scholarly journals Spatial distribution of roadway environment features related to child pedestrian safety by census tract income in Toronto, Canada

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Rothman ◽  
Marie-Soleil Cloutier ◽  
Kevin Manaugh ◽  
Andrew William Howard ◽  
Alison K Macpherson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Census Tract ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Pedestrian Safety ◽  
High Income ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Income Status ◽  
Local Roads ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Speed Humps

BackgroundInvestments in traffic calming infrastructure and other street design features can enhance pedestrian safety as well as contribute to the ‘walkability’ of neighbourhoods. Pedestrian–motor vehicle collisions (PMVCs) in urban areas, however, remain common and occur more frequently in lower income neighbourhoods. While risk and protective features of roadways related to PMVC have been identified, little research exists examining the distribution of roadway environment features. This study examined the relationship between roadway environment features related to child pedestrian safety and census tract income status in Toronto.MethodsSpatial cluster detection based on 2006 census tract data identified low-income and high-income census tract clusters in Toronto. Police-reported PMVC data involving children between the ages of 5 and 14 years were mapped using geographical information system. Also mapped were roadway environment features (densities of speed humps, crossing guards, local roads, one-way streets and missing sidewalks). Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between roadway environment features (independent variables) and cluster income status (dependent variable), controlling for child census tract population.ResultsThere were significantly fewer speed humps and local roads in low-income versus high-income clusters. Child PMVC rates were 5.4 times higher in low-income versus high-income clusters.ConclusionSocioeconomic inequities in the distribution of roadway environment features related to child pedestrian safety have policy and process implications related to the safety of child pedestrians in urban neighbourhoods.

scholarly journals Forecasting of Households Consumption Expenditure with Nonparametric Regression: The Case of Turkey

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-32
Author(s):  
Noyan Aydin ◽  
Taner Akmercan
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Household Size ◽  
High Income ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Parametric Regression ◽  
Household Disposable Income ◽  
R Programming ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The relationship between household income and expenditure is important for understanding how the shape of the economic dynamics of the households. In this study, the relationship between household consumption expenditure and household disposable income were analyzed by Locally Weighted Scatterplot Smoothing Regression which is a nonparametric method using R programming. This study aimed to determine relationship between variables directly, unlike making any assumptions are commonly used as in the conventional parametric regression. According to the findings, effect on expenditure with increasing of income and household size together increased rapidly at first, and then speed of increase decreased. This increase can be explained by having greater compulsory consumption expenditure relatively in small households. Besides, expenditure is relatively higher in middle and high income levels according to low income level. However, the change in expenditure is limited in middle and is the most limited in high income levels when household size changes.

The Conditional Effects of Health on Voter Turnout

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Lyon
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Voter Turnout ◽  
High Income ◽  
Poor Health ◽  
Conditional Effects ◽  
2016 Election ◽  
Excellent Health ◽  
Reported Health ◽  
Election Studies ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Context: Voting is the central instrument of democracy, yet there are a number of impediments that affect citizens' ability to turn out to vote. Health is one such impediment. Methods: This study draws on 2012 and 2016 election data from the Cooperative Congressional Election Study and the American National Election Studies and uses objective validated measures of voter turnout as well as postelection data on respondents' reasons for nonvoting to examine the relationship between self-reported health and voter turnout. Findings: The results indicate poor health depresses turnout among low-income voters but not high-income voters. A low-income citizen in poor health is 7 points less likely to turn out to vote than a low-income citizen in excellent health is. In contrast, a high-income citizen in poor health is just as likely to vote as a high-income citizen in excellent health is. Moreover, low-income citizens in poor health are 10 points more likely to cite sickness as an impediment to voting than are otherwise similar high-income citizens who are also in poor health. Conclusions: The findings have implications for health policy and unequal electoral engagement and suggest that health may narrow the scope of US democracy as poor health pushes low-income citizens out of the electoral sphere while high-income citizens continue to turn out to vote regardless of their underlying health conditions.

scholarly journals Assessing variation among the national essential medicines lists of 21 high-income countries: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. e045262
Author(s):  
Michael Sergio Taglione ◽  
Nav Persaud
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Essential Medicine ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
High Income ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Essential Medicine List ◽  
Income Status ◽  
Essential Medicines Lists

