scholarly journals Risk factors of non-typhoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis in hospitalised young children: a case–control study

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. e000898
Author(s):  
Pei Yee Woh ◽  
May Pui Shan Yeung ◽  
E Anthony S Nelson ◽  
William Bernard III Goggins
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Potential Implication ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression ◽  
Control Study

ObjectiveTo explore risk factors associated with non-typhoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis in young children in Hong Kong.DesignA case–control study.SettingPaediatrics wards at three public hospitals in Hong Kong.ParticipantsCases were children aged above 30 days to below 5 years hospitalised for gastroenteritis at three public hospitals in Hong Kong with culture confirmed non-typhoidal Salmonella infection. Controls were age-matched (±2 months) children admitted for a reason other than gastroenteritis.Main outcomes measuresA face-to-face interview by using standardised questionnaire on exposures 3 days prior to illness. Adjusted OR (aORs) and 95% CIs were calculated using multivariable logistic regression.ResultsA total of 102 cases and 204 age-matched controls were included in the analysis. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that having food purchased from places other than a supermarket, that is, from wet market/restaurant/farm (aOR, 2.64; 95% CI, 1.03 to 6.77; p=0.044) was a significant risk factor for non-typhoidal Salmonella infection. Having a household member with gastroenteritis symptoms (aOR, 2.03; 95% CI, 0.94 to 4.39; p=0.072) was of borderline significance and playing at a children’s indoor playroom was a protective factor (aOR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.09 to 0.85; p=0.024).ConclusionsConsumption of food purchased from places other than a supermarket was the identified determinant factor for non-typhoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis in Hong Kong. Parents/caregivers should be alerted to this risk when choosing foods for their young children. The protective effect of playing in an indoor playroom could be confounded by socioeconomic factors and further investigation is required to better understand its potential implication. There was some support for person-to-person transmission and good family hygiene needs to be emphasised.

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Difficult Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation. The PIVV2 Multicentre Case-Control Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Angel Rodriguez-Calero ◽  
Joan Ernest de Pedro-Gomez ◽  
Luis Javier Molero-Ballester ◽  
Ismael Fernandez-Fernandez ◽  
Catalina Matamalas-Massanet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Vascular Access ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Independent Risk Factors ◽  
Control Study

Background. Difficult peripheral intravenous cannulation (DPIVC) is associated with serious complications related to vascular access. These complications might be avoided if the risk factors were identified previously, enabling the detection of potentially difficult situations at an early stage. The aim of this study is to consider these risk factors, to determine the influence of the hospital setting, to examine the association between DPIVC and the different techniques of catheter insertion and to analyse the importance of the clinician’s experience in this context. Methods. Case-control study following a previously published protocol, conducted in 48 units of eight public hospitals in Spain. Adult patients requiring a peripheral intravenous cannula were prospectively included in the study population during their hospital stay. Over a period of 11 months, for consecutive eligible patients, nurses in each participating unit recorded data on their assessment of the vascular access performed and the technique used. Variables related to these medical personnel were also recorded. One of the researchers reviewed the patients’ clinical history to compile the relevant health variables and to characterise the healthcare process. The statistical analysis included association tests among the main study variables. The risk factors were analysed using bivariate logistic regression. The variables found to be statistically significant were included in a multivariate logistic regression model incorporating each of the healthcare environments identified. Results. The study population was composed of 2662 patients, of whom 221 (8.3%) presented with DPIVC. A previous history of difficulty, the presence of non-palpable veins, acute upper limb alterations and punctures in the ante-cubital fossa were found to be independent risk factors for DPIVC. Differences were found in the frequency of occurrence of DPIVC and in some risk factors, according to the healthcare context. The variables related to the characteristics of the hospital personnel did not influence the study event. Conclusion: The present study identifies four independent risk factors for DPIVC that can be incorporated into algorithms aimed at preventing its occurrence and facilitating the referral of patients to vascular access specialist teams.

scholarly journals Predicting dementia diagnosis from cognitive footprints in electronic health records: a case–control study protocol

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. e043487
Author(s):  
Hao Luo ◽  
Kui Kai Lau ◽  
Gloria H Y Wong ◽  
Wai-Chi Chan ◽  
Henry K F Mak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Electronic Health Records ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Dementia Diagnosis ◽  
Health Records ◽  
Electronic Health ◽  
Control Study

