Take-away milk tea intake was associated with cholesterol independent of adiposity in young adults

IntroductionTake-away milk tea (TAMT) is popular among young generation, and the numbers of retails of TAMT have increased dramatically in recent years in many cities in China. Non-dairy cream is one of the major ingredients of TAMT. Concerns have been raised whether trans-fat originated from non-dairy cream may have an influence on cardio-metabolic traits. We evaluated the associations between daily intake of TAMT with plasma lipid profiles among young Chinese adults, who are the major customers of TAMT retailers.Materials and MethodsThe study population was from the phase 1 sample (104 adults) of the Carbohydrate Alternatives and Metabolic Phenotypes study. Those lacking blood samples or with a body mass index less than 18.5 kg/m2 were excluded, therefore, a total of 88 subjects with an average age of 22.8 years were included in the analysis. A food frequency questionnaire with 27 items was used to collect the dietary intake. Generalized linear regression was used to evaluate the associations between TAMT intake and cholesterol levels.ResultsThe estimated mean (± SE) of TAMT intake was 14.4 ± 3.4 ml/day, with apparent differences between males (8.8 ± 2.7 ml/day) and females (17.7 ± 5.1 ml/day). The mean of total cholesterol of the participants was 4.1 ± 0.1 mmol/L. After adjusted for age, sex, education attainment, smoking status, alcohol drink habit, and physical activity level, daily TAMT intake was positively associated with total cholesterol (beta ± SE = 0.0053 ± 0.0020, P = 0.011). The association was not substantially changed with further adjustment of body fat percentage (beta ± SE = 0.0053 ± 0.0020, P = 0.010). Similar associations were observed for high/low density lipoprotein cholesterols. When analysis was performed by sex, the association was only observed among females (beta ± SE = 0.0049 ± 0.0022, P = 0.031), but not in males (beta ± SE = 0.0022 ± 0.0060, P = 0.703).ConclusionIn young adult Chinese, we observed an association between TAMT intake with plasma cholesterol level, independent of body adiposity.

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Abstract 155: Evaluation of Dyslipidemia Control and Its Risk Factors of Cardiac Outpatients

Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes ◽

10.1161/circoutcomes.9.suppl_2.155 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (suppl_2) ◽

Author(s):

Iman Nazar Talib Al-Ani ◽

Hadeer Akram AbdulRazzaq Al-Ani ◽

Hanan Hussein ◽

Syed Azhar Syed Sulaiman ◽

Aseel Hadi Abdulameer Al-Hashimi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Asian Population ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Optimal Level ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol

Objective: is to assess the dyslipidemia control and demographic differences in lipid patterns among dyslipidemic cardiac patients. Method: data based a retrospective analysis of 504 persons (age mean 58.16 ± 11.119 years) was conducted in Malaysia which estimated the lipid abnormalities in statin-treated patients. Demographic data including age, race, alcoholic and smoking status were collected. Lipid profiles including triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured. Results: a desirable level of (TC) and (TG) were 62.2% and 54.4% respectively, optimal level of (LDL-C) was 66.5% and the normal level of (HDL-C) was 54.2%. Risk factor analysis of dyslipidemia was done with a primary focus on the possible impact of statin type, gender, race and dyslipidemia type. Atorvastatin was significantly more effective for primary dyslipidemia than simvastatin and lovastatin in HDL cholesterol ( p < 0.002), while in LDL cholesterol (p = 0.001) and total cholesterol (p < 0.03) simvastatin was significantly found more effective for primary dyslipidemia. A significant correlation emerged between gender and statin type in HDL cholesterol (p < 0.02) and total cholesterol TC (p < 0.001), atorvastatin is found more effective to be used by males than females. A correlation was also significant between gender and dyslipidemia type in HDL cholesterol (p < 0.01). Results for triglyceride reported a significant relationship between age, race and statin type (p < 0.001), atorvastatin was found to be more effective among Chinese while lovastatin was more effective among Indians. Finally 18.2% abnormality of HDL was explained by interactions of risk factors: first statin type and dyslipidemia type, second for gender and dyslipidemia type and the third was gender and statin type. Conclusions: more than 50% of cardiac outpatients were in an acceptable range of lipid profile evaluation. This could support the need for increasing attention to basic monitoring of cardiovascular risk factors in these dyslipidemic patients particularly in Asian population.

