Chronic Effects of Reduced pH on Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Menendez
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Egg Hatchability ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Chronic Effects

During an 11-mo period all developmental stages of the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were continuously exposed to pH levels of 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, and the control 7.1. The number of viable eggs was reduced significantly at pH 5.0 and to a lesser extent at the higher pH levels. Embryo hatchability was significantly less at all pH levels below 6.5. Growth and survival of alevins was reduced at the lower pH levels. These data indicate that continual exposure to pH values below 6.5 will result in significant reductions in egg hatchability and growth.

Survival, Growth, Reproduction, and Diet of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) Stocked into Lakes after Liming to Mitigate Acidity

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven P. Gloss ◽  
Carl L. Schofield ◽  
Robert L. Spateholts ◽  
Barbara A. Plonski
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Acid Tolerance ◽  
Mountain Lakes ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Population Loss ◽  
Natural Reproduction ◽  
Woods Lake ◽  
Adirondack Mountain

Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were stocked into two previously acidic (pH 4.5–5.2) Adirondack Mountain lakes, Woods Lake and Cranberry Pond, following liming in June, 1985. Age 0+ Temiscamie × Domestic hybrid brook trout were stocked at 200∙ha−1 with one-half of the fish selected for presumed acid tolerance. Age 1+ Temiscamie strain brook trout were also stocked at 50∙ha−1. Liming increased pH to well above 7 and alkalinity to over 200 μeq∙L−1. Growth and condition of stocked fish were good while water quality conditions remained suitable. However, in Cranberry Pond, which reacidified 6 mo after liming, both growth and survival declined dramatically. Much of the population loss was due to emigration. Annual survival in Woods Lake averaged 35 and 25% for the age 0+ and 1+ fish, respectively. Initially large invertebrates made up most of the diet for stocked fish. These taxa were replaced by zooplankton within a few months. Limited natural reproduction was associated with low velocity groundwater inflows and high acidity in tributary streams. Fry emergence from artificial spawning substrates placed in Woods Lake peaked well after snowmelt inflows which produced toxic conditions in littoral areas.

Interactions of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and trout (Salvelinus fontinalis and Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Vermont tributaries of the Connecticut River

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J Raffenberg ◽  
Donna L Parrish
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Connecticut River ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

Competitive interactions among stream salmonids in resource-limited environments have been linked to reduced success for many species. Few studies have focused on interactions at scales larger than individual fish or stream reach. We chose to focus our study on these larger scales to provide information for managing species that have complex life histories transcending multiple scales. Our objective was to explore age-0 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) growth and survival in relation to trout abundance (introduced rainbow (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and native brook (Salvelinus fontinalis) trout) and prey resources at 24 stream reaches across two Vermont watersheds that flow into the Connecticut River. Simple linear and multilinear regressions were conducted on response and predictor variables related to fish and invertebrate prey. Age-0 Atlantic salmon survival was greatest at the site with highest trout abundance; however, no linear relationships to trout abundance were detected possibly because Atlantic salmon growth and survival were highly variable across sites. In contrast, a positive significant multivariate relationship was identified among age-0 Atlantic salmon survival, the abundance of age-1+ brook trout (i.e., 100–130 mm), and benthic prey abundance. These results suggest that stocking streams based on trout abundance may not increase Atlantic salmon growth and survival during the first summer of life.

Movement, Growth, and Survival in a Stream Population of Wild Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) During a Period of Removal of Non-Trout Species

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1359-1367 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Flick ◽  
Dwight A. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Mountain Stream ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Annual Survival ◽  
Adirondack Mountain

No well-defined changes in growth and survival rates of native brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were detected during a 13-yr period when non-trout species were removed from a small Adirondack Mountain stream using fixed traps located throughout the system. The catch of non-trout species was about 124,000 weighing 2000 kg, and of trout, 13,000, weighing 500 kg. Slow growth characterized the population through this time, with mean lengths of 13.2, 17.3, and 21.3 cm at ages I+, II+, and III+, respectively. The weighted annual survival rate for ages II–V was 18%, with most deaths due to natural causes. The most striking observation was virtual cessation of movement of both trout and non-trout species after 7 yr, suggesting that the removal program had an effect on population behavior, even if it was not reflected in an improvement in trout growth.

Effects of Temperature on Growth and Survival of Young Brook Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 1107-1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Howard McCormick ◽  
Kenneth E. F. Hokanson ◽  
Bernard R. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Tolerance Limits ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Rates Of Growth ◽  
Upper Thermal Tolerance

Instantaneous rates of growth, mortality, and net biomass gain were determined for alevin through juvenile brook trout reared for 8 weeks at six constant temperatures: 7.1, 9.8, 12.4, 15.4, 17.9, and 19.5 C. Growth rates were maximum between 12.4 and 15.4 C. Mortality rates increased between 15.4 and 17.9 C and were maximum between 17.9 and 19.5 C. The net rates of biomass gain were maximum between 12.4 and 15.4 C.Median upper thermal tolerance limits (TL50 values) were determined for newly hatched and swim-up alevins. Tolerance did not increase in newly hatched alevins with acclimation to temperatures from 2.5 to 12 C. The upper 7-day TL50 for newly hatched alevins acclimated over this range of temperatures was 20.1 C. The swim-up alevins showed both an increase in temperature tolerance with acclimation temperatures between 7.5 and 12 C and an increase in tolerance over that of the newly hatched alevins at comparable acclimation temperatures. The ultimate 7-day TL50 of swim-up alevins was 24.5 C. Swim-up alevins exceed newly hatched alevins in thermal tolerance by 2.0–4.5 C, depending on the temperature of acclimation. The TL50 of newly hatched alevins of comparable acclimation (12 C) is reduced by about 2 C when the exposure time is increased from 1 to 7 days.

