PREDICTING ADULTS’ APPROVAL OF PHYSICAL PUNISHMENT FROM THEIR PERCEPTIONS OF THEIR CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES

Most physical violence against children in their homes is rooted in physical punishment. Parents’ approval of physical punishment is a primary predictor of its use. Therefore, reducing approval of physical punishment is critical to preventing physical violence against children. We explored the relative contributions of four variables to young adults’ approval of physical punishment with the aim of identifying effective routes to prevention. The participants were 480 first-year university students in 3 Canadian provinces. The outcome measure was a scale assessing participants’ approval of physical punishment. The predictor variables were four dimensions of participants’ perceptions of their childhood physical punishment experiences: physical (frequency, severity), cognitive (perceived abusiveness, perceived deservedness), affective (short- and long-term emotional impact), and contextual (degree to which it was accompanied by reasoning, power assertion, emotional abuse, or emotional support). Most (73%) of the participants had experienced physical punishment in childhood. Of these, 78% had experienced punishments other than mild spanking with the hand; one fifth had been pushed against a wall, and one third had been hit with objects. The strongest predictor of participants’ approval of physical punishment was a belief that their experiences were deserved. Reducing approval of physical punishment requires strategies to alter the perception that children deserve violence.

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A Multilevel Ecological Analysis of the Predictors of Spanking Across 65 Countries

10.31234/osf.io/ynsg8 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kaitlin P. Ward ◽

Andrew Grogan-Kaylor ◽

Garrett Todd Pace ◽

Jorge Cuartas ◽

Shawna J. Lee

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Household Wealth ◽

Physical Punishment ◽

World Health ◽

Macro Level ◽

Violence Against Children ◽

Country Level ◽

Micro Level ◽

Health Organization

Objective: Ending violence against children is critical to promote the health and socioemotional development of children across the globe. To this end, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have called for the abolishment of spanking, which is the most pervasive form of physical violence against children worldwide. This study used an ecological perspective to examine micro- and macro-level predictors of parental spanking across 65 countries. Participants: Data came from the fourth and fifth rounds of the UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, which were administered between 2009-2017 (N = 613,861 households). We examined the predictors of spanking using multilevel logistic regression analysis. Results: Micro-level factors (i.e., those observed at the familial level) were stronger predictors of spanking in comparison to macro-level factors (i.e., those observed at the community and country level). Caregiver belief that children need physical punishment in order to be raised properly was the largest risk factor for spanking (OR = 2.55, p < .001). Older child age, the child being female, the head of the household having a secondary education or higher, and higher household wealth score were protective factors against spanking, while a higher number of people living in the household was a risk factor for spanking. Living in an urban community was the only macro-level factor associated with spanking. Conclusions: Intervention at the micro level and macro level are important to reduce violence against children across the globe.

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The system of self-attitude, attitude towards significant people and the world of adolescents who are maltreated in the family

Pediatrician (St Petersburg) ◽

10.17816/ped10587-92 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 87-92

Author(s):

Marina V. Zemlianykh ◽

Margarita H. Izotova

Keyword(s):

Emotional Abuse ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Negative Attitude ◽

Statistical Processing ◽

Physical Punishment ◽

Control Group ◽

Psychological Consequences ◽

Empirical Observation ◽

The Family ◽

The World

The article is devoted to the study of self-attitude and the attitude towards significant people and the world of adolescents who are exposed to such types of abuse in the family as physical and emotional abuse. 172 adolescents of age 1215 years were studied. The main group consisted of 86 adolescents who are under the school monitoring and defined as the being in a difficult life situation and also adolescents, who are exposed to emotional and physical violence in the family ( the cases were registered by school social service). The control group was formed from 86adolescents who were not exposed to emotional violence and physical punishment in the family. The following research methods were used: empirical (observation, conversation, questioning, testing), questionnaires Self attitude inventory (S.R.Pantileev); Diagnostic of the level of empathy inventory (I.M. Yusupova); aggression status inventory (BassDurkee Hostility inventory); projective method Incomplete sentences (M. Saks, S. Levy), projective drawing technique Myworld (E.S.Romanova, T.I. Cake). Statistical processing was performed using a non-parametric test for two independent variables,U-MannWhitney. As the main psychological consequences, a high degree of dissatisfaction with oneself, negative attitude towards parents to a greater degree towards fathers, weak expression of empathy, high aggressiveness, sensitivity and suspiciousness, negative vision of the surrounding world were revealed.

