Sexual dimorphism of the cuticle and body-wall muscle in free-living mycophagous nematodes

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 510-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Ekino ◽  
T. Yoshiga ◽  
Y. Takeuchi-Kaneko ◽  
Y. Ichihara ◽  
N. Kanzaki
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Body Movement ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Body Wall Muscles ◽  
Nematode Cuticle ◽  
Cuticle Thickness

Sexual dimorphism in motility-related traits is widespread among animals, including several species of Nematoda. However, no study has examined motility-related structural components and compared them between sexes. We examined the motility-related components in four species: Bursaphelenchus conicaudatus Kanzaki, Tsuda and Futai, 2000; Bursaphelenchus rainulfi Braasch and Burgermeister, 2002; Bursaphelenchus doui Braasch, Gu, Burgermeister and Zhang, 2005; Parasitaphelenchus costati Kanzaki, Ekino, Ide, Masuya and Degawa, 2018. We measured the structure and amount of cuticle and body-wall muscles and estimated their relationship to body diameter or total cross-sectional area. Although no structural differences were observed in muscle, the relevant muscle area of B. doui and P. costati was significantly smaller in females than in males. This difference was greatest in P. costati. In all but B. doui, the relative cuticle thickness was significantly smaller in females than in males. Furthermore, only P. costati females had no striated basal zones in their cuticles; these are thought to be cross-linked proteins that provide strength to nematode cuticle during body movement. These results indicate that sexual dimorphism in motility-related structural components is present in P. costati and that females invest less energy in the components than do males.

scholarly journals Muscle and biomechanical response time in patrol horses submitted to functional training

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. e26710313204
Author(s):  
Paula Gomes Rodrigues ◽  
Katia de Oliveira ◽  
Stéphanie de Souza Vitório Alves ◽  
Camila Fernada Fidêncio ◽  
Clístenes Gomes de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stride Length ◽  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
The Body ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Functional Training ◽  
Total Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Right

Physical activities frequency and intensity performed by equine, athletes or workers, have been growing significantly enabling appearance of musculoskeletal disorders. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of a functional training program to measure short-, medium- and long-term response on epaxial musculature development, as well in linear kinematics of patrol horses. Eight 14±3.5 years-old horses, weighing 418±50 kg, were evaluated over a 90 days period to divided in short (30 days), medium (60 days) and long (90 days) responses. All horses were submitted to the same FTP consisting of passive stretching exercises, dynamic mobilization, reflexive mobilization and dynamic imbalance. The monitored traits were the Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle thickness; the Musculus multifidus (MM) total cross-sectional muscle area; linear kinematic analysis through the stride length at walk (LSW) and trot (LST). The thickness of the right and left side-LD showed increase at 90-day of the training period. The MM total cross-sectional area increased progressively after 30 days on both sides of the body, and at end of the 90-day evaluation. LSW and LST increased after 60 days of training. It is concluded for short-term; exercises promoted the hypertrophy of Musculus multifidus; for medium-term, increased the stride length and, and for long-term, hypertrophy of the Longissimus dorsi was observed.

Temporal diabetes- and diuresis-induced remodeling of the urinary bladder in the rat

2006 ◽  
Vol 291 (3) ◽  
pp. R837-R843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guiming Liu ◽  
Firouz Daneshgari
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Bladder Tissue ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wall Area ◽  
Total Cross Sectional Area ◽  
History Of ◽  
Physical Changes

The natural history of diabetes mellitus-induced remodeling of the urinary bladder is poorly understood. In this study, we examined temporal remodeling of the bladder in diabetic and diuretic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: streptozotocin-induced diabetic, 5% sucrose-induced diuretic, and age-matched control. Micturition and morphometric characteristics were evaluated using metabolic cages and light-microscopic examination of the bladder 4 days and 1, 2, 3, and 9 wk after induction. Digital image analysis was used to quantify equatorial cross-sectional areas of bladder tissue and lumen, as well as relative content of the three primary tissue components: smooth muscle, urothelium, and collagen. Diabetes and diuresis caused significant increases in fluid intake, urine output, and bladder weight. In both groups, progressive increases were observed in lumen area from 4 days to 3 wk after induction and in wall area from 2 to 3 wk after induction. Wall thickness decreased within the first 2 wk in the diabetic and diuretic rats but returned to control at 3 and 9 wk. As a percentage of total cross-sectional area, smooth muscle area increased, urothelium area was unchanged, and collagen area decreased in diabetic and diuretic rats after 2–3 wk compared with control rats. In conclusion, diabetes and diuresis induced similar bladder remodeling. Diabetes-induced diuresis caused adaptive physical changes in rat bladder by 4 days after induction; remodeling was observed by 2–3 wk after induction and remained stable from 3 to 9 wk.