IntroductionDementia is a group of disabling disorders that can be devastating for persons living with it and for their families. Data-informed decision-making strategies to identify individuals at high risk of dementia are essential to facilitate large-scale prevention and early intervention. This population-based case–control study aims to develop and validate a clinical algorithm for predicting dementia diagnosis, based on the cognitive footprint in personal and medical history.Methods and analysisWe will use territory-wide electronic health records from the Clinical Data Analysis and Reporting System (CDARS) in Hong Kong between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2018. All individuals who were at least 65 years old by the end of 2018 will be identified from CDARS. A random sample of control individuals who did not receive any diagnosis of dementia will be matched with those who did receive such a diagnosis by age, gender and index date with 1:1 ratio. Exposure to potential protective/risk factors will be included in both conventional logistic regression and machine-learning models. Established risk factors of interest will include diabetes mellitus, midlife hypertension, midlife obesity, depression, head injuries and low education. Exploratory risk factors will include vascular disease, infectious disease and medication. The prediction accuracy of several state-of-the-art machine-learning algorithms will be compared.Ethics and disseminationThis study was approved by Institutional Review Board of The University of Hong Kong/Hospital Authority Hong Kong West Cluster (UW 18-225). Patients’ records are anonymised to protect privacy. Study results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications. Codes of the resulted dementia risk prediction algorithm will be made publicly available at the website of the Tools to Inform Policy: Chinese Communities’ Action in Response to Dementia project (https://www.tip-card.hku.hk/).

Risk factors and outcomes of postoperative emergency response team activation: a matched case-control study

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-14
Author(s):  
Matthew I Hardman ◽  
◽  
S Chandralekha Kruthiventi ◽  
Michelle R Schmugge ◽  
Alexandre N Cavalcante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Postoperative Complications ◽  
Emergency Response ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Response Team ◽  
Control Study

OBJECTIVE: To determine patient and perioperative characteristics associated with unexpected postoperative clinical deterioration as determined for the need of a postoperative emergency response team (ERT) activation. DESIGN: Retrospective case–control study. SETTING: Tertiary academic hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Patients who underwent general anaesthesia discharged to regular wards between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2015 and required ERT activation within 48 postoperative hours. Controls were matched based on age, sex and procedure. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Baseline patient and perioperative characteristics were abstracted to develop a multiple logistic regression model to assess for potential associations for increased risk for postoperative ERT. RESULTS: Among 105 345 patients, 797 had ERT calls, with a rate of 7.6 (95% CI, 7.1–8.1) calls per 1000 anaesthetics (0.76%). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed the following risk factors for postoperative ERT: cardiovascular disease (odds ratio [OR], 1.61; 95% CI, 1.18–2.18), neurological disease (OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.11–2.22), preoperative gabapentin (OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.17–2.20), longer surgical duration (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.02–1.11, per 30 min), emergency procedure (OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.09–2.18), and intraoperative use of colloids (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.17–1.92). Compared with control participants, ERT patients had a longer hospital stay, a higher rate of admissions to critical care (55.5%), increased postoperative complications, and a higher 30-day mortality rate (OR, 3.36; 95% CI, 1.73–6.54). CONCLUSION: We identified several patient and procedural characteristics associated with increased likelihood of postoperative ERT activation. ERT intervention is a marker for increased rates of postoperative complications and death.

A Case-Control Study of the Association of the Polymorphisms of MTHFR and APOE with Risk Factors and the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease

Cardiology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Long ◽  
Xiao-Tao Zhao ◽  
Chang Liu ◽  
Yuan-Yuan Sun ◽  
Yin-Ting Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Sanger Sequencing ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Chinese Han ◽  
Han Population ◽  
Control Study

Objectives: To explore the association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in MTHFR and APOE and the risk of CAD and, more importantly, the severity of CAD and the profile of serum lipids, we performed a case-control study in a Chinese Han population. Methods: A total of 1,207 cases of consecutive CAD-suspected inpatients were recruited, and 406 CAD cases and 231 non-CAD controls were enrolled for the final analysis after screening for exclusion criteria. All subjects had undergone coronary angiography, and the severity of CAD was evaluated by 2 cardiologists according to the Gensini scores. The genotypes of MTHFR and APOEwere detected using real-time PCR, and then verified by Sanger sequencing. Environmental risk factors, such as age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and BMI were collected. Statistical analyses (the χ2 test, binary logistic regression analysis, and ordinal polytomous logistic regression analysis) were performed with SPSS v16.0. Results: The genotypes ofall the subjects included in the CAD and non-CAD groups in this study were successfully detected, with an agreement of 100% with Sanger sequencing. The distributions of genotypes CT and TT at MTHFR C667T were higher in CAD cases than in non-CAD controls (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.34–2.95; OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.18–2.67; p < 0.05), whereas genotype AC at MTHFR A1298Cwas lower in CAD cases (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.50–1.02; p < 0.05). A significant association was observed in genotypes CT and TT at MTHFR C667T and the risk of CAD (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.27–3.67; OR 1.56, 95% CI 0.88–2.78; p < 0.05). Both genotypes and alleles of APOE were comparable in the CAD cases and non-CAD controls (p > 0.05). The genotype TT at MTHFR C667T and ε4+ at APOE were more likely to be found in the CAD subgroup with a Gensini score ≥72 (p = 0.040 and p = 0.028, respectively). Meanwhile, in the patients with genotype TT,a higher level of serum Hcy was detected, while genotype ε4+ patients possessed higher levels of serum apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) than other genotypes. Conclusion: This study revealed that the SNP site of MTHFR C667Tis associatedwith the risk of CAD in this Chinese Han population. In addition, the genotypes of TT in MTHFR C667T and ε4+in APOE may increase the severity of CAD, and higher Hcy, LDL-C, and ApoE levels may be involved in this pathogenic process.

