Structural Characteristics of the Affiliation-Network that cause Chain Reaction in Shopping District

The complex composition and molecular structure of biomass lead to more complex and diversified chemical reactions in the pyrolysis. According to the structural characteristics of the reactants, this paper simplifies the pyrolysis process and extends the research focus from the micro-molecular elementary reactions to the macro reaction kinetics. The wheat straw is chosen as the investigated biomass, and the promoted chemical percolation devolatilization (CPD) with modified pseudo-grid and chain reaction kinetics (CRK) pyrolysis models were constructed for predicting the pyrolysis characteristics. Compared with the experimental results, the prediction errors of char, oil and gas production are in a reasonable range of < 10 %. Moreover, the reliability of the model is verified by comparing with the experimental thermogravimetric curve, which shows that the model could well predict the mass loss, product distribution and component characteristics, and provides a reasonable prediction for the pyrolysis of biomass.

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Disease Severity and Microsclerotium Properties of the Sorghum Sooty Stripe Pathogen, Ramulispora sorghi

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-10-10-0742 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 95 (7) ◽

pp. 853-859 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

C. R. Brady ◽

L. W. Noll ◽

A. A. Saleh ◽

C. R. Little

Keyword(s):

Disease Severity ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Structural Characteristics ◽

Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Internal Transcribed Spacer Sequences ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Sorghum Genotypes ◽

Microsclerotia Production

Ramulispora sorghi causes sooty stripe of sorghum. Disease severity in irrigated and dryland plots was measured for 25 susceptible sorghum genotypes during the 2007 and 2008 growing seasons using a rating scale based upon percent leaf area infected. Disease severity ratings were approximately 1.4 points higher (P < 0.0001) on the rating scale in the irrigated plots than dryland plots for 2007 and 2008. Sooty stripe lesions were collected from each sorghum genotype in irrigated plots and assessed for mean microsclerotium production within lesions, microsclerotium size, and sporogenic germination, with significant differences apparent between genotypes for microsclerotium size (P = 0.01) and sporogenic germination (P = 0.01). There was no relationship between disease severity and microsclerotium production within leaf lesions, microsclerotium size, or sporogenic germination; however, there was a positive and significant correlation between microsclerotia production within a lesion and microsclerotium size (R2 = 0.19, P < 0.0001). Although microsclerotia from sorghum lesions varied in structural characteristics and their ability to produce spore masses, these qualities were dependent upon the sorghum genotype from which the microsclerotia were derived, because the R. sorghi population was genetically uniform as determined by internal transcribed spacer sequences and random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction.

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A High Resolution Study of G.P. Zones in Aluminum - 4.2 at % Silver

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100055904 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 40 ◽

pp. 722-723 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. Gronsky

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽

High Resolution ◽

Computer Simulations ◽

Structural Characteristics ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Resolution Study

The phenomenon of clustering in Al-Ag alloys has been extensively studied since the early work of Guinierl, wherein the pre-precipitation state was characterized as an assembly of spherical, ordered, silver-rich G.P. zones. Subsequent x-ray and TEM investigations yielded results in general agreement with this model. However, serious discrepancies were later revealed by the detailed x-ray diffraction - based computer simulations of Gragg and Cohen, i.e., the silver-rich clusters were instead octahedral in shape and fully disordered, atleast below 170°C. The object of the present investigation is to examine directly the structural characteristics of G.P. zones in Al-Ag by high resolution transmission electron microscopy.

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SEM analysis of the change in the reaction rates with deposit structures in the copper-iron cementation system

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100109422 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 456-457

Author(s):

V. Annamalai ◽

L.E. Murr

Keyword(s):

Structural Characteristics ◽

Secondary Electron Emission ◽

Copper Deposit ◽

Reaction Rates ◽

Sem Analysis ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Major Drawback ◽

Emission Mode ◽

Scrap Iron ◽

Image Position

Economical recovery of copper metal from leach liquors has been carried out by the simple process of cementing copper onto a suitable substrate metal, such as scrap-iron, since the 16th century. The process has, however, a major drawback of consuming more iron than stoichiometrically needed by the reaction.Therefore, many research groups started looking into the process more closely. Though it is accepted that the structural characteristics of the resultant copper deposit cause changes in reaction rates for various experimental conditions, not many systems have been systematically investigated. This paper examines the deposit structures and the kinetic data, and explains the correlations between them.A simple cementation cell along with rotating discs of pure iron (99.9%) were employed in this study to obtain the kinetic results The resultant copper deposits were studied in a Hitachi Perkin-Elmer HHS-2R scanning electron microscope operated at 25kV in the secondary electron emission mode.

