Ecological plasticity in Carex lyngbyei: evidence from transplant experiments

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (12) ◽  
pp. 3618-3624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan R. Smythe ◽  
Ian Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Transplant Experiment ◽  
Reciprocal Transplant Experiment ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Reciprocal Transplants ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Northwestern North America ◽  
Transplant Site ◽  
Transplant Experiments

Four populations of Carex lyngbyei from each of three estuaries with contrasting salinity regimes in northwestern North America (deltas of the Nanaimo, Skagit, and Squamish rivers) were grown in a reciprocal transplant experiment to determine the degree to which morphological differences were genetic or environmentally based. Shoot height, biomass per shoot, and aboveground biomass differences were generally not maintained in the transplant environment, suggesting that genetic control on morphological variation was weak. Transplant site salinity regimes had little effect on shoot density or survival. It is suggested that broadly adapted genotypes, capable of this sort of plastic response, may have a competitive advantage in these fluctuating estuarine environments. Key words: Carex lyngbyei, Pacific Northwest, plasticity, reciprocal transplants.

scholarly journals Environmental exposure does not explain putative maladaptation in road-adjacent populations

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven P. Brady
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Transplant Experiment ◽  
Reciprocal Transplant Experiment ◽  
Embryonic Exposure ◽  
Reciprocal Transplants ◽  
Show Evidence

AbstractWhile the ecological consequences of roads are well described, little is known of their role as agents of natural selection, which can shape adaptive and maladaptive responses in populations influenced by roads. This is despite a growing appreciation for the influence of evolution in human-altered environments. There, insights indicate that natural selection typically results in local adaptation. Thus populations influenced by road-induced selection should evolve fitness advantages in their local environment. Contrary to this expectation, wood frog tadpoles from roadside populations show evidence of a fitness disadvantage, consistent with local maladaptation. Specifically, in reciprocal transplants, roadside populations survive at lower rates compared to populations away from roads. A key question remaining is whether roadside environmental conditions experienced by early-stage embryos induce this outcome. This represents an important missing piece in evaluating the evolutionary nature of this maladaptation pattern. Here, I address this gap using a reciprocal transplant experiment designed to test the hypothesis that embryonic exposure to roadside pond water induces a survival disadvantage. Contrary to this hypothesis, my results show that reduced survival persists when embryonic exposure is controlled. This indicates that the survival disadvantage is parentally mediated, either genetically and/or through inherited environmental effects. This result suggests that roadside populations are either truly maladapted or potentially locally adapted at later life stages. I discuss these interpretations, noting that regardless of mechanism, patterns consistent with maladaptation have important implications for conservation. In light of the pervasiveness of roads, further resolution explaining maladaptive responses remains a critical challenge in conservation.

Bryophyte community structure in a boreal poor fen: reciprocal transplants

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 404-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roisín C Mulligan ◽  
L Dennis Gignac
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pleurozium Schreberi ◽  
Transplant Experiment ◽  
Reciprocal Transplant Experiment ◽  
Poor Fen ◽  
Reciprocal Transplants ◽  
Sphagnum Fuscum ◽  
Species Tolerance ◽  
Present Distribution

The ability of four boreal bryophytes (Sphagnum angustifolium (C. Jens ex Russ.), Sphagnum fuscum (Schimp.) Klinggr., Sphagnum magellanicum Brid., and Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt.) to live in each others' habitats was examined in a 1-year reciprocal transplant experiment conducted in a poor fen peatland in northern Alberta, Canada. Growth in length was determined by measuring increase in shoot length, and growth in dry weight was determined by subtracting final dry weight from initial predicted dry weight. Species tolerance ranges, which approximate to fundamental niches, were determined by the significant differences in growth among the species. Stepwise regression analyses indicated that depth to water was the most important factor for all species except S. fuscum. Pleurozium schreberi exhibited the narrowest potential distribution, indicating that its present distribution is likely the result of habitat limitation. Although S. magellanicum and S. angustifolium exhibited wide potential ecological amplitude, the distributions of these species are partially limited by habitat. Sphagnum fuscum was able to grow in all habitats, and its distribution is not limited by any of the habitat factors measured.Key words: peatland, moss, community structure, Sphagnum, Pleurozium schreberi, niche.

scholarly journals Does Local Adaptation Impact on the Distribution of Competing Aedes Disease Vectors?

