Standing Crop of Benthic Infauna in Puget Sound and Off the Coast of Washington

1969 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulf Lie
Keyword(s):  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Standing Crop ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Gulf Of Alaska ◽  
Benthic Infauna ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Weak Trend

During the period May 28 to August 1, 1967, benthic infauna was collected at 37 stations in Puget Sound and off the coast of Washington. When large but rare species were excluded from the samples, the variability in standing crop (ash-free dry weight) among replicate samples was less than among means from different stations. The mean standing crop for the offshore stations was 1.92 g/m2, which is comparable with the standing crop on the shelf in the Gulf of Alaska, but less than half the mean standing crop for the Puget Sound stations; the difference may be explained in part by differences, previously reported, in primary productivity of the water masses. For the offshore stations there was a weak trend of increasing standing crop with depth. The standing crop at the shallow-water offshore stations, in substrates characterized as fine sand, was dominated by crustaceans and small lamellibranchs, whereas at the deeper stations, in sediments with high percentages of silt and clay, polychaetes and echinoderms were the most important contributors.

Species Composition and Structure of Benthic Infauna Communities off the Coast of Washington

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 2273-2285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulf Lie ◽  
Dale S. Kisker
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Standing Crop ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Bottom Community ◽  
Benthic Infauna ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sand Bottom ◽  
Species Composition And Structure

The deepwater mud-bottom community identified previously as one of three benthic infauna communities off the coast of Washington was found at mean depths of 154.5 m in sediments with a mean mud percentage of 50.09%. The most abundant species were the polychaetes Prionospio malmgreni, Sternaspis fossor, and Ninoë gemmea, the lamellibranchs Axinopsida serricata, Adontorhina cyclia, and Macoma carlottensis, and the amphipod Heterophoxus oculatus. The mean standing crop (ash-free dry weight) was 3.058 g/m2, with the echinoderms Brisaster latifrons, Ophiura lütkeni, and Amphioplus sp. and the polychaete Sternaspis fossor as the major contributors to the standing crop.The intermediate depth sand-bottom community was found at stations with a mean depth of 95.8 m in sediments with a mean sand percentage of 67.81%. The most abundant species were the polychaetes Magelona sp., Sternaspis fossor, Nephthys sp., and Haploscoloplos elongatus, the lamellibranchs Yoldia ensifera and Axinopsida serricata, and the amphipod Paraphoxus variatus. The mean standing crop was 2.533 g/m2, with the species listed above and the lamellibranch Macoma elimata as the major contributors to the standing crop.The shallow water sand-bottom community was found at stations with a mean depth of 36.0 m in sediments with a mean sand percentage of 96.33%. The most abundant species were the cumacean Diastylopsis dawsoni, the amphipods Ampelisca macrocephala and Paraphoxus obtusidens, the lamellibranchs Tellina salmonea and Macoma expansa, and the polychaete Owenia fusiformis. The mean standing crop was 1.398 g/m2, with the species listed above and the polychaetes Nephthys sp. and Chaetozone setosa and the lamellibranch Siliqua patula as the major contributors to the standing crop.There was a distinctly lower species diversity in the shallow water sand-bottom community than in the two communities in deeper waters.

Differences in biological characteristics of two strains of the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta

Parasitology ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Kino ◽  
C. R. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Strain Difference ◽  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Biological Characteristics ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