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Use of 2½ D imaging in analysis of NiTi martensite

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100110192 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 610-611

Author(s):

G. M. Michal

Keyword(s):

Memory Effect ◽

Monoclinic Phase ◽

Reaction Path ◽

Structural Characteristics ◽

Salient Feature ◽

Martensite Phase ◽

Orientation Relationships ◽

Low Symmetry ◽

Hydride Phases ◽

Unusual Shape

Several TEM investigations have attempted to correlate the structural characteristics to the unusual shape memory effect in NiTi, the consensus being the essence of the memory effect is ostensible manifest in the structure of NiTi transforming martensitic- ally from a B2 ordered lattice to a low temperature monoclinic phase. Commensurate with the low symmetry of the martensite phase, many variants may form from the B2 lattice explaining the very complex transformed microstructure. The microstructure may also be complicated by the enhanced formation of oxide or hydride phases and precipitation of intermetallic compounds by electron beam exposure. Variants are typically found in selfaccommodation groups with members of a group internally twinned and the twins themselves are often observed to be internally twinned. Often the most salient feature of a group of variants is their close clustering around a given orientation. Analysis of such orientation relationships may be a key to determining the nature of the reaction path that gives the transformation its apparently perfect reversibility.

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Use of light microscopy in the qualitative and quantitative study of liquid crystalline order

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100121727 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 264-265

Author(s):

Christopher Viney

Keyword(s):

Light Microscopy ◽

Liquid Crystalline ◽

Structural Characteristics ◽

Molecular Order ◽

Liquid Crystalline Phases ◽

Convenient Technique ◽

Liquid Crystalline Materials ◽

Transparent Windows

Light microscopy is a convenient technique for characterizing molecular order in fluid liquid crystalline materials. Microstructures can usually be observed under the actual conditions that promote the formation of liquid crystalline phases, whether or not a solvent is required, and at temperatures that can range from the boiling point of nitrogen to 600°C. It is relatively easy to produce specimens that are sufficiently thin and flat, simply by confining a droplet between glass cover slides. Specimens do not need to be conducting, and they do not have to be maintained in a vacuum. Drybox or other controlled environmental conditions can be maintained in a sealed chamber equipped with transparent windows; some heating/ freezing stages can be used for this purpose. It is relatively easy to construct a modified stage so that the generation and relaxation of global molecular order can be observed while specimens are being sheared, simulating flow conditions that exist during processing. Also, light only rarely affects the chemical composition or molecular weight distribution of the sample. Because little or no processing is required after collecting the sample, one can be confident that biologically derived materials will reveal many of their in vivo structural characteristics, even though microscopy is performed in vitro.

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High performance Nanogold™-in situ hybridzation and its use in the detection of hybridized and PCR-amplified microscopical preparations

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100166944 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 54 ◽

pp. 896-897

Author(s):

G. W. Hacker ◽

I. Zehbe ◽

J. Hainfeld ◽

A.-H. Graf ◽

C. Hauser-Kronberger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Messenger Rna ◽

High Performance ◽

Detection System ◽

Direct Methods ◽

Genetic Alterations ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Protein Encoding ◽

Polymerase Chain

In situ hybridization (ISH) with biotin-labeled probes is increasingly used in histology, histopathology and molecular biology, to detect genetic nucleic acid sequences of interest, such as viruses, genetic alterations and peptide-/protein-encoding messenger RNA (mRNA). In situ polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (PCR in situ hybridization = PISH) and the new in situ self-sustained sequence replication-based amplification (3SR) method even allow the detection of single copies of DNA or RNA in cytological and histological material. However, there is a number of considerable problems with the in situ PCR methods available today: False positives due to mis-priming of DNA breakdown products contained in several types of cells causing non-specific incorporation of label in direct methods, and re-diffusion artefacts of amplicons into previously negative cells have been observed. To avoid these problems, super-sensitive ISH procedures can be used, and it is well known that the sensitivity and outcome of these methods partially depend on the detection system used.

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