Characterization of an alien source of resistance to Fusarium head blight transferred to Chinese Spring wheat1ECORC contribution #10-151.

Very few sources of resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat have been identified. Thinopyrum elongatum (Host) D.R. Dewey (2n = 14, EE genome), a wild relative of wheat, carries resistance to FHB on the long arm of its chromosome 7E (7EL). In this report, a strain of Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, the principal causal agent of FHB, transformed to produce green fluorescent protein (GFP), was used to characterize the resistance carried by 7EL when expressed in the susceptible background of 'Chinese Spring' (CS) wheat. Inoculated spikelets of the addition line CS-7EL showed less infection than those of the parental line, CS. This was associated in CS-7EL with upregulation of many genes predicted to be involved in plant defence and downregulation of genes associated with salicylic-acid-induced defence. The difference between CS and CS-7EL in the progression of infection was striking; the fungus spread easily and extensively from the inoculated spikelet into the node and adjacent spikelets in CS, but was effectively blocked from spreading in CS-7EL. Microscopic data showed that fungal growth was inhibited within the inoculated spikelet in CS-7EL, and spread was completely blocked by the node tissue. The blocking of fungal growth through the node into the rachis correlates with the deposition of an unidentified substance in CS-7EL. Additionally, longer internode segments in CS-7EL versus CS may contribute to limiting fungal spread. Our results suggest that the resistance displayed by CS-7EL is multifaceted, involving both physical and chemical factors.

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Type II Fusarium head blight susceptibility conferred by a region on wheat chromosome 4D

Journal of Experimental Botany ◽

10.1093/jxb/eraa226 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 71 (16) ◽

pp. 4703-4714 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Benjamin Hales ◽

Andrew Steed ◽

Vincenzo Giovannelli ◽

Christopher Burt ◽

Marc Lemmens ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Head Blight ◽

Chinese Spring ◽

Wheat Chromosome ◽

Addition Line ◽

Head Blight ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Susceptibility Factor ◽

Fhb Resistance ◽

Grain Yield And Quality ◽

Wheat Lines

Abstract Fusarium head blight (FHB) causes significant grain yield and quality reductions in wheat and barley. Most wheat varieties are incapable of preventing FHB spread through the rachis, but disease is typically limited to individually infected spikelets in barley. We point-inoculated wheat lines possessing barley chromosome introgressions to test whether FHB resistance could be observed in a wheat genetic background. The most striking differential was between 4H(4D) substitution and 4H addition lines. The 4H addition line was similarly susceptible to the wheat parent, but the 4H(4D) substitution line was highly resistant, which suggests that there is an FHB susceptibility factor on wheat chromosome 4D. Point inoculation of Chinese Spring 4D ditelosomic lines demonstrated that removing 4DS results in high FHB resistance. We genotyped four Chinese Spring 4DS terminal deletion lines to better characterize the deletions in each line. FHB phenotyping indicated that lines del4DS-2 and del4DS-4, containing smaller deletions, were susceptible and had retained the susceptibility factor. Lines del4DS-3 and del4DS-1 contain larger deletions and were both significantly more resistant, and hence had presumably lost the susceptibility factor. Combining the genotyping and phenotyping results allowed us to refine the susceptibility factor to a 31.7 Mbp interval on 4DS.

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Type II Fusarium head blight susceptibility factor identified in wheat

10.1101/2020.02.06.937425 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

B. Hales ◽

A. Steed ◽

V. Giovannelli ◽

C. Burt ◽

M. Lemmens ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Head Blight ◽

Chinese Spring ◽

Wheat Chromosome ◽

Addition Line ◽

Type Ii ◽

Head Blight ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Susceptibility Factor ◽