ObjectiveEssential medicines lists have been created and used globally in countries that range from low-income to high-income status. The aim of this paper is to compare the essential medicines list of high-income countries with each other, the WHO’s Model List of Essential Medicines and the lists of countries of other income statuses.DesignHigh-income countries were defined by World Bank classification. High-income essential medicines lists were assessed for medicine inclusion and were compared with the subset of high-income countries, the WHO’s Model List and 137 national essential medicines lists. Medicine lists were obtained from the Global Essential Medicines database. Countries were subdivided by income status, and the groups’ most common medicines were compared. Select medicines and medicine classes were assessed for inclusion among high-income country lists.ResultsThe 21 high-income countries identified were most like each other when compared with other lists. They were more like upper middle-income countries and least like low-income countries. There was significant variability in the number of medicines on each list. Less than half (48%) of high-income countries included a newer diabetes medicines in their list. Most countries (71%) included naloxone while every country including at least one opioid medicine. More than half of the lists (52%) included a medicine that has been globally withdrawn or banned.ConclusionEssential medicines lists of high-income countries are similar to each other, but significant variations in essential medicine list composition and specifically the number of medications included were noted. Effective medicines were left off several countries’ lists, and globally recalled medicines were included on over half the lists. Comparing the essential medicines lists of countries within the same income status category can provide a useful subset of lists for policymakers and essential medicine list creators to use when creating or maintaining their lists.

Group Incomes and Preferences for Redistribution

2021 ◽  
pp. 113-132
Author(s):  
Michael J. Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Low Income ◽  
High Income ◽  
British Household Panel Survey ◽  
Panel Survey ◽  
Preferences For Redistribution ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Global Data

In this chapter, I examine the relationship between group incomes and individual attitudes toward redistribution. One major implication of heuristic theory is that individuals who are members of relatively high income ethnic groups or live in high income regions should oppose redistribution more than those in relatively low income ethnic groups or regions. To test this, I present global data from the World Values Survey, UK data from the British Household Panel Survey, and Czech and Slovak data from the Central and Eastern Eurobarometer. I show that the predicted pattern holds in all three settings across a range of approaches, and close by discussing the methodological lessons from these analyses.

scholarly journals Heightened bronchial hyperresponsiveness in the absence of heightened atopy in children with current wheezing and low-income status.

Thorax ◽  
2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Mallol ◽  
Jose A. Castro-Rodriguez ◽  
Eliana Cortez ◽  
Viviana Aguirre ◽  
Pedro Aguilar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Challenge Test ◽  
Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Prick Test ◽  
Income Status ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Although global studies as ISAAC have provided with valuable data on the prevalence of asthma in children of Latin America, there is very few information on the relationship between asthma symptoms, pulmonary function, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and atopy in the region. Methods: This study examined the relationship between self-reported wheezing in the last 12 months, pulmonary function, airway responsiveness and atopy in children from a low-income population neighborhood in Santiago, Chile. Two random samples (100 each) of children aged 13-14 years who participated in ISAAC Phase One were selected according to whether they have reported or not, wheezing in the last 12 months. Spirometry, methacholine bronchial challenge test and prick test were performed in all individuals. Results: Children who reported current wheezing had significantly higher bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) to methacholine as compared to those without wheezing (71.6% vs.52.6%, respectively; p=0.007,) and no significant difference was found in FEV1 (116.7„b12.3% vs. 120.3„b14.5%, respectively, p=0.11). The prevalence of atopy was not significantly different between those children who reported wheezing as compared to those who did not (44.2% vs. 42.3%; respectively, p=0.89). Multiple regression analysis showed that only BHR to methacholine (OR 2.72, 95% CI: 1.25-4.13, p=0.01) and maternal asthma (OR 3.1, 95%CI 1.2-8.3, p=0.03) were significant risk factors for current wheezing. Conclusions: Our results support previous findings suggesting that in adolescents from unprivileged populations, self-reported current wheezing is related to BHR but not to atopy.

scholarly journals Racial differences in the relationship between infant mortality and socioeconomic status

1996 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward G. Stockwell ◽  
Franklin W. Goza
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Income Status ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryThis paper presents an ecological analysis of the relationship between infant mortality and economic status by race in metropolitan Ohio, using census data on mother's residence, and economic status determined by the percentage of low income families living in each area. White–non-white comparisons for total infant mortality are examined for the US censuses of 1960, 1970, 1980 and 1990; and more detailed period- and broad cause-specific rates are presented for 1990. A pronounced inverse association is found between income status and infant mortality for whites, but not for non-whites. Non-white post-neonatal death rates were higher for the lowest income area, but for neonatal mortality, total infant deaths, and exogenous and endogenous cause-specific death rates, there was no discernible socioeconomic differential. It is concluded that low income whites and non-whites at all income levels have infant mortality rates that are substantially higher than the overall rate for the population. Policy implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Internet Usage, Human Capital and CO2 Emissions: A Global Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8268
Author(s):  
Jing Wang ◽  
Yubing Xu
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
High Income ◽  
Internet Usage ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
The Relationship