Climate ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Kelly L. Bennett ◽  
William Owen McMillan ◽  
Jose R. Loaiza
Keyword(s):  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Resource Competition ◽  
Disease Vectors ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Transplant Experiment ◽  
Reciprocal Transplant Experiment ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Ecological Resources ◽  
The Face ◽  
Arboviral Disease

Ae. (Stegomyia) aegypti L. and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus Skuse mosquitoes are major arboviral disease vectors in human populations. Interspecific competition between these species shapes their distribution and hence the incidence of disease. While Ae. albopictus is considered a superior competitor for ecological resources and displaces its contender Ae. aegypti from most environments, the latter is able to persist with Ae. albopictus under particular environmental conditions, suggesting species occurrence cannot be explained by resource competition alone. The environment is an important determinant of species displacement or coexistence, although the factors underpinning its role remain little understood. In addition, it has been found that Ae. aegypti can be adapted to the environment across a local scale. Based on data from the Neotropical country of Panama, we present the hypothesis that local adaptation to the environment is critical in determining the persistence of Ae. aegypti in the face of its direct competitor Ae. albopictus. We show that although Ae. albopictus has displaced Ae. aegypti in some areas of Panama, both species coexist across many areas, including regions where Ae. aegypti appear to be locally adapted to dry climate conditions and less vegetated environments. Based on these findings, we describe a reciprocal transplant experiment to test our hypothesis, with findings expected to provide fundamental insights into the role of environmental variation in shaping the landscape of emerging arboviral disease.

scholarly journals Origins of Wilson’s Warblers migrating through southwest Canada: Adding value to banding data by using stable isotopes and genetic markers

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Kardynal ◽  
Douglas M. Collister ◽  
Keith A. Hobson
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Population Changes ◽  
Stopover Site ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Northwestern North America

Abstract Stopovers used by birds during migration concentrate individuals from broad geographic areas potentially providing important information on catchment areas of birds moving through these sites. We combined stable isotope (δ2H), genetic fingerprinting and band recovery data to delineate the molt origins of Wilson’s Warblers (Cardellina pusilla) migrating through a stopover site in southwestern Canada in the fall. We assessed changes in δ2Hf indicating latitudinal origins with ordinal date to show this species likely underwent leapfrog migration through this site. Using the combined approach to determine origins, Wilson’s Warblers migrating through southwestern Alberta in 2015 were mostly from the western boreal population (n = 155, 96%) with some individuals from the Pacific Northwest (n = 1, 0.6%), Rocky Mountain (n = 2, 1.2%) and eastern boreal (n = 3, 1.8%) populations. Our results suggest that individuals migrating through our study site come from a broad catchment area potentially from a large part of northwestern North America. Future studies should link population changes at banding stations with other information to determine associations with large-scale landscape-level drivers (e.g. climate, land use).

Genetic interactions Between Hatchery and Wild Salmonids: Lessons from the Pacific Northwest

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (S1) ◽  
pp. 124-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin S. Waples
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Genetic Interactions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Genetic Risks ◽  
Northwestern North America

The potential for genetic interactions between hatchery and wild populations of salmonids in northwestern North America has increased considerably in recent decades. Efforts to mitigate severe losses to many wild stocks caused by overfishing, destruction of habitat, and blockage of migratory routes have focussed on boosting artificial production in public hatcheries. Opportunities for genetic interactions between hatchery and wild fish will increase if efforts to supplement wild production with hatchery-reared fish continue. Concerns center on three issues: (1) direct genetic effects (caused by hybridization and introgression); (2) indirect genetic effects (principally due to altered selection regimes or reductions in population size caused by competition, predation, disease, or other factors); and (3) genetic changes to hatchery stocks (through selection, drift, or stock transfers), which magnify the consequences of hybridization with wild fish. Strategies for minimizing these genetic risks and monitoring the consequences of various management options are discussed, and some important areas for future research are identified.