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Cardiovascular risk profiles in German Air Force pilots

BMJ Military Health ◽

10.1136/bmjmilitary-2020-001608 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. bmjmilitary-2020-001608

Author(s):

Stefan Sammito ◽

N Güttler

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Antihypertensive Drugs ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Positive Family History ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Armed Forces ◽

Risk Profiles ◽

German Armed Forces ◽

Military Pilots

IntroductionCardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in western industrial countries and one of the most frequent causes of sudden incapacitation in flight for pilots. There are limited data available on cardiovascular risk profiles of pilots, and especially military pilots. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) in German military pilots.MethodsThe changing prevalence of CVRF in active military pilots was studied using a cross-sectional survey during two distinct periods, 2007–2009 and 2016–2018. Data collected included sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, resting blood pressure, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides and glucose. The use of antihypertensive drugs, diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and positive family history of myocardial infarction were also captured. Based on these data, the PROCAM (Prospective Cardiovascular Münster) score was calculated.ResultsData from 5353 flight medical examinations were analysed, 3397 from 2007 to 2009, and 1959 from 2016 to 2018. Between the cohorts, age, BMI, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, glucose and triglycerides increased significantly. The number of pilots on antihypertensive medication decreased significantly. The PROCAM score increased between cohorts from 18 to 23 points predicting a 10-year risk of an acute coronary event of <1% and 1.3%, respectively.ConclusionThe German military pilot population has become older with increased CVRF. CVD will be a future challenge for the German Armed Forces and probably other military forces. However, there was only a mild increase of the PROCAM score over time.

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Lipid profiles in smoking and non-smoking male adolescents

Paediatrica Indonesiana ◽

10.14238/pi54.4.2014.232-5 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 54 (4) ◽

pp. 232

Author(s):

Sigit Prastyanto ◽

Mei Neni Sitaresmi ◽

Madarina Julia

Keyword(s):

Total Cholesterol ◽

Tobacco Smoking ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Lipid Profiles ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mean Differences

Background The prevalence of smoking in adolescentstends to increase. Smoking is associated with a higher risk ofdyslipidemia.Objective To compare the lipid profiles of tobacco-smoking andnon-tobacco-smoking male adolescents.Methods We performed a cross- sectional study in three vocationalhigh schools in Yogyakarta from January to April 2011. Dataon smoking status, duration of smoking and number cigarettesconsumed per day were collected by questionnaires. We randomlyselected 50 male smokers and 50 male non-smokers as the studysubjects.Results Mean differences between smokers and non-smokerswere 44.5 (95%CI 28. 7 to 60.1) mg/dL for triglyceride levels; 8.0(95% CI 1.0 to 14.9) mg/dL for low density lipoprotein (LDL)cholesterol; 11.8 (1.1 to 22.4) mg/dL for total cholesterol and -5.7mg/dL (95% CI -8.8 to -2.6) for high density lipoprotein (HDL)cholesterol. Mean differences (95% CI) between smokers whohad engaged in smoking for > 2 years and those who had smokedfor :S:2 years were -18.1 (95% CI -33 .9 to -2.3) mg/dL for totalcholesterol; -49.4 (95% CI -67.2 to -3 1.5) mg/dL for triglycerides.Mean differences between those who smoked > 5 cigarettes/dayand :s:5 cigarettes per day were -18 .4 (95% CI -32.8 to -4.1) mg/dL for total cholesterol and -29.1 (95% CI -53.6 to -4.6) mg/dLfor triglycerides.Conclusion Smoking more than 5 cigarettes/day significantlyincreases total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceridelevels, as well as reduces HDL cholesterol levels; while smokingmore than 2 years significantly increases total cholesterol andtriglyceride levels

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Cholesterol-Lowering Effect of Concentrated Pomegranate Juice Consumption in Type II Diabetic Patients with Hyperlipidemia

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831.76.3.147 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 76 (3) ◽

pp. 147-151 ◽

Cited By ~ 67

Author(s):

Ahmad Esmaillzadeh ◽

Farideh Tahbaz ◽

Iraj Gaieni ◽

Hamid Alavi-Majd ◽

Leila Azadbakht

Keyword(s):

Total Cholesterol ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Activity Level ◽

Pomegranate Juice ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Hypoglycemic Agents ◽