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Multilevel ecological analysis of the predictors of spanking across 65 countries

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046075 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. e046075

Author(s):

Kaitlin Paxton Ward ◽

Andrew Grogan-Kaylor ◽

Garrett T Pace ◽

Jorge Cuartas ◽

Shawna Lee

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Household Wealth ◽

Physical Punishment ◽

Macro Level ◽

Ecological Analysis ◽

Violence Against Children ◽

Country Level ◽

Multiple Indicator ◽

Micro Level

ObjectiveEnding violence against children is critical to promote the health and socioemotional development of children across the globe. To this end, the UNICEF and the WHO have called for the abolishment of spanking, which is the most pervasive form of physical violence against children worldwide. This study used an ecological perspective to examine micro-level and macro-level predictors of parental spanking across 65 countries.ParticipantsData came from the fourth and fifth rounds of the UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, which were administered between 2009 and 2017 (N=613 861 households). We examined the predictors of spanking using multilevel logistic regression analysis.ResultsMicro-level factors (ie, those observed at the familial level) were stronger predictors of spanking in comparison to macro-level factors (ie, those observed at the community and country level). Caregiver belief that children need physical punishment in order to be raised properly was the largest risk factor for spanking (OR=2.55, p<0.001). Older child age, the child being female, the head of the household having a secondary education or higher, and higher household wealth were protective factors against spanking, while a higher number of people living in the household was a risk factor for spanking. Living in an urban community was the only macro-level factor associated with spanking.ConclusionsIntervention at the micro-level and macro-level are important to reduce violence against children across the globe.

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Written argumentation practices in two Argentinian undergraduate courses: multidimensionality and epistemic potentials

Revista Eletrônica de Estudos Integrados em Discurso e Argumentação ◽

10.47369/eidea-21-2-3109 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 66-86

Author(s):

María Elena Molina ◽

Constanza Padilla

Keyword(s):

Academic Writing ◽

Multiple Case Study ◽

First Year ◽

Academic Literacies ◽

Four Dimensions ◽

Multiple Case ◽

Epistemic Dimension ◽

First Year University ◽

University Classrooms

This paper states that the epistemic potentialities of writing and arguing are largely derived from the interweaving of four dimensions. Three of them are constitutive (the logical, rhetorical, and dialectical dimensions), and one is integrative (the epistemic dimension). Thus, we characterize how these four distinct dimensions operate in texts produced by first-year university students in two disciplines (Linguistics and Biology) and how those students reflect on their processes of writing and arguing. The results belong to qualitative research designed as a multiple case study, which focused on teaching practices that intertwine disciplinary contents, writing, and argumentation in Argentinian university classrooms. These results deepen the academic literacies’ lines of research regarding the role that argumentation plays in academic writing. We analyze texts produced by students and interviews with them to characterize the dimensions that such students deploy when writing and arguing to learn in their disciplines.

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Factors associated with adverse childhood experiences in Scottish children: a prospective cohort study

BMJ Paediatrics Open ◽

10.1136/bmjpo-2018-000340 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. e000340 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Louise Marryat ◽

John Frank

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Birth Cohort ◽

Low Income ◽

Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Urban Areas ◽

First Year ◽

Childhood Experiences ◽

Adverse Childhood ◽

Physical Neglect

Background and objectivesAdverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been associated with a range of poorer health and social outcomes throughout the life course; however, to date they have primarily been conducted retrospectively in adulthood. This paper sets out to determine the prevalence of ACEs at age 8 in a recent prospective birth cohort and examine associations between risk factors in the first year and cumulative ACEs.DesignThis study uses the Growing Up in Scotland Birth Cohort 1, in which children born in Scotland in 2004/5 were identified using Child Benefit Records and followed up for 7 years (n.3119). ACE scores and sample characteristics were calculated and described. Logistic regression models were fitted to explore associations between risk factors (sex, mother’s age and education, household income, area level deprivation and urban/rural indicator) and ACE scores.ResultsSeven ACEs (or proxies) were assessed: physical abuse, domestic violence, substance abuse, mental illness, parental separation, parental incarceration and emotional neglect. Instances of sexual abuse were too few to be reported. Emotional abuse and physical neglect could not be gathered. Around two-thirds of children had experienced one or more ACE, with 10% experiencing three or more in their lifetime. Higher ACE scores were associated with being male, having a young mother, low income and urban areas.ConclusionsUsing prospective data, the majority of children born in 2004/2005 in Scotland experienced at least one ACE by age 8, although three ACEs could not be assessed in this cohort. ACEs were highly correlated with socioeconomic disadvantage in the first year of life.

