Collegiate Male Athletes Exhibit Conditions of the Male Athlete Triad

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose M. Moris ◽  
Samantha A Olendorff ◽  
Chelsie M. Zajac ◽  
Maria Fernandez del Valle ◽  
Benjamin L. Webb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Free Testosterone ◽  
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽  
Total Testosterone ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Male Athlete ◽  
Exercise Energy Expenditure

The primary purpose of this study was to determine prevalence of the Male Athlete Triad (MAT) conditions: low energy availability (EA), low bone mineral density (BMD), and low testosterone in male collegiate athletes from different sports. Participants included 44 collegiate male athletes (age, 20.4 ± 0.2 yr; BMI, 25.3 ± 1.3 kg/m2) from seven sports (cross country, soccer, basketball, wrestling, track, golf, and baseball). Resting metabolic rate, three-day food intake, seven-day exercise energy expenditure, body composition, and reproductive and metabolic hormones were assessed. Of the total participants, 15% had low EA, 0% had low BMD, 28% had low total testosterone (TT), and 80% had low calculated free testosterone (cFT). There were no significant correlations between EA, BMD, TT, and cFT. Insulin and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were below and on the upper end of the reference range for healthy male adults, respectively. Insulin was negatively correlated with total (r = -0.330, p = 0.043) and lumbar spine BMD z-scores (r = -0.413, p = 0.010). Low TT and low cFT were the most prevalent MAT conditions among all athletes. Further research should investigate the relationship between insulin and SHBG and the role of these hormones in the MAT. Novelty Bullets • Assessment of energy availability alone is not sufficient to identify physiological disturbances in collegiate male athletes. • Low total and/or free testosterone may be present in some collegiate male athletes, regardless of BMD status. • Low insulin and high SHBG concentration may portray the presence of conditions of the MAT in male collegiate athletes.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Relationship between the Levels of Androgens and Biochemical Bone Markers in Men Aged 60–75 Years

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Rył ◽  
Aleksandra Szylińska ◽  
Alina Jurewicz ◽  
Andrzej Bohatyrewicz ◽  
Tomasz Miazgowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Markers ◽  
Free Testosterone ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Total Testosterone ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Biochemical Bone Markers ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between the parameters of bone turnover and the levels of hormonal parameters, such as total testosterone (TT), bioavailable and free testosterone (FT), and estradiol (E2) in men. Material and methods: The study group included 63 men with testosterone deficiency syndrome (TDS). The control group consisted of 112 patients without TDS. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the levels of osteocalcin (OC), parathyroid hormone (PTH), E2, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), insulin (I), Serum CrossLaps (CtX-I), human procollagen I N-terminal peptide (PINP), and TT. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results: The groups with TSD and without TDS differed in terms of the following parameters: body weight (p = 0.001), BMI (p = 0.003), TT (p = 0.001), FT (p = 0.004), bioavailable testosterone (p = 0.001), E2 (p = 0.003), SHBG (p = 0.003), and PINP (p = 0.004). In the group without TDS, higher PINP levels were accompanied by higher levels of E2 (beta = 0.360, p = 0.002) and TT (beta = 0.389, p = 0.001). In the group without TDS, PINP was positively correlated with E2 (beta = 0.726, p <0.001). Patients with TDS had significantly lower PINP levels (p < 0.004). Conclusions: Analysis of sex hormones and biochemical bone markers in reflecting the quality of the bone tissue in men may suggest a relationship between these parameters. Nevertheless, further research based on a larger sample size is necessary to better describe this relationship.