Association Between Deep Posterior Cervical Paraspinal Muscle Morphology and Clinical Features in Patients With Cervical Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

2021 ◽  
pp. 219256822198965
Author(s):  
Toru Doi ◽  
Nozomu Ohtomo ◽  
Fumihiko Oguchi ◽  
Keiichiro Tozawa ◽  
Hiroyuki Nakarai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Features ◽  
Fatty Infiltration ◽  
Neck Disability Index ◽  
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament ◽  
Paraspinal Muscle ◽  
Paraspinal Muscles ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Neck Disability

Study Design: A retrospective observational study. Objective: To clarify the association of the paraspinal muscle area and composition with clinical features in patients with cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). Methods: Consecutive patients with cervical OPLL who underwent cervical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before surgery were reviewed. The cross-sectional area (CSA) and fatty infiltration ratio (FI%) of deep posterior cervical paraspinal muscles (multifidus [MF] and semispinalis cervicis [SCer]) were examined. We assessed the association of paraspinal muscle measurements with the clinical characteristics and clinical outcomes, such as Neck Disability Index (NDI) score. Moreover, we divided the patients into 2 groups according to the extent of the ossified lesion (segmental and localized [OPLL-SL] and continuous and mixed [OPLL-CM] groups) and compared these variables between the 2 groups. Results: 49 patients with cervical OPLL were enrolled in this study. The FI% of the paraspinal muscles was significantly associated with the number of vertebrae ( ρ = 0.283, p = 0.049) or maximum occupancy ratio of OPLL ( ρ = 0.397, p = 0.005). The comparative study results indicated that the NDI score was significantly worse (OPLL-SL, 22.9 ± 13.7 vs. OPLL-CM, 34.4 ± 13.7) and FI% of SCer higher (OPLL-SL, 9.1 ± 1.7% vs. OPLL-CM, 11.1 ± 3.7%) in the OPLL-CM group than those in the OPLL-SL group. Conclusions: Our results suggest that OPLL severity may be associated with fatty infiltration of deep posterior cervical paraspinal muscles, which could affect neck disability in patients with cervical OPLL.

The area of eye muscle of beef cattle carcasses

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 249
Author(s):  
RM Seebeck
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Angus Cattle ◽  
The Cross

Variations in the cross-sectional area of eye muscle of carcasses cut between the tenth and eleventh ribs were investigated, using 105 Hereford and 51 Angus steers aged 20 months. These cattle consisted of three groups, born in successive years. At constant carcass weight, statistically significant differences in eye muscle area were found between breeds and between years. Breed and year differences were also found in eye muscle area with width and depth of eye muscle constant, so that there are limitations to the estimation of eye muscle area from width and depth measurements. A nomograph is given for estimating eye muscle area from width and depth for Hereford and Angus cattle, when all animals are reared in the same year and environment. The use of eye muscle area as an indicator of weight of carcass muscle is discussed.

Assessment of sand stabilization potential of a plant-derived biomass

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dunja Perić ◽  
Paul A. Bartley ◽  
Lawrence Davis ◽  
Ali Ulvi Uzer ◽  
Cahit Gürer
Keyword(s):  
Area Ratio ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Total Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Dry Sand

AbstractLignin is a coproduct of biofuel and paper industries, which exhibits binding qualities when mixed with water. Lignin is an ideal candidate for a sustainable stabilization of unpaved roads. To this end, an experimental program was devised and carried out to quantify effects of lignin on compaction and early age shear strength behaviors of sand. Samples were prepared by mixing a particular type of coproduct called calcium lignosulfonate (CaL) with sand and water. Based on the extensive analyses of six series of strength tests, it was found that a normalized cohesion increased with an increasing normalized areas ratio. Normalizations were carried out by dividing the cohesion and area ratio by gravimetric CaL content whereby the area ratio was obtained by dividing the portion of the cross-sectional area occupied with lignosulfonate-water (CaL-W) paste by the total cross-sectional area. While the increase in the normalized cohesion eventually leveled out, the cohesion peaked at 6% of CaL. Thus, sand-CaL-water (S-CaL-W) mixes sustained larger shear stresses than dry sand for a range of normal stresses below the limiting normal stress. Consequently, the early age behavior indicates that adding CaL-W to sand is clearly beneficial in the near-surface applications in dry sand.