Fhb Resistance ◽

Grain Yield And Quality

AbstractFusarium head blight (FHB) causes significant grain yield and quality reductions in wheat and barley. Most wheat varieties are incapable of preventing FHB spread through the rachis, but disease is typically limited to individually infected spikelets in barley. We point inoculated wheat lines possessing barley chromosome introgressions to test whether FHB resistance could be observed in a wheat genetic background. The most striking differential was between 4H(4D) substitution and 4H addition lines. The 4H addition line was similarly susceptible to the wheat parent, but the 4H(4D) substitution line was highly resistant, which suggests that there is an FHB susceptibility factor on wheat chromosome 4D. Point inoculation of Chinese Spring 4D ditelosomic lines demonstrated that removing 4DS results in high FHB resistance. We genotyped four Chinese Spring 4DS terminal deletion lines to better characterise the deletions in each line. FHB phenotyping indicated that lines del4DS-2 and del4DS-4, containing smaller deletions, were susceptible and had retained the susceptibility factor. Lines del4DS-3 and del4DS-1 contain larger deletions and were both significantly more resistant, and hence had presumably lost the susceptibility factor. Combining the genotyping and phenotyping results allowed us to refine the susceptibility factor to a 31.7 Mbp interval on 4DS.HighlightWe have identified a Type II Fusarium head blight susceptibility factor on the short arm of wheat chromosome 4D and refined its position to a 31.7 Mbp interval.

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Fusarium head blight of wheat in India‐variability in pathogens associated and sources of resistance: an overview

Indian Phytopathology ◽

10.1007/s42360-021-00358-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mahender Singh Saharan ◽

H. M. Akshay Kumar ◽

Malkhan Singh Gurjar ◽

Rashmi Aggarwal

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Head Blight ◽

Head Blight ◽

Sources Of Resistance

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Use of green fluorescent protein to monitor fungal growth in biomass hydrolysate

Biology Methods and Protocols ◽

10.1093/biomethods/bpx012 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Nancy N Nichols ◽

Joshua C Quarterman ◽

Sarah E Frazer

Keyword(s):

Green Fluorescent Protein ◽

Fluorescent Protein ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Fermentation Inhibitors ◽

Gene Encoding ◽

Agricultural Residue ◽

Biomass Hydrolysate ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Colony Forming Units ◽

Green Fluorescent

Abstract A reporter gene encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) was introduced into the ascomycete Coniochaeta ligniaria NRRL30616, and fluorescence of cultures was monitored as a measure of cell growth. Fluorescence in the GFP-expressing strain was measured during growth of cells in defined and complex media as well as in the liquor derived from pretreatment of corn stover, an agricultural residue. Fluorescence mirrored growth of cultures, as measured by optical density and counts of colony forming units. Because traditional methods to monitor growth cannot be used in biomass liquors due to its fibrous, dark-colored nature, the speed and convenience of using GFP to monitor growth is advantageous. Fluorescence of cultures in biomass hydrolysate also correlated with the concentration of furfural in hydrolysate. Furfural and other compounds, present in hydrolysate due to physico-chemical pretreatment of biomass, are inhibitory to fermenting microbes. Therefore, measurement of fluorescence in GFP-expressing C. ligniaria is a proxy for measures of microbial growth and furfural consumption, and serves as a convenient indicator of metabolism of fermentation inhibitors in biomass hydrolysate.

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Expansion of internal hyphal growth in Fusarium Head Blight infected grains contribute to the elevated mycotoxin production during the malting process

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi-01-21-0024-r ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Zhao Jin ◽

Shyam Solanki ◽

Gazala Ameen ◽

Thomas Gross ◽

Roshan Sharma Poudel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Head Blight ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Hyphal Growth ◽

Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope ◽

Confocal Laser ◽

Aleurone Layer ◽

Scanning Microscope ◽

Head Blight ◽

Trichothecene Mycotoxin

Fusarium head blight (FHB) and the occurrence of mycotoxins is the largest food safety threat to malting and brewing grains. Worldwide surveys of commercial beers have reported that the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most frequent contaminant in beer. Although the DON content of grain generally declines during steeping due to its solubilization, Fusarium can continue to grow and produce DON from steeping through the early kilning stage of malting. DON present on malt is largely extracted into beer. The objective of the current study was to localize the growth of Fusarium within FHB infected kernels by developing an improved method and to associate fungal growth with the production of DON during malting. FHB infected barley, wheat, rye, and triticale grains that exhibited large increases in the amount of Fusarium Tri5 DNA and trichothecene mycotoxins following malting were screened for hyphal localization. The growth of fungal hyphae associated with grain and malt was imaged by scanning electron microscope and confocal laser scanning microscope assisted with WGA-Alexa Fluor 488 staining, respectively. In barley, hyphae were present on or within the husk, vascular bundle, and pericarp cavities. Following malting, vast hyphal growth was observed not only in these regions, but also in the aleurone layer, endosperm, and embryo. Extensive fungal growth was also observed following malting of wheat, rye, and triticale. However, these grains already had an extensive internal presence of Fusarium hyphae in the unmalted grain, thus representing an enhanced chance of fungal expansion during the malting.

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Cotransformation of Trichoderma harzianum with β-Glucuronidase and Green Fluorescent Protein Genes Provides a Useful Tool for Monitoring Fungal Growth and Activity in Natural Soils

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.66.2.810-815.2000 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

pp. 810-815 ◽

Cited By ~ 78

Author(s):

Yeoung-Seuk Bae ◽

Guy R. Knudsen

Keyword(s):

Green Fluorescent Protein ◽

Trichoderma Harzianum ◽

Fluorescent Protein ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Marker Genes ◽

Natural Soil ◽

Nondestructive Monitoring ◽

Wild Type ◽

Glass Slides ◽

Green Fluorescent

ABSTRACT Trichoderma harzianum was cotransformed with genes encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP), β-glucuronidase (GUS), and hygromycin B (hygB) resistance, using polyethylene glycol-mediated transformation. One cotransformant (ThzID1-M3) was mitotically stable for 6 months despite successive subculturing without selection pressure. ThzID1-M3 morphology was similar to that of the wild type; however, the mycelial growth rate on agar was reduced. ThzID1-M3 was formed into calcium alginate pellets and placed onto buried glass slides in a nonsterile soil, and its ability to grow, sporulate, and colonize sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was compared with that of the wild-type strain. Wild-type and transformant strains both colonized sclerotia at levels above those of indigenous Trichoderma spp. in untreated controls. There were no significant differences in colonization levels between wild-type and cotransformant strains; however, the presence of the GFP and GUS marker genes permitted differentiation of introducedTrichoderma from indigenous strains. GFP activity was a useful tool for nondestructive monitoring of the hyphal growth of the transformant in a natural soil. The green color of cotransformant hyphae was clearly visible with a UV epifluorescence microscope, while indigenous fungi in the same samples were barely visible. Green-fluorescing conidiophores and conidia were observed within the first 3 days of incubation in soil, and this was followed by the formation of terminal and intercalary chlamydospores and subsequent disintegration of older hyphal segments. Addition of 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-d-glucuronic acid (X-Gluc) substrate to recovered glass slides confirmed the activity of GUS as well as GFP in soil. Our results suggest that cotransformation with GFP and GUS can provide a valuable tool for the detection and monitoring of specific strains of T. harzianum released into the soil.

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Fusarium ratings in Ontario winter wheat performance trial (OWWPT) using an index that combines Fusarium head blight symptoms and deoxynivalenol levels

Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding ◽

10.17221/3265-cjgpb ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 47 (Special Issue) ◽

pp. S115-S122 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

L. Tamburic-Ilincic ◽

D. Falk ◽

A. Schaafsma

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Fusarium Head Blight ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Wheat Breeding ◽

