Transcriptome patterns and blood physiology associated with homing success of sockeye salmon during their final stage of marine migration

To better understand the mechanisms that lead to marine mortality of homing adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), gill and blood biopsies were used in combination with biotelemetry to demonstrate how survival to freshwater entry is related to gene expression and physiological indices of stress. Microarray analysis of gene expression indicated multiple biological processes, including immune and stress responses, protein biosynthesis, and metabolism. Quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated fish with upregulation of genes related to stress and infection had higher marine survival compared with fish without this genomic signature. We proposed that higher marine survival of potentially stressed and immune compromised fish can be explained by stressed and infected fish being highly motivated to enter fresh water, leading to enhanced marine survival. However, once in a river, stressed and immune compromised fish could suffer higher mortality because of premature river entry. Overall, this study supports the idea that infection and stress are important biological processes influencing behaviour and fate of sockeye salmon during homing migrations.

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Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of monoamine transporters in neuroblastoma cell lines: Correlations to meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) uptake and tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression

European Journal of Cancer ◽

10.1016/0959-8049(95)00039-l ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 586-590 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

H.N. Lode ◽

G. Bruchelt ◽

G. Seitz ◽

S. Gebhardt ◽

V. Gekeler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Neuroblastoma Cell ◽

Pcr Analysis ◽

Monoamine Transporters ◽

Mibg Uptake ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Neuroblastoma Cell Lines

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Measurement of Gene Expression in the Vascular Wall by Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) Analysis

Vascular Disease ◽

10.1385/1-59259-247-3:171 ◽

2003 ◽

pp. 171-180

Author(s):

Joachim Fruebis

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Reverse Transcription ◽

Vascular Wall ◽

Pcr Analysis ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Polymerase Chain

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Heavy sea louse infection is associated with decreased stomach fullness in wild juvenile sockeye salmon

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/cjfas-2017-0267 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 75 (10) ◽

pp. 1587-1595 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Sean C. Godwin ◽

Martin Krkošek ◽

John D. Reynolds ◽

Luke A. Rogers ◽

Lawrence M. Dill

Keyword(s):

Sockeye Salmon ◽

Sublethal Effects ◽

Infected Fish ◽

Mixed Effects ◽

Juvenile Salmon ◽

Lepeophtheirus Salmonis ◽

Fraser River ◽

Stomach Fullness ◽

Foraging Success ◽

Marine Migration

Foraging success can be mediated by parasites, but this is poorly understood for marine fish whose aggregations and patchy prey fields create conditions for intense intraspecific competition. We evaluated whether sea louse infection is associated with decreased stomach fullness of wild juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in Johnstone Strait, British Columbia, during their marine migration from the Fraser River. Caligus clemensi comprised 98.6% of the pre-adult and adult lice and 86.5% of the copepodites (freshly attached juvenile lice); the rest were Lepeophtheirus salmonis. We found that infection status was an important predictor of relative stomach fullness for juvenile sockeye (wet stomach content mass divided by body mass), as indicated by mixed-effects model selection, and that highly infected fish had 17% ± 8% lower relative stomach fullness than did lightly infected fish. This louse-associated reduction in relative stomach fullness occurs as the juvenile sockeye migrate through a food-limited environment and, presumably, elevated competition. Given that early marine growth for juvenile salmon is often a predictor of survival, our results highlight the importance of understanding sublethal effects of parasites on salmonids and possibly other fish species.

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Concerto on Chromatin: Interplays of Different Epigenetic Mechanisms in Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10122766 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 2766

Author(s):

Jiao Liu ◽

Cheng Chang

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Plant Development ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Post Translational Modifications ◽

Plant Gene Expression ◽

Plant Gene ◽

Transcriptional Reprogramming ◽

Development Processes

Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications, chromatin remodeling, and noncoding RNAs, play important roles in regulating plant gene expression, which is involved in various biological processes including plant development and stress responses. Increasing evidence reveals that these different epigenetic mechanisms are highly interconnected, thereby contributing to the complexity of transcriptional reprogramming in plant development processes and responses to environmental stresses. Here, we provide an overview of recent advances in understanding the epigenetic regulation of plant gene expression and highlight the crosstalk among different epigenetic mechanisms in making plant developmental and stress-responsive decisions. Structural, physical, transcriptional and metabolic bases for these epigenetic interplays are discussed.