SUMMARYBiological characteristics of infectivity, growth rate and fecundity of Hymenolepis diminuta isolated from wild Rattus rattus in Japan were compared with parasites of Texas origin maintained for several generations in this and many other laboratories in laboratory bred Rattus norvegicus. The timing of development and maturation was similar in parasites from both sources, but the mean parasite dry weight was less and the mean egg production lower in Japanese parasites in both single and multiple infections. The differences persisted over 10 weeks in single infections, and were unaffected by rat strain. In all experiments there was much greater variation and heterogeneity in the biological characteristics of the Japanese parasites. It was concluded that the Texas parasites were better adapted to R. norvegicus and in the course of adaptation had become more homogeneous, and that the difference between the parasite strains had a complex genetic basis. Some Japanese parasites of the early isolated generations failed to produce normal eggs, but the proportion of these decreased in later generations. However, selected individual Japanese parasites whose egg production was equal to that of parasites of Texas origin did not produce offspring of larger mean size or higher mean fecundity, and heterogeneity of these characteristics was maintained. In the intermediate host, the mean number of cysticercoids of the Japanese isolate per beetle was higher than that of the Texas strain in Tribolium confusum but lower in Tenebrio molitor. The greater heterogeneity exhibited by Japanese parasites and the genetic basis of the strain difference are discussed with particular reference to geographical isolation, differences in definitive hosts and co-evolution of wild and laboratory host and parasite populations.

Effect of the ingestion of wood shavings on magnesium and calcium utilization by milk-fed calves

1961 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Absorption ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Foreign Matter ◽  
Wood Shavings ◽  
Unlimited Access ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Calcium Utilization ◽  
Saliva Production

1. The amounts of wood shavings eaten by a group of unmuzzled calves allowed unlimited access to the shavings but fed otherwise only on milk were estimated by a lignin ratio technique. The amounts increased to a mean value of about 250 g. dry weight/day at 13–14 weeks of age.2. Although a marked decrease in net magnesium absorption from the diet occurred with age in a group of efficiently muzzled milk-fed calves the mean decrease was not as great as that in the group of unmuzzled calves when the latter were eating considerable amounts of wood shavings. Data are presented which show that the difference is accountable by the excretion in the faeces of some of the magnesium in the increased flow of endogenous fluid from the rumen (probably mainly saliva) in the unmuzzled calves. The results suggest that many milk-fed calves (assuming about 11–12 mg./100 ml. magnesium in the milk) will resist hypomagnesaemia for at least 5 months but only if they are effectively prevented from chewing foreign matter. This may partly account for previously observed variations in. the ages at which calves develop hypomagnesaemia.3. Net calcium absorption from the diet decreased with age in both the muzzled and unmuzzled groups of calves but again to a greater extent in the unmuzzled group. The difference was much greater than could be accounted for by increased loss of endogenous calcium due to greater saliva production in the unmuzzled calves. It appeared that the shavings contained a factor (not phytate) which interfered with calcium utilization. It is suggested that the factor might act by inhibiting the action of vitamin D.

scholarly journals Desert Nitrogen Cycles: Fecal Nitrogen From a Population of the Sahelian Tree Locust in Oman

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Standing Crop ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Acacia Tortilis ◽  
Fecal Nitrogen ◽  
Perennial Vegetation ◽  
Population Outbreak ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Nitrogen Cycles ◽  
Mohave Desert

This research quantifies the amount of nitrogen deposited by the tree locust, Anacridium melanorhodon, during an irregular population outbreak in an Acacia tortilis woodland in Oman. The average standing crop of feces was 65.28g m-2. The mean fecal crude protein and nitrogen were respectively, 20.14 and 3.22 g/100 gash-free dry weight. A hectare of this woodland would contain approximately 1.1 kg of fecal nitrogen beneath the trees. This single contribution by the locusts equals about one-third of the total standing crop of detrital nitrogen under perennial vegetation in a hectare of the Mohave Desert of North America. This, and the fact that grasshoppers are diverse and seasonally abundant in deserts, suggests they may be important organisms in nitrogen cycles.

scholarly journals The Effect of Light on Zinc Deficiency in Subterranean Clover (Trifolium Subterraneum L.)

1955 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 344 ◽  
Author(s):  
PG Ozanne
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Light Intensities ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Zinc Response ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Effect Of Light

The effects of light on zinc response were investigated by growing subtermnean clover under daylight of various intensities. Plants were grown in limed Muchea sand and the zinc response was measured as the difference in dry weight between plants with and without added zinc. The light intensities are given as the mean daily maximum intensities.