Under the background of dealing with global warming, the widespread use of the internet provides a new idea for countries to develop a low-carbon economy at the right time. Based on the panel data of 70 countries from 1995–2018, this paper empirically analyzes the relationship between internet usage, human capital, and CO2 emissions under different levels of economic development by using system GMM and a threshold regression model. The results show that internet usage and human capital are essential drivers of low-carbon economy development, and human capital can inversely regulate the impact of internet usage on CO2 emissions. Internet usage can increase CO2 emissions when human capital is below the threshold value, and it can significantly inhibit CO2 emissions when human capital exceeds the threshold value. In other words, with the accumulation of human capital, the effect of internet usage on CO2 emissions has an inverted U-shaped nonlinear relationship. Furthermore, the empirical analysis of high-income and middle- and low-income countries indicates the hindrance effect of internet usage on CO2 emissions is more evident in high-income countries. For both the high-income and middle- and low-income countries, the relationship between internet usage and CO2 emissions generally shows an inverted “U-shaped” relationship, first rising and then falling as human capital accumulates.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Income Inequality and the Palliative Function of Meritocracy Belief: The Micro- and the Macro-Levels Both Count

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márton Hadarics ◽  
Anna Kende ◽  
Zsolt Péter Szabó
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Well Being ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Income Differences ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Income Status ◽  
The Relationship

In the current paper, we report the analysis of the relationship between meritocracy belief and subjective well-being using two large international databases, the European Social Survey Program (N = 44,387) and the European Values Study Program (N = 51,752), involving data gathered from 36 countries in total. We investigated whether low status individuals are more likely to psychologically benefit from endorsing meritocratic beliefs, and the same benefits are more pronounced in more unequal societies. Since meritocracy belief can function as a justification for income differences, we assumed that the harsher the objective reality is, the higher level of subjective well-being can be maintained by justifying this harsh reality. Therefore, we hypothesized that the palliative function of meritocracy belief is stronger for both low social status (low income) individuals, and for those living in an unequal social environment (in countries with larger income differences). Our multilevel models showed a positive relationship between meritocracy belief and subjective well-being, which relationship was moderated by both individual-level income status and country-level income differences in both studies. Based on these results, we concluded that the emotional payoff of justifying income inequalities is larger if one is more strongly affected by these inequalities.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Low Family Income and Psychological Disturbance in Young Children: An Australian Longitudinal Study

1997 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 664-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Bor ◽  
Jake M. Najman ◽  
Margaret J. Andersen ◽  
Michael O'callaghan ◽  
Gail M. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Depression ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Child Behaviour ◽  
Behaviour Problems ◽  
Psychological Disturbance ◽  
Income Status ◽  
Child Behaviour Problems ◽  
Internalising Problems ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: This study examines the relationship between low family income (LFI) experienced at different points in time, chronic low income status and its impact on child behaviour measured at 5 years of age. Method: Longitudinal data from the Mater University Study of Pregnancy were used to measure LFI in families at three points in time (the antenatal period, 6 months post birth and at 5 years cf age). Outcome variables were three independent groups of behaviour problems labelled as externalising, social, attentional and thought (SAT) problems, and internalising problems. These groups were developed from the Child Behaviour Checklist. An analysis based on logistic regression modelling was carried out examining the relationship between LFI and a range of intermediate variables known to be associated with child behaviour problems. Results: The more often families experienced low income, the higher the rate of child behaviour problems at age 5. Low family income was still independently associated with SAT behaviour problems after controlling for smoking in the first trimester, parenting styles, maternal depression and marital dysharmony at age 5. The association between LFI and internalising and externalising behaviour problems was largely mediated by maternal depression. Conclusion: Low family income is a significant factor in the aetiology of a variety of child behaviour problems. The mechanisms involved in the link between LFI and hildhood internalising and externalising behaviours involve the exposure of the children to maternal depression. However, the relationship between LFI and SAT behaviour problems remains to be elucidated.

Effect of Socioeconomic Status on Surgery for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (10) ◽  
pp. 1128-1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Seyedin ◽  
Carrie Luu ◽  
Bruce E. Stabile ◽  
Byrne Lee
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Surgical Resection ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Family Income ◽  
High Income ◽  
Median Family Income ◽  
Resectable Disease ◽  
Income Status

Survival for pancreatic cancer remains poor. Surgical resection remains the only chance for cure. The intent of this study was to investigate the role of socioeconomic status (SES) on resection rates for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End results database was used to identify patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Disease was deemed resectable or unresectable based on the extent of disease code. Median family income was used as a SES variable to compare patients who underwent resection with those who did not. Median family income was organized into three categories based on definitions from the national census: less than $34,680 (low income), $34,680 to $48,650 (middle), and greater than $48,650 (high income). A total of 5,908 patients with potentially resectable disease were included. A total of 3,331 patients did not have a surgical resection despite having resectable disease. Subgroup analysis of income status revealed that patients with a low or middle income were less likely to have a resection when compared with those with high income (33.0 vs 39.9 vs 45.8%, P = 0.0001). Multivariate analysis revealed that low and middle SES and race were significant predictors of resection. Ongoing study of access to health care may help define the means to eliminate the disparities in the care of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

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