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Induction of Virulence Gene Expression in Staphylococcus aureus by Pulmonary Surfactant

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.01635-13 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 82 (4) ◽

pp. 1500-1510 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Kenichi Ishii ◽

Tatsuo Adachi ◽

Jyunichiro Yasukawa ◽

Yutaka Suzuki ◽

Hiroshi Hamamoto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Pulmonary Surfactant ◽

Virulence Gene ◽

Pcr Analysis ◽

Host Animal ◽

Content Type ◽

Disruption Mutant ◽

Virulence Gene Expression

ABSTRACTWe performed a genomewide analysis using a next-generation sequencer to investigate the effect of pulmonary surfactant on gene expression inStaphylococcus aureus, a clinically important opportunistic pathogen. RNA sequence (RNA-seq) analysis of bacterial transcripts at late log phase revealed 142 genes that were upregulated >2-fold following the addition of pulmonary surfactant to the culture medium. Among these genes, we confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis that mRNA amounts for genes encoding ESAT-6 secretion system C (EssC), an unknown hypothetical protein (NWMN_0246; also called pulmonary surfactant-inducible factor A [PsiA] in this study), and hemolysin gamma subunit B (HlgB) were increased 3- to 10-fold by the surfactant treatment. Among the major constituents of pulmonary surfactant, i.e., phospholipids and palmitate, only palmitate, which is the most abundant fatty acid in the pulmonary surfactant and a known antibacterial substance, stimulated the expression of these three genes. Moreover, these genes were also induced by supplementing the culture with detergents. The induction of gene expression by surfactant or palmitate was not observed in a disruption mutant of thesigBgene, which encodes an alternative sigma factor involved in bacterial stress responses. Furthermore, each disruption mutant of theessC,psiA, andhlgBgenes showed attenuation of both survival in the lung and host-killing ability in a murine pneumonia model. These findings suggest thatS. aureusresists membrane stress caused by free fatty acids present in the pulmonary surfactant through the regulation of virulence gene expression, which contributes to its pathogenesis within the lungs of the host animal.

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Differential Oxidative Stress Responses to D-Galactosamine-Lipopolysaccharide Hepatotoxicity Based on Real Time PCR Analysis of Selected Oxidant/Antioxidant and Apoptotic Gene Expressions in Rat

Physiological Research ◽

10.33549/physiolres.932041 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 549-558 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

N. LEKIĆ ◽

D. ČERNÝ ◽

A. HOŘÍNEK ◽

Z. PROVAZNÍK ◽

J. MARTÍNEK ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Gene Expression ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Caspase 3 ◽

Histological Evaluation ◽

Pcr Analysis ◽

Heme Oxygenase 1 ◽

Gene Expressions ◽

Glutathione Peroxidase 1 ◽

Apoptotic Pathways

Oxidative stress and apoptosis are proposed mechanisms of cellular injury in studies of xenobiotic hepatotoxicity. This study is focused on addressing the mutual relationship and early signals of these mechanisms in the D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS) hepatotoxicity model, with the help of standard liver function and biochemistry tests, histology, and measurement of gene expression by RT-PCR. Intraperitoneal injection of 400 mg/kg D-GalN and 50 μg/kg LPS was able to induce hepatotoxicity in rats, as evidenced by significant increases in liver enzymes (ALT, AST) and raised bilirubin levels in plasma. Heme oxygenase-1 and nitric oxide synthase-2 gene expressions were significantly increased, along with levels of their products, bilirubin and nitrite. The gene expression of glutathione peroxidase 1 remained unchanged, whereas a decrease in superoxide dismutase 1 gene expression was noted. Furthermore, the significant increase in the gene expression of apoptotic genes Bid, Bax and caspase-3 indicate early activation of apoptotic pathways, which was confirmed by histological evaluation. In contrast, the measured caspase-3 activity remained unchanged. Overall, the results have revealed differential oxidative stress and apoptotic responses, which deserves further investigations in this hepatotoxicity model.