Net aerial primary production of a James Bay, Ontario, salt marsh

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 1060-1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter A. Glooschenko ◽  
Nancy S. Harper
Keyword(s):  
Salt Marsh ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Intertidal Flat ◽  
James Bay ◽  
Juncus Balticus ◽  
Puccinellia Phryganodes ◽  
The Mean

Aboveground plant biomass and litter measurements were made at four intervals between mid-June and late August 1977 on a subarctic salt marsh located at North Point on the southwestern shore of James Bay, Ontario. We sampled six salt marsh zones ranging from a lower intertidal flat dominated by the grass Puccinellia phryganodes to the edge of willow thickets characterized by Juncus balticus.Peak aboveground biomass was reached in nearly all zones by early August, and ranged from 119.3 to 240.4 g dry weight∙m−2. Litter accumulated in all zones except the lower two zones which were subjected to tidal flows. The highest zone where Juncus balticus occurred had the highest litter mass, 572.8 g dry weight∙m−2, while the lowest, 24.7 g∙m−2, occurred in the lowest zone. Estimates of net aerial primary productivity using Smalley's method ranged from 119.3 g∙m−2 in the upper salt marsh to 384.0 g∙m−2 in the zone dominated by Juncus balticus. The mean marsh net aerial primary productivity was 227.7 g∙m−2 which was low compared with other salt marsh data. The 1977 aboveground biomass was lower in 1976, probably as a result of a cooler summer.

The Effect of Vocabulary Intervention on Text Comprehension: Who Benefits?

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 562-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawna Duff
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Text Comprehension ◽  
Classroom Instruction ◽  
Vocabulary Instruction ◽  
Clinical Intervention ◽  
Vocabulary Knowledge ◽  
Vocabulary Intervention ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Purpose Vocabulary intervention can improve comprehension of texts containing taught words, but it is unclear if all middle school readers get this benefit. This study tests 2 hypotheses about variables that predict response to vocabulary treatment on text comprehension: gains in vocabulary knowledge due to treatment and pretreatment reading comprehension scores. Method Students in Grade 6 ( N = 23) completed a 5-session intervention based on robust vocabulary instruction (RVI). Knowledge of the semantics of taught words was measured pre- and posttreatment. Participants then read 2 matched texts, 1 containing taught words (treated) and 1 not (untreated). Treated texts and taught word lists were counterbalanced across participants. The difference between text comprehension scores in treated and untreated conditions was taken as a measure of the effect of RVI on text comprehension. Results RVI resulted in significant gains in knowledge of taught words ( d RM = 2.26) and text comprehension ( d RM = 0.31). The extent of gains in vocabulary knowledge after vocabulary treatment did not predict the effect of RVI on comprehension of texts. However, untreated reading comprehension scores moderated the effect of the vocabulary treatment on text comprehension: Lower reading comprehension was associated with greater gains in text comprehension. Readers with comprehension scores below the mean experienced large gains in comprehension, but those with average/above average reading comprehension scores did not. Conclusion Vocabulary instruction had a larger effect on text comprehension for readers in Grade 6 who had lower untreated reading comprehension scores. In contrast, the amount that children learned about taught vocabulary did not predict the effect of vocabulary instruction on text comprehension. This has implications for the identification of 6th-grade students who would benefit from classroom instruction or clinical intervention targeting vocabulary knowledge.

Efficacy and Safety of Oral Ivermectin and Topical Permethrin in the Treatment of Scabies

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
Mohsena Akhter ◽  
Ishrat Bhuiyan ◽  
Zulfiqer Hossain Khan ◽  
Mahfuza Akhter ◽  
Gulam Kazem Ali Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Sarcoptes Scabiei ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Common Skin ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group B

