landing

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxi Robinski ◽  
Michael Stein
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Flight Simulator ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
German Armed Forces ◽  
Helicopter Pilots ◽  
Helicopter Landing ◽  
Factor Combination ◽  
Training Simulation ◽  
Military Pilots

Research has shown no consistent findings about how scanning techniques differ between experienced and inexperienced helicopter pilots depending on mission demands. To explore this question, 33 military pilots performed two different landing maneuvers in a flight simulator. The data included scanning data (eye tracking) as well as performance, workload, and a self-assessment of scanning techniques (interviews). Fifty-four percent of scanning-related differences between pilots resulted from the factor combination of expertise and mission demands. A comparison of eye tracking and interview data revealed that pilots were not always clearly aware of their actual scanning techniques. Eye tracking as a feedback tool for pilots offers a new opportunity to substantiate their training as well as research interests within the German Armed Forces.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Hyperuricemia and its Association with Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adult Yemeni People of Sana'a City

2019 ◽  
pp. 10-14
Author(s):  
Mohammed Ahmed Bamashmos ◽  
Khaled Al-Aghbari
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Serum Uric Acid ◽  
Uric Acid Level ◽  
Acid Level ◽  
Serum Uric Acid Level ◽  
Density Lipoprotein

Objective: Hyperuricemia is a metabolic problem that has become increasingly common worldwide over the past several decades. Its prevalence is increased in both advanced and developing countries including Yemen. The aim of this cross sectional study was to investigate the prevalence of hyperuricemia in sample of Yemeni adult individual and its relationship to certain cardiovascular risk factors namely obesity, hypertension, serum glucose, total cholesterol, high serum triglyceride, Low High Density Lipoprotein (HDL-C) and high Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL-C). Methodology: A sample of 600 adult Yemeni people aged equal or over 18 years was randomly chosen to represent the population living in Sanaa City during a period of two years from April 2017 to August 2018. All the study groups undergo full clinical history and examination includes measurement of BP and BMI, WC and the following laboratory investigation (FBS, Basal serum uric acid level, total cholesterol, serum TG, HDL and LDL). Results: The prevalence of hyperuricemia in this study was 8.8% (11,6% male and 6.4% female). The serum uric acid level in this study was significantly correlated with age, Waist Circumference (WC), SBP, DBP, FBS, T-cholesterol, TG and LDL but not with HDL. Conclusion: There is strong relationship between serum uric acid level and other cardiovascular risk factors.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document