Head Blight ◽

Sources Of Resistance ◽

Selection Decisions ◽

Grain Yield And Quality ◽

Moderately Resistant ◽

Performance Trial

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most serious diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). FHB reduces grain yield and quality, and the fungus produces mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (DON). The most practical way to control FHB is through the development of resistant cultivars. In addition to exotic sources of resistance (such as cultivars Sumai 3 and Frontana), native sources of resistance are commonly used in winter wheat breeding programs in North America. In 1996, 2000, and 2004 severe epidemics of FHB cost the winter wheat industry in Ontario, Canada combined over $200 million. All wheat grown in Ontario is entered in the Ontario Winter Wheat Performance Trial (OWWPT) and tested every year for Fusarium resistance and DON level in three inoculated FHB nurseries. The objective of this study is to explain how the index that accounts for FHB symptoms and DON level jointly was developed, and how stable the performance of the cultivars grouped to susceptibility classes has been over a number of years. The index is related to Fusarium susceptibility classes (moderately resistant – MR, moderately susceptible – MS, susceptible – S and highly susceptible – HS), robust, stable, open-ended (old cultivars out, new cultivars in) and useful to farmers in making cultivars selection decisions. This information is available to growers and industry through the website www.gocereals.ca.

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Genome-Wide Association Mapping of Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight Spread and Deoxynivalenol Accumulation in Chinese Elite Wheat Germplasm

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-12-18-0484-r ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 109 (7) ◽

pp. 1208-1216 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Lei Wu ◽

Yu Zhang ◽

Yi He ◽

Peng Jiang ◽

Xu Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Head Blight ◽

Genome Wide Association Study ◽

Snp Array ◽

Snp Markers ◽

Genome Wide Association ◽

Head Blight ◽

Sources Of Resistance ◽

Wheat Germplasm ◽

Genome Wide ◽

A Genome

Improving resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat is crucial in the integrated management of the disease and prevention of deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination in grains. To identify novel sources of resistance, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using a panel of 213 accessions of elite wheat germplasm of China. The panel was evaluated for FHB severity in four environments and DON content in grains in two environments. High correlations across environments and high heritability were observed for FHB severity and DON content in grains. The panel was also genotyped with the 90K Illumina iSelect single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array and 11,461 SNP markers were obtained. The GWAS revealed a total of six and three loci significantly associated with resistance to fungal spread and DON accumulation in at least two environments, respectively. QFHB-2BL.1 tagged by IWB52433 and QFHB-3A tagged by IWB50548 were responsible for resistance to both fungal spread and DON accumulation. In summary, this study provided an overview of FHB resistance resources in elite Chinese wheat germplasm and identified novel resistance loci that could be used for wheat improvement.

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The Effects of Selenium on Wheat Fusarium Head Blight and DON Accumulation Were Selenium Compound-Dependent

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins12090573 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 573

Author(s):

Xueyun Mao ◽

Chen Hua ◽

Liang Yang ◽

Yuhui Zhang ◽

Zhengxi Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Head Blight ◽

Essential Element ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Sodium Selenate ◽

In Planta ◽

Head Blight ◽

Resistant Varieties ◽

And Control ◽

Toxin Accumulation

Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum not only results in severe yield losses, but also contaminates wheat grains with deoxynivalenol (DON) toxins. Prevention and control of FHB and DON contamination rely mainly on resistant varieties and fungicides. Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans and animals, and also a beneficial element for plants. In this work, four Se compounds, i.e., sodium selenite (Na2SeO3), sodium selenate (Na2SeO4), selenomethionine (SeMet) and selenocysteine (SeCys2), were supplemented in a trichothecene biosynthesis induction (TBI) solid medium at different dosages in in vitro experiments. The four Se compounds at the dosage of 20 mg∙L−1 were sprayed onto wheat spikes immediately after inoculation at anthesis. All four of the Se compounds significantly inhibited the mycelial growth and DON production in the in vitro experiment; however, in planta, their effects on FHB severity and toxin accumulation in grains were compound-dependent. SeMet consistently negatively regulated fungal growth and DON accumulation both in vitro and in planta, which could be a novel and proconsumer strategy for reducing the detriment of wheat FHB disease and DON accumulation.

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