Rank Test ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Type Ii

This study was undertaken to assess the effect of concentrated pomegranate juice consumption on lipid profiles of type II diabetic patients with hyperlipidemia (total cholesterol or triglycerides ≥ 200 mg/dL). In this pilot study 22 diabetic patients were recruited from the Iranian Diabetes Society. They were free of any other chronic diseases. The patients were followed for eight weeks to obtain more detailed data about their diet before concentrated pomegranate juice (CPJ) consumption period began. In this pre-study period a 24-hour food recall and a food record (containing flavonoid-rich foodstuffs) were completed every ten days. At the end of the eighth week, anthropometric and biochemical assessments were done. Thereafter the patients consumed 40 g CPJ for eight weeks. During this period, dietary assessment was continued. After completion of the study anthropometric and blood indices were evaluated again. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for statistical analysis. P-value was considered significant at p < 0.05. There were 14 women (63.6%) and 8 men (36.4%) in this survey. Mean (± SD) of age, weight, and duration of diabetes were 52.5 (± 5.2) years, 71.5 (± 10.3) kg, and 7.9 (± 6.6) years, respectively. After consumption of concentrated pomegranate juice significant reductions were seen in total cholesterol (p < 0.006), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) (p < 0.006), LDL-c/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) (p < 0.001), and total cholesterol/HDL-c (p < 0.001). However there were no significant changes in serum triacylglycerol and HDL-c concentrations. Anthropometric indices, physical activity level, types and doses of oral hypoglycemic agents, and the intake of nutrients and flavonoid-rich foodstuffs did not change during the CPJ consumption period. It is concluded that CPJ consumption could modify heart disease risk factors in these hyperlipidemic patients. Therefore, its inclusion in their diets may be beneficial.

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Modulation of placental protein expression of OLR1: implication in pregnancy-related disorders or pathologies

Reproduction ◽

10.1530/rep-08-0082 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 136 (4) ◽

pp. 491-502 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

M Ethier-Chiasson ◽

J-C Forest ◽

Y Giguère ◽

A Masse ◽

C Marseille-Tremblay ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Expression ◽

Lipid Profile ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Cholesterol Level ◽

Plasma Cholesterol ◽

Total Cholesterol Level ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Ldl Receptor ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Placental Protein

The lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-1 (OLR1) is a newly described receptor for oxidatively modified LDL. The human pregnancy is associated with hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress. It has been reported that modification in maternal lipid profile can induce disturbance during pregnancy. In this study, we have evaluated the expression protein level of OLR1 in human term placenta of women having plasma cholesterol level lower to 7 mM or higher to 8 mM and women of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) by western blot analysis. The present study demonstrates that the maternal lipid profile is associated with placental protein expression of OLR1. A significant increase in the protein expression of OLR1 was observed in placenta of women with elevated plasmatic total cholesterol level (>8 mM). In addition, the placental protein expression of OLR1 is increased in mothers having the highest pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and low (<7 mM) plasmatic total cholesterol level at term. Interestingly, the placental protein expression of OLR1 is increased in the presence of GDM pregnancies compared with normal lipids level pregnancies, without the modification of mRNA expression. In conclusion, placental OLR1 protein expression is associated with maternal lipid profile, pre-pregnancy BMI, and pathology of GDM.

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Effects of NonPharmacological Interventions on Dietary Practices, Energy Expenditure and Biochemical Parameters of Hypercholesterolemic Type 2 Diabetic Subjects

Ibrahim Medical College Journal ◽

10.3329/imcj.v3i2.4222 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 75-77

Author(s):

Fadia Afnan ◽

Farzana Saleh ◽

Shirin Jahan Mumu ◽

Afroza Akhter ◽

Kazi Rumana Ahmed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Expenditure ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Serum Glucose ◽

Activity Level ◽

Fasting Serum ◽

Dietary Practices ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Type 2 Diabetic