Maternal effects and drought tolerance determine seedling establishment success in a common roadside plant, Dipsacus fullonum subsp sylvestris

Botany ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 88 (10) ◽  
pp. 930-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura L. Beaton ◽  
Susan A. Dudley
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Transplant Experiment ◽  
Reciprocal Transplant Experiment ◽  
Maternal Provisioning ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Roadside Environment

Previous studies have demonstrated that plants collected as seeds from roadside populations of Dipsacus fullonum L. subsp sylvestris (Huds.) Claphamare more tolerant of high salinity, low osmotic potentials, and hypoxia during juvenile growth stages than those from oldfield populations. However, it is unclear how tolerance to these abiotic stressors translates into performance in the roadside environment. Here, we conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment between oldfield and roadside environments. Seeds from three roadside and three oldfield populations were planted into oldfield and roadside sites in late fall. Throughout the spring and summer, the survivorship and size of the seedlings were monitored to examine differences in performance in the two habitats. We also assessed the relation between performance in the field and previous in vitro measures of salt and drought tolerance of each population. A drought caused high mortality levels in the oldfield and roadside. Individuals from roadside populations did not exhibit increased growth or survivorship in the roadside environment. In the early months of seedling growth, neither salt nor drought tolerance were significantly correlated with performance in the roadside during seedling establishment. Rather, during these early months, the average size of individuals in each population in the field was positively correlated with the population’s average seed mass, indicating that maternal provisioning had a greater impact than tolerance to particular environmental stresses during the juvenile stages of development. However, later in the summer, after the drought began, the average size of individuals from each population in the field was positively correlated with that population’s average drought tolerance.

Performance of four mosses in a reciprocal transplant experiment: implications for peatland succession in NE China

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaojun Bu ◽  
Xu Chen ◽  
Håkan Rydin ◽  
Shengzhong Wang ◽  
Jinze Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reciprocal Transplant ◽  
Transplant Experiment ◽  
Ne China ◽  
Reciprocal Transplant Experiment

The effects of source and destination on growth and metal uptake in freshwater clams reciprocally transplanted among south central Ontario lakes

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 855-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott G. Hinch ◽  
Roger H. Green
Keyword(s):  
Metal Uptake ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Transplant Experiment ◽  
Reciprocal Transplant Experiment ◽  
Post Transplant ◽  
Elliptio Complanata ◽  
South Central ◽  
Freshwater Clams ◽  
Strong Source

The relative contributions of genotype and environment to growth and metal uptake in freshwater unionid clams (Elliptio complanata) were evaluated using a reciprocal transplant experiment. In August 1985, comparable sites were selected in three south central Ontario lakes with alkalinities of 22, 153, and 238 μequiv.∙L−1. Shell length, height, and width varied in a manner that could not be related to lake alkalinities. There were differences among the clam populations in allelic frequencies (at the Pgm and Lap-2 loci). Clams were marked, measured, and reciprocally transplanted among the three lakes. In August 1986, marked individuals were recovered, remeasured, and analysed for levels of Cu, Zn, Mn, and Cd in soft tissues. The transplant source had a strong influence on clam growth during the post-transplant year. This source effect may result from genetic differences among the populations. Tissue metal concentrations at the end of the post-transplant year were a function of both source and destination. The use of freshwater clams as transplant biomonitors must be reassessed since there is a strong source component to growth and metal uptake. In transplant experiments a common source (a particular site within a particular lake) should be used, and post-transplant periods of more than 1 year may be necessary for the influence of the destination environment to dominate the influence of the source environment.

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