scholarly journals Hypogonadism and liver fibrosis in HIV-infected patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Quiros-Roldan ◽  
T. Porcelli ◽  
L. C. Pezzaioli ◽  
M. Degli Antoni ◽  
S. Paghera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Free Testosterone ◽  
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽  
Total Testosterone ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pituitary Dysfunction ◽  
Consequent Reduction ◽  
Secondary Hypogonadism ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Purpose Hypogonadism is frequent in HIV-infected men and might impact on metabolic and sexual health. Low testosterone results from either primary testicular damage, secondary hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction, or from liver-derived sex-hormone-binding-globulin (SHBG) elevation, with consequent reduction of free testosterone. The relationship between liver fibrosis and hypogonadism in HIV-infected men is unknown. Aim of our study was to determine the prevalence and type of hypogonadism in a cohort of HIV-infected men and its relationship with liver fibrosis. Methods We performed a cross-sectional retrospective study including 107 HIV-infected men (median age 54 years) with hypogonadal symptoms. Based on total testosterone (TT), calculated free testosterone, and luteinizing hormone, five categories were identified: eugonadism, primary, secondary, normogonadotropic and compensated hypogonadism. Estimates of liver fibrosis were performed by aspartate aminotransferase (AST)-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) and Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) scores. Results Hypogonadism was found in 32/107 patients (30.8%), with normogonadotropic (10/107, 9.3%) and compensated (17/107, 15.8%) being the most frequent forms. Patients with secondary/normogonadotropic hypogonadism had higher body mass index (BMI) (p < 0001). Patients with compensated hypogonadism had longer HIV infection duration (p = 0.031), higher APRI (p = 0.035) and FIB-4 scores (p = 0.008), and higher HCV co-infection. Univariate analysis showed a direct significant correlation between APRI and TT (p = 0.006) and SHBG (p = 0.002), and between FIB-4 and SHBG (p = 0.045). Multivariate analysis showed that SHBG was independently associated with both liver fibrosis scores. Conclusion Overt and compensated hypogonadism are frequently observed among HIV-infected men. Whereas obesity is related to secondary hypogonadism, high SHBG levels, related to liver fibrosis degree and HCV co-infection, are responsible for compensated forms.

scholarly journals In men older than 70 years, total testosterone remains stable while free testosterone declines with age. The Health in Men Study

2007 ◽  
Vol 156 (5) ◽  
pp. 585-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bu B Yeap ◽  
Osvaldo P Almeida ◽  
Zoë Hyde ◽  
Paul E Norman ◽  
S A Paul Chubb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Testosterone ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽  
Total Testosterone ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Testosterone Concentration ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Clinical Consequences

Objective: An age-related decline in serum total and free testosterone concentration may contribute to ill health in men, but limited data are available for men > 70 years of age. We sought to determine the distribution and associations of reduced testosterone concentrations in older men. Design: The Health in Men Study is a community-representative prospective cohort investigation of 4263 men aged ≥ 70 years. Cross-sectional hormone data from 3645 men were analysed. Methods: Early morning sera were assayed for total testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and LH. Free testosterone was calculated using the Vermeulen method. Results: Mean (± s.d.) serum total testosterone was 15.4 ± 5.6 nmol/l (444 ± 162 ng/dl), SHBG 42.4 ± 16.7 nmol/l and free testosterone 278 ± 96 pmol/l (8.01 ± 2.78 ng/dl). Total testosterone correlated with SHBG (Spearman’s r = 0.6, P < 0.0001). LH and SHBG increased with age (r = 0.2, P < 0.0001 for both). Instead of declining, total testosterone increased marginally (r = 0.04, P = 0.007) whilst free testosterone declined with age (r = −0.1, P < 0.0001). Free testosterone was inversely correlated with LH (r = −0.1, P < 0.0001). In multivariate analyses, increasing age, body mass index (BMI) and LH were associated with lower free testosterone. Conclusions: In men aged 70–89 years, modulation of androgen action may occur via an age-related increase in SHBG and reduction in free testosterone without a decline in total testosterone concentration. Increasing age, BMI and LH are independently associated with lower free testosterone. Further investigation would be required to assess the clinical consequences of low serum free testosterone, particularly in older men in whom total testosterone may be preserved.

scholarly journals The importance of SHBG and calculated free testosterone for the diagnosis of symptomatic hypogonadism in HIV-infected men: a single-centre real-life experience

Infection ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Letizia Chiara Pezzaioli ◽  
Eugenia Quiros-Roldan ◽  
Simone Paghera ◽  
Teresa Porcelli ◽  
Filippo Maffezzoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Experience ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Free Testosterone ◽  
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽  
Total Testosterone ◽  
Sexual Symptoms ◽  
Low Testosterone ◽  
Gonadal Status ◽  
Spearman’S Correlation