Nonpharmacological interventions play an important role in the management of diabetes and its complications. This study analyzed the effect of nonpharmacological interventions on dietary practices, energy expenditure and management outcome in terms of glycemic and lipidemic status of type 2 diabetic subjects with hypercholesterolemia. These interventions included dietary advice, leaflets, televised lectures, booklets, posters and a bimonthly publication in Bangla. Eighty newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic subjects (male: female ratio 47:33, age 46 ± 8 years) with hypercholesterolemia (fasting serum total cholesterol >200 mg/dl) were selected from BIRDEM by purposive sampling. The first interview was taken before any intervention while the second interview was taken after a minimum interval of 8 weeks. The daily intake of macro- and micro- nutrients was assessed by 24- hr recall method. Energy expenditure of the subjects was calculated by factorial method using physical activity level (WHO/FAO/UNU 1985). After intervention, the proportion of carbohydrate, protein and fat intake of the study subjects did not differ significantly compared to values before intervention. The daily intake of micronutrients also did not differ compared to those before intervention. No significant difference was found between pre and post intervention values of per day energy intake (kcal, 1621 ± 426 vs 1645 ± 623). Total energy expenditure after intervention was significantly higher (1649 ± 340) compared to before intervention (1519 ± 353, p<0.002). After intervention, fasting serum glucose level (7 ± 1.43 mmol/l), serum glucose 2 hrs after breakfast (11 ± 4.1 mmol/l) and total cholesterol (217 ± 35 mg/dl) were significantly reduced compared to before intervention values (9 ± 4, 16 ± 7, 231 ± 32 respectively; p=0.001 for FSG, p=0.001 for SGABF, p<0.001 for total cholesterol). Nonpharmacological intervention was found to be effective in improving the management of diabetes and its complications. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(2): 75-77 DOI: 10.3329/imcj.v3i2.4222

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Effects of a Calorie-Restricted Mediterranean-Style Diet on Plasma Lipids in Hypercholesterolemic South Korean Patients

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13103393 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. 3393

Author(s):

Da-Hye Son ◽

Yu-Jin Kwon ◽

Hye Sun Lee ◽

Hyung-Mi Kim ◽

Ji-Won Lee

Keyword(s):

Fatty Liver ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Plasma Lipids ◽

Fasting Glucose ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽

Control Group ◽

Anthropometric Parameters ◽

Conventional Diet

The objective of this randomized cross-over trial was to evaluate the short term effects of a calorie-restricted Korean style Mediterranean diet (KMD) versus a calorie-restricted conventional diet on lipid profile and other metabolic parameters in hypercholesterolemic patients. Ninety-two patients with hypercholesterolemia were randomly assigned to two groups and switched to the other group following a 4-week intervention after a 2-week washout period. While participants during KMD intervention period received home delivery of two meals daily except for weekends, those during the control group were advised to consume a conventional diet. Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) significantly decreased in KMD group even after adjusting for age, sex, total energy intake changes, alcohol consumption, smoking status, and physical activity changes (all p < 0.05). Anthropometric parameters, white blood cell (WBC), fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and fatty liver index (FLI) also significantly decreased after KMD intervention (all p < 0.05). In addition, WBC, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-C and FLI were significantly decreased even after adjusting for weight reduction changes. Calorie-restricted KMD not only helps to treat dyslipidemia by improving the lipid parameters but also has beneficial effects on reducing cardiovascular risk by improving chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, and fatty liver.

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The Association of Smoking Status and Intensity of Smoking with Blood Lipid Spectrum in a Sample of Middle-Aged Men

Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology ◽

10.20996/1819-6446-2019-15-4-478-483 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 478-483

Author(s):

A. A. Alexandrov ◽

V. B. Rozanov ◽

M. B. Kotova ◽

V. A. Dadaeva ◽

E. I. Ivanova

Keyword(s):

Total Cholesterol ◽

Linear Dependence ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Close Association ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Blood Lipid ◽

Smoking Intensity ◽

The Past ◽

Passport Data

Material and methods. A 32-year prospective cohort follow-up of males from childhood (11-12 years) was carried out. After 32 years of 1005 participants 301 (30.0%) were examined. The survey included: a survey on a standard questionnaire (passport data, the presence of bad habits [smoking, alcohol consumption]), a three-time measurement of blood pressure. The levels of total cholesterol, high and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides were determined.Results. There is no established relationship between the average level of total cholesterol and hypercholesterolemia with smoking status and smoking intensity. It is shown that the level of triglycerides is statistically significantly higher in smokers as compared to non-smokers. Hypertriglyceridemia was not associated with smoking status, but was associated with the smoking index in current smokers, and only with the highest values of this index in past smokers. The probability of being in a group with dyslipidemia was more than 2 times higher in smokers as compared to non-smokers. The differences in the chances of getting into a group with dyslipidemia between smokers and nonsmokers in the past were statistically insignificant. The linear dependence of the frequency of dyslipidemia on the intensity of smoking at the present time, i.e. with increasing intensity of smoking increases the frequency of dyslipidemia. Such a dependence between smoking in the past and the frequency of dyslipidemia was not revealed. The probability of being in a group with a high atherogenic risk is 2 times higher in both smokers at present and smokers in the past as compared to non-smokers. The linear dependence of the frequency of high atherogenic risk on the intensity of smoking both now and in the past is established, i.e. with the increase in the intensity of smoking the frequency of high atherogenic risk increases in both smokers at present and smokers in the past as compared to non-smokers.Conclusion. Close association of smoking with dyslipidemia was confirmed. The high probability of being in a group with a high atherogenic risk not only in smokers at present, but also smokers in the past indicates the importance of not only secondary, but also primary prevention of smoking.