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Adverse Childhood Experiences and Associated Mental Distress and Suicide Risk: Results From the Zambia Violence Against Children Survey

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/08862605211056726 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 088626052110567

Author(s):

NaeHyung Lee ◽

Greta M. Massetti ◽

Elizabeth W. Perry ◽

Shannon Self-Brown

Keyword(s):

Partner Violence ◽

Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽

Suicide Risk ◽

Mental Distress ◽

Suicide Attempts ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Health Concern ◽

Childhood Experiences ◽

Violence Against Children ◽

Adverse Childhood

Purpose: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are a global public health concern. Little research exists on the prevalence and health consequences of ACEs in Zambia. The current study examined associations between individual and cumulative ACEs, mental distress, and suicide risk among Zambian youth. Methods: Data from Zambia Violence Against Children and Youth Survey were used (18-24 years old, n=1034). Bivariate and adjusted logistic models were performed with independent variables (i.e., experienced physical violence (PV), sexual violence (SV), and emotional violence (EV); witnessed intimate partner violence (IPV) and community violence (CV); orphan status; cumulative ACE exposure) and dependent variables (i.e., mental distress and suicide risk). Adjusted models controlled for demographic and social characteristics. Results: 76.8% of Zambian youth experienced one or more ACEs, and more than 30% witnessed CV (38.4%) or IPV (30.2%), or experienced PV (35.1%), prior to age 18. 27.5% were orphans, and less than 20% experienced EV (17.3%) or SV (15.4%) in childhood. 42.4% experienced mental distress in the past 30 days, and 12.5% reported lifetime suicidal thoughts or suicide attempts. PV, EV, cumulative ACE exposure, older age, being single, and stronger friendships were significantly related to experiencing mental distress. Cumulative ACEs exposure was associated with significantly higher suicide risk. Conclusions: Preventing ACEs can reduce mental distress and suicide risk among Zambian youth. Youth with cumulative ACE exposure can be prioritized for mental health intervention. More research is warranted to investigate the broad-based prevention of ACEs, especially PV and EV, and protective factors that can promote resilience among youth who have experienced ACEs.

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Strategy For Integrated Service Center For Women Empowerment And Children Protection In Children Prevention

TAZKIR Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu-ilmu Sosial dan Keislaman ◽

10.24952/tazkir.v5i2.2304 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 253-270

Author(s):

Muhammad Syukri Pulungan

Keyword(s):

Child Protection ◽

Emotional Abuse ◽

Life Experience ◽

Physical Violence ◽

Electronic Media ◽

Women Empowerment ◽

Service Center ◽

Health Counseling ◽

Violence Against Children ◽

Standard Operating

Violence in children is one of the issues that is most often found in news through electronic media and print media. Based on the results of the 2018 National Survey on Child and Youth Life Experience (SNPHAR) released by the Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection, showed that 6% of boys and 9% of girls had experienced sexual violence. 50% of boys and 60% of girls have experienced emotional abuse. Furthermore, 33% of boys and 20% of girls experience physical violence. The rise of various types of violence requires P2TP2A to be more proactive to reduce the number of violence against children in Mandailing Natal Regency. The purpose of this study is to find a picture of the strategy carried out by P2TP2A in Mandailing Natal Regency in preventing cases of violence against children. The method used is descriptive qualitative by interviewing respondents who come from P2TP2A devices Mandailing Natal Regency. The results showed that P2TP2A Mandailing Natal Regency had carried out its duties and functions based on the Standard Operating Procedures established by the Chairman of the Mandailing Natal P2TP2A Technical Team. The strategy undertaken is to conduct socialization to schools and villages to report acts of violence so that services can be provided in accordance with the needs of victims of good advocacy services, rehabilitation, health, counseling as well as complaints and assistance. The strategy carried out by P2TP2A in Mandailing Natal District has shown results but requires cooperation from various parties due to the limited facilities owned by P2TP2A

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The Need to Belong and the Relationship Between Loneliness and Health

Zeitschrift für Gesundheitspsychologie ◽

10.1026/0943-8149/a000129 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 194-201 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Freda-Marie Hartung ◽

Britta Renner

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Social Isolation ◽

Social Situation ◽

First Year ◽

Health State ◽

Need To Belong ◽

First Year University ◽

Perceived Social Isolation ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

Humans are social animals; consequently, a lack of social ties affects individuals’ health negatively. However, the desire to belong differs between individuals, raising the question of whether individual differences in the need to belong moderate the impact of perceived social isolation on health. In the present study, 77 first-year university students rated their loneliness and health every 6 weeks for 18 weeks. Individual differences in the need to belong were found to moderate the relationship between loneliness and current health state. Specifically, lonely students with a high need to belong reported more days of illness than those with a low need to belong. In contrast, the strength of the need to belong had no effect on students who did not feel lonely. Thus, people who have a strong need to belong appear to suffer from loneliness and become ill more often, whereas people with a weak need to belong appear to stand loneliness better and are comparatively healthy. The study implies that social isolation does not impact all individuals identically; instead, the fit between the social situation and an individual’s need appears to be crucial for an individual’s functioning.

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