Background: Scabies is one of the most common skin diseases in our country. It is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis, which is an ecto-parasite infesting the epidermis. Scabies is highly contagious. Prevalence is high in congested or densely populated areas. Individuals with close contact with an affected person should be treated with scabicidal which is available in both oral and topical formulations. The only oral but highly effective scabicidal known to date is Ivermectin. Amongst topical preparations, Permethrin 5 % cream is the treatment of choice. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy & safety of oral Ivermectin compared to topical Permethrin in the treatment of scabies. Methodology: This prospective, non-randomized study was conducted at the out-patient department of Dermatology and Venereology of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College & Hospital over a period of 6 months, from August 2016 to January 2017. The study population consisted of one hundred patients having scabies, enrolled according to inclusion criteria. They were divided into two groups. group A was subjected to oral Ivermectin and the group B to Permethrin 5% cream. Patients were followed up on day 7 and 14 for assessment of efficacy and safety. Result: The mean scoring with SD in group A (Ivermectin) and group B (Permethrin) were 8.26 ± 2.22 and 7.59 ± 2.01 respectively at the time of observation. The difference between the mean score of the two group is not significant (p=0.117) the mean scoring with SD in group A and group B were 4.54 ± 2.05 and 1.64 ± 1.84 respectively at 7thdays. The difference between the mean score of the two group is significant (p<0.001). The mean scoring with SD in group A and group B were 2.68± 2.35 and .36± 1.10 respectively at 14th day difference between the mean score of the group is significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: Topical application of permethrin 5% cream is more effective and safer than oral Ivermectin in the treatment of scabies. TAJ 2020; 33(1): 41-47

EFFECTS OF SYNTHETIC LH/FSH-RELEASING HORMONE (LRH) ON PLASMA LH AND FSH IN AMENORRHOEIC WOMEN

1974 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 647-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Rannevik ◽  
J. Thorell
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Serial Measurements

ABSTRACT Eight amenorrhoeic women were given 100 μg synthetic LRH (Hoechst) iv and im, respectively, at an interval of 2 weeks. Four of the women received the iv injection first and four the im injection. The urinary excretion of oestrogens and pregnanediol was low and unaltered throughout the test weeks. The effects of LRH were compared by serial measurements of the plasma LH and FSH during 8 h. The initial response of LH for up to 25 min and that of FSH for up to 60 min were equal whether LRH was given iv or im. The difference appeared later. Four hours after the injection the mean increase of LH to iv injection was 0.5 ng/ml (N. S.), while that to im injection was 1.9 ng/ml (P < 0.01). The corresponding values for FSH were 1.3 (P < 0.05) and 3.2 (P < 0.001). The effect of LRH administration im was thus found to be larger and more prolonged.

Development of Prolonged Delivery of Tramadol and Dissolution Translation by Statistical Data Treatment

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1331-1337
Author(s):  
P B Parejiya ◽  
B S Barot ◽  
P K Shelat
Keyword(s):  
Drug Release ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Stability Study ◽  
Dissolution Time ◽  
Matrix Tablet ◽  
Burst Effect ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dissolution Efficiency

The present study was carried out to fabricate a prolonged design for tramadol using Kollidon SR (Polyvinyl acetate and povidone based matrix retarding polymer). Matrix tablet formulations were prepared by direct compression of Kollidon SR of a varying proportion with a fixed percentage of tramadol. Tablets containing a 1:0.5 (Drug: Kollidon SR) ratio exhibited a rapid rate of drug release with an initial burst effect. Incorporation of more Kollidon SR in the matrix tablet extended the release of drug with subsequent minimization of the burst effect as confirmed by the mean dissolution time, dissolution efficiency and f2 value. Among the formulation batches, a direct relationship was obtained between release rate and the percentage of Kollidon SR used. The formulation showed close resemblance to the commercial product Contramal and compliance with USP specification. The results were explored and explained by the difference of micromeritic characteristics of the polymers and blend of drug with excipients. Insignificant effects of various factors, e.g. pH of dissolution media, ionic strength, speed of paddle were found on the drug release from Kollidon-SR matrix. The formulation followed the Higuchi kinetic model of drug release. Stability study data indicated stable character of Batch T6 after short-term stability study.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document