Abstract Purpose The prevalence of low testosterone and symptoms of hypogonadism in HIV-infected men is still debated. We aimed to estimate the prevalence and type of hypogonadism in HIV-infected males complaining about sexual symptoms, and to evaluate the role of calculated free testosterone (cFT) vs total testosterone (TT) for diagnosis. Furthermore, we evaluated relationship between sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), gonadal status and clinical and virologic parameters. Methods We retrospectively evaluated 169 HIV-infected men with sexual symptoms, with TT available. Among them, we selected 94 patients with TT, SHBG, cFT, and luteinizing hormone (LH) available, and classified hypogonadism into overt (low TT and/or low cFT) and compensated (high LH, normal TT and cFT). Comparison was performed by non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test and Spearman’s correlation was calculated to verify the possible associations. Results Overt and compensated hypogonadism were found in 20.2% and 13.8% of patients, respectively. With reliance on TT alone, only 10.6% of patients would have met diagnosis. SHBG values were elevated in one third of patients, and higher in men with compensated hypogonadism. Significant positive correlation was found between SHBG and HIV infection duration, TT and LH. Conclusion Only a complete hormonal profile can properly diagnose and classify hypogonadism in HIV-infected men complaining about sexual symptoms. TT alone reliance may lead to half of diagnoses missing, while lack of gonadotropin prevents the identification of compensated hypogonadism. This largely comes from high SHBG, which seems to play a central role in the pathogenesis of hypogonadism in this population.

scholarly journals Energy Availability in Male and Female Elite Wheelchair Athletes over Seven Consecutive Training Days

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Egger ◽  
Joelle Leonie Flueck
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Wheelchair Athletes ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Exercise Energy Expenditure ◽  
And Training

Background: Low energy availability (LEA) is a major problem as athletes often restrict their energy intake. It has been shown that LEA occurs often in female and endurance athletes and in athletes from weight-sensitive or aesthetic sports. The purpose of this study was to investigate energy availability (EA) in elite wheelchair athletes. Methods: Fourteen elite wheelchair athletes (8 males; 6 females) participated. Data were collected using a weighed seven-day food and training diary to estimate energy intake and exercise energy expenditure. Resting energy expenditure and body composition were measured, whereas energy balance (EB) was calculated. Results: Measured over 7 days, EA was significantly different (36.1 ± 6.7 kcal kg−1 FFM day−1) in male compared to female (25.1 ± 7.1 kcal kg−1 FFM day−1) athletes (p < 0.001). From all analyzed days, LEA occurred in 73% of the days in female athletes and in 30% of the days in male athletes. EB was positive in male athletes (+169.1 ± 304.5 kcal) and negative (−288.9 ± 304.8 kcal) in female athletes. Conclusions: A higher prevalence of LEA was found in female compared to male athletes. A higher energy intake would be recommended to meet energy needs and to maximize training adaptation.

scholarly journals The analog free testosterone assay: are the results in men clinically useful?

1998 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 2178-2182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J Winters ◽  
David E Kelley ◽  
Bret Goodpaster
Keyword(s):  
Free Testosterone ◽  
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽  
Total Testosterone ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Testosterone Concentration ◽  
Low Testosterone ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Constant Percentage

Abstract Men with low testosterone concentrations are usually hypogonadal. However, because variations in the testosterone transport protein, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), directly influence the total testosterone concentration, confirmation of a low testosterone with a measurement of free testosterone or “bioavailable” testosterone (BAT) is recommended. In the present study, we examined the relationship of SHBG with free testosterone (Coat-A-Count assay, Diagnostic Products) and with BAT in men (n = 29) and women (n = 28) who participated in a study of the metabolic determinants of body composition. As expected, total testosterone was strongly positively correlated with SHBG among men (r = 0.68; P &lt;0.01). Although the BAT was independent of SHBG in men (r = 0.02), SHBG was an important predictor of free testosterone (r = 0. 62; P &lt;0.01). In contrast, in women serum concentrations of total testosterone (r = −0.26; P = 0.17), free testosterone (r = −0.30; P = 0.17), and BAT (r = −0.46; P = 0.013) all tended to be lower with increasing SHBG. Free testosterone was nearly perfectly positively correlated with total testosterone (r = 0.97) in men, among whom free testosterone represented a relatively constant percentage of the total testosterone (0.5–0.65%), and the percentage of free testosterone was unrelated to SHBG. Thus the Coat-A-Count free testosterone concentration in men, like the total testosterone concentration, is determined in part by plasma SHBG. Accordingly, androgen deficiency may be misclassified with this assay in men with low SHBG. Moreover, the previous findings of reduced free testosterone concentrations with hypertension or hyperinsulinemia or as a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes, conditions in which SHBG is reduced, may have been methodology-related.