Risk factors for development of dehydration in young children with acute watery diarrhoea: a case-control study

1995 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
SK Bhattacharya ◽  
MK Bhattacharya ◽  
B Manna ◽  
D Dutta ◽  
A Deb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Watery Diarrhoea ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Characteristics Analysis, Clinical Outcome and Risk Factors for Fungal Peritonitis in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients: A 10-Year Case-Control Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongrong Li ◽  
Difei Zhang ◽  
Jingwen He ◽  
Jianjun Ou ◽  
La Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Serum Potassium ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Catheter Removal ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Fungal Peritonitis ◽  
Control Study

Background: Fungal peritonitis (FP) is a rare but severe complication that can appear in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD). This study aimed to investigate the incidence rate and clinical characteristics of FP, evaluate clinical outcomes between FP and bacterial peritonitis (BP) patients on PD, and especially estimate the risk factors for FP outbreak.Methods: All episodes of FP diagnosed in our hospital from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2020, were reviewed in this single-center study. FP cases were analyzed and compared with patients diagnosed with BP in a 1:6 ratio matching for case-control study. Patient information, including clinical information, biochemical analysis, and outcomes, was recorded. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression model were used to analyze the risk factors for FP.Results: A total of 15 FP episodes were observed in 15 PD patients, with an FP rate of 0.0071 episodes per patient-year. Seventeen strains of fungi were isolated and identified. Candida was the most common pathogen (15 strains, 88.2%), followed by Aspergillus fumigatus (2 strains, 11.8%). Between the groups, FP group showed a higher rate of HD transfer and catheter removal, and a lower rate of PD resumption in the short-term outcome (all P &lt; 0.01), while no significant difference in the mortality was noted during the whole study period. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that longer PD duration (odds ratio [OR] 1.042, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.012–1.073, P &lt; 0.01), higher serum potassium (OR 3.373, 95% CI 1.068–10.649, P &lt; 0.05), elevated estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (OR 1.845, 95% CI 1.151–2.955, P &lt; 0.05), reduced serum albumin level (OR 0.820, 95% CI 0.695–0.968, P &lt; 0.05) and peritoneal effluent polymorphonuclear (PMN) count (OR 0.940, 95%CI 0.900–0.981, P &lt; 0.01) were significantly increased the risk for FP.Conclusion: These results suggested that FP leads to higher rate of catheter removal and HD transfer, and a lower rate of PD resumption than BP, and that additional attention should be paid to hypoalbuminemia, increased serum potassium, long PD duration, and low peritoneal effluent PMN in PD patients.

scholarly journals Clinical and Laboratory Predictors of Mortality in Patients With SARS-CoV-2 Infection in A Tertiary Care Center of Central Kerala, India - A Case control Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 111-120
Author(s):  
Priyanka Rajmohan ◽  
◽  
Anil Kumar Chellappan pillai Chellappan pillai Rajamma ◽  
Mimtha Ayiravelil Mohanan ◽  
Ponnu Jose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Serum Creatinine ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Hospital Death ◽  
Predictors Of Mortality ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression ◽  
Control Study

Background: Since various studies indicate differences in the case fatality rate of SARS-CoV-2 in different settings, it is vital to elucidate the clinical and laboratory parameters. This would be helpful in identifying individuals who are susceptible to adverse outcomes, thereby targeting essential health interventions to resource poor settings. This study aimed to determine the clinical and laboratory predictors of mortality due to COVID-19. Materials & Methods: In this case control study, we included 162 adult inpatients who died due to COVID-19 from May 2020 to February 2021, as cases (n=81) and those discharged as controls (n=81). Demographic, clinical, treatment, and laboratory data was extracted from medical records and electronic database and compared between survivors and non-survivors. Univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression methods were used to identify the risk factors associated with in-hospital death. Results: Comorbidities were present among 82 (50.6%) participants. Hypertension was the most common comorbidity 99(61.1%) followed by diabetes mellitus 92 (56.8%) and coronary artery disease 55(34%). Multivariable logistic regression model showed that cardiovascular disease (OR=5.80, 95%CI: 1.09–47.55, P=0.011), decreased oxygen saturation (OR=33.68, 95%CI: 2.81–403.80, P=0.006), elevated CRP (OR=1.16, 95%CI: 1.01–1.32, P=0.026), and serum creatinine (OR=3.26, 95%CI: 1.02–11.55, P=0.047) were the significant predictors of mortality. Conclusion: This study found that comorbidities such as CAD, elevated serum creatinine, elevated inflammatory markers, and decreased O2 saturation were independent predictors of mortality among COVID-19 patients.