Effects of the Polychlorinated Biphenyl Aroclor® 1254 on Growth, Survival, and Bone Development in Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 1084-1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilbur L. Mauck ◽  
Paul M. Mehrle ◽  
Foster L. Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Bone Development ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Aroclor 1254 ◽  
Egg Hatchability ◽  
Hatching Time ◽  
Phosphorous Concentration

Eyed eggs of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were exposed to Aroclor® 1254 (0.43–13 μg/L) for 10 d before hatching and the fry for 118 d after hatching. Median hatching time, egg hatchability, and sac fry survival were not affected by Aroclor 1254. At 48 d after hatching, growth was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by Aroclor 1254 concentrations ≥ 1.5 μg/L, but no significant differences in growth of surviving fry were observed at the end of the 118-d exposure. Mortality occurred in fry exposed to 13 μg/L within 48 d of exposure, and after 118 d of exposure significant mortality occurred in the three highest concentrations. Biochemical constituents in brook trout fry related to growth and development were affected by Aroclor 1254. Hydroxyproline and vitamin C concentrations in sac fry (38 d old) were decreased by ≥ 3.1 μg/L. Backbone development in fry exposed for 118 d was significantly altered. Collagen was significantly decreased in the backbone as was the phosphorous concentration, while the calcium concentration increased. Hydroxyproline concentration in collagen isolated from the backbone was also decreased. The no-effect exposure concentration on backbone composition was < 0.43 μg/L. Whole body residues in fry exposed for 118 d were 40 000 to 47 000 times the concentration in water. Key words: brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, Aroclor® 1254, polychlorinated biphenyls, PCB, growth, bone development, vitamin C, collagen

Effects of the Floy Anchor Tag on the Growth and Survival of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 458-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Carline ◽  
O. M. Brynildson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Tag Loss ◽  
Retarded Growth

We conducted two field trials to determine the effects of the gun-injected, Floy anchor tag (FD-67) on growth and survival of 10-month-old domesticated brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in a 0.7 ha pond. Trials ran from October to the following June. In 1968 we stocked 106 tagged trout and 1005 controls, and in 1969, 300 tagged trout and 500 controls. We removed different fins from each group to determine tag loss. In both trials we sampled the trout twice through the ice and twice during open water. The tags retarded growth of the trout from October to January; differences in growth rates between tagged and controls were 18 and 28% for the 1968 and 1969 trials, respectively. After January both groups grew at similar rates. Thetags did not affect survival, and tag losses were 5.7 and 2.0% for the two trials.

Effects of Chronic Exposure to Sublethal pH on Growth, Egg Production, and Ovulation in Brook Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Tam ◽  
P. D. Payson
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oocyte Development ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
The Mean

Hatchery-reared brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were maintained in the laboratory at mean pH values of 7.34, 5.56, 5.16, and 4.48 from early February to early December. At pH 4.48, the mean growth rates of males were uniformly lowered during the entire experimental period. Among females, growth was inhibited during the first 5 mo, but their rate of weight gain recovered during the period of rapid oocyte development. At the end of the experiment, the body weights of both male and female fish in pH 5.16 and 4.48 were only 70.70–77.34% of the control fish at pH 7.34. Growth was not affected by exposure to pH 5.56. Rapid oocyte development occurred simultaneously over all pH groups in June, suggesting that the initiation of gametogenesis was not affected over the range of pH tested, the number of eggs produced was significantly correlated to body weight; consequently the number of eggs produced by the smaller pH 5.16–4.48 females was reduced. Ovulation was also significantly delayed in the acidic groups.

Effects of Long-Term Exposures to Copper on Survival, Growth, and Reproduction of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 655-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. McKim ◽  
D. A. Benoit
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Adult Fish ◽  
Toxicant Concentration ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

During a 22-month period, all developmental stages of the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were exposed to copper (Cu(II)) concentrations ranging from 32.5 to 1.9 μg/liter. The highest concentration decreased survival and growth in adult fish and reduced both number of viable eggs produced and hatchability. Survival, growth, and reproductive success of adults in copper concentrations from 17.4 to 3.4 μg/liter did not differ from the control (1.9 μg/liter). Concentrations of 32.5 and 17.4 μg/liter had marked adverse effects on survival and growth of alevins and juvenile fish. Effects of copper on alevins–juveniles from unexposed parents apparently are no different than the effects on alevins–juveniles from parents exposed to copper. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) for brook trout exposed to copper in water with a hardness of 45 mg/liter (as CaCO3) and a pH of 7.5 fell between 17.4 and 9.5 μg/liter copper. The mean 96-hr TL50 for 14-month-old brook trout exposed to copper was 100 μg/liter, and the application factor, MATC/96-hr TL50, lies between 0.17 and 0.10.

Egg Hatchability and Tolerance of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) Fry at Low pH

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 574-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Trojnar
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Acid Precipitation ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Lake Acidification ◽  
Differential Mortality ◽  
Egg Hatchability

Hatchability of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) eggs incubated at pH 4.6, 5.0, 5.6 and 8.0 ranged from 76 to 91%. Differential mortality was experienced when subsequent swim-up fry were exposed to a different pH indicating an acclimation effect. This suggests that brook trout fry incubated at lower, but sublethal, pH levels are less likely to experience acid-induced mortality upon emergence than those incubated in spring upwellings. Key words: low pH, brook trout, egg and fry mortality, acclimation, acid precipitation, lake acidification

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