scholarly journals Exercise training improves free testosterone in lifelong sedentary aging men

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 306-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence D Hayes ◽  
Peter Herbert ◽  
Nicholas F Sculthorpe ◽  
Fergal M Grace
Keyword(s):  
Interval Training ◽  
Free Testosterone ◽  
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽  
Total Testosterone ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
Baseline Phase ◽  
Aging Men ◽  
High Intensity Interval ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Older Males

As the impact of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on systemic hormones in aging men is unstudied to date, we investigated whether total testosterone (TT), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), free testosterone (free-T) and cortisol (all in serum) were altered following HIIT in a cohort of 22 lifelong sedentary (62 ± 2 years) older men. As HIIT requires preconditioning exercise in sedentary cohorts, participants were tested at three phases, each separated by six-week training; baseline (phase A), following conditioning exercise (phase B) and post-HIIT (phase C). Each measurement phase used identical methods. TT was significantly increased following HIIT (~17%; P < 0.001) with most increase occurring during preconditioning (~10%; P = 0.007). Free-T was unaffected by conditioning exercise (P = 0.102) but was significantly higher following HIIT compared to baseline (~4.5%; P = 0.023). Cortisol remained unchanged from A to C (P = 0.138). The present data indicate a combination of preconditioning, and HIIT increases TT and SHBG in sedentary older males, with the HIIT stimulus accounting for a small but statistically significant increase in free-T. Further study is required to determine the biological importance of small improvements in free-T in aging men.

scholarly journals Testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, calculated free testosterone, and oestradiol in male vegans and omnivores

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. A. Key ◽  
Liane Roe ◽  
Margaret Thorogood ◽  
John W. Moore ◽  
Graham M. G. Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Testosterone ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽  
Vegan Diet ◽  
Total Testosterone ◽  
Hormone Binding ◽  
Diet Records

Total testosterone (T), total oestradiol (E2) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations were measured in plasma samples from fifty-one male vegans and fifty-seven omnivores of similar age. Free T concentration was estimated by calculation, in comparison with the omnivores, the vegans had 7% higher total T (P = 0.250), 23% higher SHBG (P = 0.001), 3% lower free T (P = 0.580), and 11% higher E2 (P = 0.194). In a subset of eighteen vegans and twenty-two omnivores for whom 4 d diet records were available, there were statistically significant correlations between T and polyunsaturated fatty acids (r 0.37), SHBG and fat (r 0.43 for total fat, 0.46 for saturated fatty acids and 0.33 for polyunsaturated fatty acids), and SHBG and alcohol (r–0.39). It is concluded that a vegan diet causes a substantial increase in SHBG but has little effect on total or free T or on E2.

Peripheral hormone levels in healthy subjects during controlled fasting

1986 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ragnar Tegelman ◽  
Pia Lindeskog ◽  
Kjell Carlström ◽  
Åke Pousette ◽  
Rolf Blomstrand
Keyword(s):  
Protein Binding ◽  
Testosterone Level ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Free Testosterone ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽  
Total Testosterone ◽  
Metabolic Clearance ◽  
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate ◽  
Hormone Binding

Abstract. The effect of one week of controlled fasting (3 1 of fluid containing 50 g of carbohydrate/day) upon the serum levels of hormones, sex hormone binding globulin, and albumin was studied in healthy subjects. Fasting caused decreased levels of prolactin and T3, no changes in the levels of TSH, FSH, LH, dehydroepiandrosterone, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, total oestrone, and total testosterone, and increased levels of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and albumin. A significant positive correlation was found between albumin and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate. Fasting rapidly increased the levels of sex hormone binding globulin and decreased the percentage of free testosterone and the calculated free testosterone level in both sexes. A decreased metabolic clearance of certain steroids (cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate) owing to an increased protein binding may be one of the endocrine consequences of fasting. An increased protein binding of testosterone may be outweighed by a decreased gonadal production, thus resulting in an unchanged total testosterone level. The increased sex hormone binding globulin level could not be explained by changes in gonadal and thyroid hormones.

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