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MiR1885 Regulates Disease Tolerance Genes in Brassica rapa during Early Infection with Plasmodiophora brassicae

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22179433 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (17) ◽

pp. 9433

Author(s):

Parameswari Paul ◽

Sushil Satish Chhapekar ◽

Jana Jeevan Rameneni ◽

Sang Heon Oh ◽

Vignesh Dhandapani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Brassica Rapa ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Quantitative Trait ◽

Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽

Severe Disease ◽

Pcr Analysis ◽

Post Inoculation ◽

Clubroot Resistance ◽

Trait Locus

Clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae is a severe disease of cruciferous crops that decreases crop quality and productivity. Several clubroot resistance-related quantitative trait loci and candidate genes have been identified. However, the underlying regulatory mechanism, the interrelationships among genes, and how genes are regulated remain unexplored. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are attracting attention as regulators of gene expression, including during biotic stress responses. The main objective of this study was to understand how miRNAs regulate clubroot resistance-related genes in P. brassicae-infected Brassica rapa. Two Brassica miRNAs, Bra-miR1885a and Bra-miR1885b, were revealed to target TIR-NBS genes. In non-infected plants, both miRNAs were expressed at low levels to maintain the balance between plant development and basal immunity. However, their expression levels increased in P. brassicae-infected plants. Both miRNAs down-regulated the expression of the TIR-NBS genes Bra019412 and Bra019410, which are located at a clubroot resistance-related quantitative trait locus. The Bra-miR1885-mediated down-regulation of both genes was detected for up to 15 days post-inoculation in the clubroot-resistant line CR Shinki and in the clubroot-susceptible line 94SK. A qRT-PCR analysis revealed Bra019412 expression was negatively regulated by miR1885. Both Bra019412 and Bra019410 were more highly expressed in CR Shinki than in 94SK; the same expression pattern was detected in multiple clubroot-resistant and clubroot-susceptible inbred lines. A 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends analysis confirmed the cleavage of Bra019412 by Bra-miR1885b. Thus, miR1885s potentially regulate TIR-NBS gene expression during P. brassicae infections of B. rapa.

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Transcription Factors Interact with ABA through Gene Expression and Signaling Pathways to Mitigate Drought and Salinity Stress

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom11081159 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 1159

Author(s):

Quaid Hussain ◽

Muhammad Asim ◽

Rui Zhang ◽

Rayyan Khan ◽

Saqib Farooq ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Transcription Factors ◽

Signaling Pathways ◽

Salinity Stress ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽

Plant Responses ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Mads Box ◽

Abiotic Stressors

Among abiotic stressors, drought and salinity seriously affect crop growth worldwide. In plants, research has aimed to increase stress-responsive protein synthesis upstream or downstream of the various transcription factors (TFs) that alleviate drought and salinity stress. TFs play diverse roles in controlling gene expression in plants, which is necessary to regulate biological processes, such as development and environmental stress responses. In general, plant responses to different stress conditions may be either abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent or ABA-independent. A detailed understanding of how TF pathways and ABA interact to cause stress responses is essential to improve tolerance to drought and salinity stress. Despite previous progress, more active approaches based on TFs are the current focus. Therefore, the present review emphasizes the recent advancements in complex cascades of gene expression during drought and salinity responses, especially identifying the specificity and crosstalk in ABA-dependent and -independent signaling pathways. This review also highlights the transcriptional regulation of gene expression governed by various key TF pathways, including AP2/ERF, bHLH, bZIP, DREB, GATA, HD-Zip, Homeo-box, MADS-box, MYB, NAC, Tri-helix, WHIRLY, WOX, WRKY, YABBY, and zinc finger, operating in ABA-dependent and -independent signaling pathways.

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