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Effects of varying the carbohydrate: fat ratio in a hot lunch on postprandial variables in male volunteers

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19890115 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 61 (2) ◽

pp. 267-283 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

J. M. M. Van Amelsvoort ◽

P. Van Stratum ◽

J. H. Kraal ◽

R. N. Lussenburg ◽

U. M. T. Houtsmuller

Keyword(s):

Total Cholesterol ◽

Ldl Cholesterol ◽

Energy Content ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Postprandial Glucose ◽

Carbohydrate Content ◽

Male Volunteers

1. Healthy male volunteers consumed at noon, hot test meals with four different carbohydrate: fat ratios varying between 2.64 and 0.50, and composed of fried beefsteak, mashed potatoes, French beans, and a dessert of custard with mashed peaches. The energy content of the meals was 40% of the daily intake of the volunteers, estimated from their individual dietary histories.2. Before, and at different times after the start of the meal, blood samples were taken and a number of indices of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were determined in the samples, i.e. glucose, insulin, free fatty acid, free and total glycerol, free and total cholesterol, high-density-lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and low-density-lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol.3. Increasing the carbohydrate: fat ratio resulted in higher postprandial peaks of glucose and insulin. In addition, the peak area under the postprandial glucose curve showed a significant increase. The peak area under the postprandial insulin curve had also increased, indicating that a larger amount of insulin was secreted by the pancreas on increasing the carbohydrate content in the meal. There was no significant correlation between the height of the postprandial peak of blood glucose and the size of the meal.4. All four meals caused elevated postprandial blood triacylglycerol levels. However, the decline of this elevated level took a much longer time after the meals with the lower carbohydrate: fat ratios, i.e. containing larger amounts of triacylglycerols. There was a significant decreasing linear relation between the carbohydrate content of the meals and the peak area under the postprandial triacylglycerol curve. Free glycerol and free fatty acids showed lower postprandial levels in the blood after the meals with the higher carbohydrate: fat ratios, and the peak areas of the postprandial curves of both variables displayed a significant decrease. Little or no effect of the meal carbohydrate: fat ratio was observed on the postprandial concentrations of total cholesterol, unesterified cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol.

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Body Fat Distribution and Associated Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults With Cerebral Palsy

Frontiers in Neurology ◽

10.3389/fneur.2021.733294 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Hyun Iee Shin ◽

Se Hee Jung

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Cerebral Palsy ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Body Fat ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Fat Distribution ◽

Body Fat Distribution ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Android Fat

Objective: Fat distribution has increasingly been acknowledged as a more significant health parameter than general obesity, in terms of the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aimed to investigate the regional fat distribution pattern and general body fat characteristics of adults with cerebral palsy (CP), and we explored the risk of CVD in this population.Methods: People aged ≥20 years who were diagnosed with CP were recruited between February 2014 and November 2014. The subjects underwent a structured interview, laboratory studies, and physical examination. The amount and distribution of fat were determined directly by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Laboratory analysis was performed to measure total cholesterol and triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein, and fasting plasma glucose levels. The Framingham risk score (FRS) was used to present the 10-year risk for having CVD, and predictors such as sex, age, total cholesterol, HDL, systolic blood pressure, treatment for hypertension, and smoking status were used to calculate the FRS.Results: Ninety-nine adults (58 men, mean age 41.77 ± 8.95 years) with CP were included. The participants consisted of all five levels of the Gross Motor Function Classification System. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 22.52 ± 4.58 kg/m2. According to BMI criteria, 54.9% were overweight and 27.3% were obese. The fat mass index criteria revealed 10.1% excess fat and 7.6% obesity. In univariable regression analysis, age, the timing of physical function deterioration, and android fat percentage were associated with the FRS (p <0.001, p <0.001, and p = 0.007, respectively). In multiple regression analysis, the FRS was associated with age and android fat percentage, based on the following formula: “FRS=−18.549 + 0.410 ∗ Age + 0.577 ∗ Android percent fat (%) (R2=0.528)′′ (p<0.001).Conclusions: Body fat distribution in the android area is significantly associated with future CVD risk in adults with CP.

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