scholarly journals Neonatal sepsis risk factors in public hospitals in Wollega zones, Ethiopia: case control study

2022 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werku Etafa ◽  
Getahun Fetensa ◽  
Reta Tsegaye ◽  
Bizuneh Wakuma ◽  
Sundararajan Vasantha Kumari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Neonatal Sepsis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Sepsis Risk ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Neonatal Sepsis: A Retrospective Case-Control Study among Neonates Who Were Delivered by Caesarean Section at the Trauma and Specialist Hospital, Winneba, Ghana

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Adatara ◽  
Agani Afaya ◽  
Solomon Mohammed Salia ◽  
Richard Adongo Afaya ◽  
Anthony K. Kuug ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Neonatal Sepsis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
Control Study

The third Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) for child health, which targets ending preventable deaths of neonates and children under five years of age by 2030, may not be met without substantial reduction of neonatal sepsis-specific mortality in developing countries. This study aimed at assessing the prevalence and risk factors for neonatal sepsis among neonates who were delivered via caesarean section. A retrospective case-control study was conducted among neonates who were delivered via caesarean section at the Trauma and Specialist Hospital, Winneba, Ghana. Data collection lasted for 4 weeks. The extracted data were double-entered using Epidata software version 3.1 to address discrepancies of data entry. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages of neonatal characteristics were generated from the data. Both univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to determine associations between neonatal sepsis and neonatal characteristics with odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and p values calculated using variables that showed significant association (p<0.05) in the chi-square analysis for the multivariate logistic regression. A total of 383 neonates were recruited; 67 (17.5%) had sepsis (cases). The neonatal risk factors associated with sepsis were birth weight (χ2=6.64, p=0.036), neonatal age (χ2=38.31, p<0.001), meconium passed (χ2=12.95, p<0.001), reason for CS (χ2=24.27, p<0.001), and the duration of stay on admission (χ2=36.69, p<0.001). Neonatal sepsis poses a serious threat to the survival of the newborn as the current study uncovered 6.0% deaths among sepsis cases. The findings of this study highlight the need for routine assessment of neonates in order to identify risk factors for neonatal sepsis and to curb the disease burden on neonatal mortality.

scholarly journals Risk factors for unplanned hospital admission in a specialist homeless general practice population: case–control study to investigate the relationship with tri-morbidity

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (695) ◽  
pp. e406-e411
Author(s):  
Catherine Himsworth ◽  
Priyamvada Paudyal ◽  
Christopher Sargeant
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Hospital Admission ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Homeless Population ◽  
Unplanned Hospital Admissions ◽  
Control Study

Background‘Tri-morbidity’ describes the complex comorbidity of chronic physical illness, mental illness, and alcohol and/or drug misuse within the homeless population. Poor health outcomes of homeless people are reflected by the higher rate of unplanned hospital admissions compared with the non-homeless population.AimTo identify whether tri-morbidity is a risk factor for unplanned hospital admissions in the homeless population.Design and settingA case–control study of patients who were registered with a specialist homeless GP surgery in Brighton (72 cases and 72 controls).MethodCases were defined as those who had ≥1 overnight hospital admission within a 12-month period. Controls were matched for demographics but with no hospital admission. The primary care record was analysed, and tri-morbidity entered into binomial logistic regression with admission as the dichotomous dependent variable.ResultsThe logistic regression analysis demonstrated that other enduring mental health disorders and/or personality disorder (odds ratio [OR] 3.84, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.56 to 9.44), alcohol use (OR 2.92, 95% CI = 1.42 to 5.98), and gastrointestinal disorder (OR 2.90, 95% CI = 1.06 to 7.98) were independent risk factors for admission. Tri-morbidity increased odds of admission by more than four-fold (OR 4.19, 95% CI = 1.90 to 9.27).ConclusionThis study shows that tri-morbidity is an important risk factor for unplanned hospital admissions among the homeless population, and provides an interesting starting point for the development of a risk stratification tool to identify those at risk of unplanned admission in this population.

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