Comparative assessment of odontometric parameters for gender determination: A hospital based cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-152
Author(s):  
Mosmi Lomi ◽  
Jonathan Daniel M
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Body ◽  
Central Incisor ◽  
Maxillary Canine ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Gender Determination ◽  
Significant Difference

Determining gender is one of the most important procedure in forensics. Teeth are made of the most enduring mineralized tissues in the body, as such, they have an extraordinary resistance to putrefaction and the effects of external agents (physical, thermal, mechanical, chemical or biological) which makes them invaluable material for anthropological, genetic, odontologic and forensic examinations.i)To assess the degree of sexual dimorphism in maxillary canine using maxillary canine index, maxillary first molar and central incisor using mesiodistal (MD) and buccolingual/buccopalatal (BL) dimensions of the crown. ii) To determine the accuracy of maxillary canine index, first molar and central incisor dimensions (mesiodistal and buccolingual/buccopalatal) in determining sex.This study consisted of total 30 participants (males=15, females=15) of age group ranging from 20 to 35 yrs. Measurement of dimensions of selected teeth were performed on maxillary cast using digital Vernier caliper, resolution 0.01mm. Data thus obtained were analyzed statistically.The mean values of all the measurements in males were greater than females. There was statistical significant difference in mean value of bucco-lingual width of molar, mesiodistal width of canine (on left side, right side and average) and the inter-canine distance between males and females. The buccolingual width of molar showed the highest % of sexual dimorphism (5.33%) and the mesiodistal width of molar showed the least % of dimorphism (0.7%). Bucco-lingual width of molar posed the highest prediction accuracy for gender determination. We conclude that buccolingual width of maxillary first molar can be used to predict the gender when only teeth of maxillary arch are available for forensic examination.

The Ligamentary System and the Segmental Musculature of Nephtys

1960 ◽  
Vol s3-101 (54) ◽  
pp. 149-176
Author(s):  
R. B. CLARK ◽  
M. E. CLARK
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Power Stroke ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Unusual Structure ◽  
Shock Absorbers ◽  
Proximal Half ◽  
Unique System ◽  
Body Wall Muscles ◽  
The Impact

Nephtys lacks circular body-wall muscles. The chief antagonists of the longitudinal muscles are the dorso-ventral muscles of the intersegmental body-wall. The worm is restrained from widening when either set of muscles contracts by the combined influence of the ligaments, some of the extrinsic parapodial muscles, and possibly, to a limited extent, by the septal muscles. Although the septa are incomplete, they can and do form a barrier to the transmission of coelomic fluid from one segment to the next under certain conditions, particularly during eversion of the proboscis. Swimming is by undulatory movements of the body but the distal part of the parapodia execute a power-stroke produced chiefly by the contraction of the acicular muscles. It is suspected that the extrinsic parapodial muscles, all of which are inserted in the proximal half of the parapodium, serve to anchor the parapodial wall at the insertion of the acicular muscles and help to provide a rigid point of insertion for them. Burrowing is a cyclical process involving the violent eversion of the proboscis which makes a cavity in the sand. The worm is prevented from slipping backwards by the grip the widest segments have on the sides of the burrow. The proboscis is retracted and the worm crawls forward into the cavity it has made. The cycle is then repeated. Nephtys possesses a unique system of elastic ligaments of unusual structure. The anatomy of the system is described. The function of the ligaments appears to be to restrain the body-wall and parapodia from unnecessary and disadvantageous dilatations during changes of body-shape, and to serve as shock-absorbers against the high, transient, fluid pressures in the coelom, which are thought to accompany the impact of the proboscis against the sand when the worm is burrowing. From what is known of its habits, Nephtys is likely to undertake more burrowing than most other polychaetes.

scholarly journals Assessment of Muscle Wasting in Long-Stay ICU Patients Using a New Ultrasound Protocol

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Hernández-Socorro ◽  
Pedro Saavedra ◽  
Juan López-Fernández ◽  
Sergio Ruiz-Santana
Keyword(s):  
Color Doppler ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Logit Analysis ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Assessment Protocol ◽  
Tendon Thickness

There is currently no standardized procedure to assess sarcopenia in long-stay catabolic patients. Our aim is to analyze a novel ultrasound muscle assessment protocol in these patients versus healthy controls, by carrying out a prospective observational study. We designed a new ultrasound protocol that assesses quadriceps rectus femoris (QRF) muscle quality in real-time B-mode, color-Doppler, and M-mode ultrasound, and evaluates QRF intramuscular central tendon thickness, cross-sectional area, and muscle thickness in ultrasound B-mode. Logistic regression was performed as a multivariable analysis on 29 cases and 19 controls. The QRF muscle area and thickness were shown to significantly decrease (p ≤ 0.001), and the central tendon thickness significantly increased (p = 0.047) in cases versus controls. The QRF muscle echogenicity and angiogenic activity fasciculations, subcutaneous edema, and intramuscular fluid were also significantly different between the two groups (p < 0.001). The selected variables in the multivariate logit analysis were the muscle area (OR per cm2 = 0.07; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.012–0.41) and the central tendon thickness (OR per mm 1.887; 95% CI = 2.66–13.38).

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