A Computer Simulation of the Effects of Superimposed Mortality Due to Pollutants on Populations of Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas)

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 1107-1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
William T. Waller ◽  
Richard E. Sparks ◽  
John Cairns Jr. ◽  
M. L. Dahlberg
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Fathead Minnow ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Water Quality Criteria ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Proportional Mortality ◽  
Generation Cycle

This computer simulation study tested the effects of 99 levels of proportional mortality on fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) populations, assuming that the parent–progeny relationship is of the form proposed by Ricker. Limited data from two studies on three lakes were available to fit the model and obtain estimates of parameters for fathead minnow populations. Based on these estimates, 25 replications of a 50-generation cycle were simulated under two levels of environmental variability. Arbitrary extinction levels of 5, 100, and 500 females had little effect on the results. Increasing environmental variation lowered the percentage mortality at which population extinctions occurred. In general, the results are compatible with the recommendation of the U.S. Committee on Water Quality Criteria, that the maximum concentration of zinc to which fish could be continuously exposed should not exceed [Formula: see text] the 96-hr TLm (median tolerance limit) — a concentration that caused a 50% reduction in the mean number of eggs laid per female by fathead minnows in a laboratory study.

Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Carbaryl (Sevin) on Survival, Growth, and Reproduction of the Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas)

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 583-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Fathead Minnow ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Threshold Concentration ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Motile Sperm ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Toxicant Concentration ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

When fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to five concentrations (0.008–0.68 mg/liter) of the insecticide carbaryl for 9 months and throughout a life cycle, the highest concentration prevented reproduction and decreased survival. At the high concentration, testes contained motile sperm and ovaries were in a flaccid condition and appeared to be in a resorptive state. At the 0.68 mg/liter concentration, carbaryl appeared to contribute to mortality of larvae (produced by unexposed parents) within 30 days of hatching. Survival of young grown in the 0.008 mg/liter concentration was reduced. Since no demonstrable effects were noted for survival, growth, or reproduction at the 0.017, 0.062, and 0.21 mg/liter concentrations, this low survival value is considered not due to carbaryl. The 96-hr median tolerance concentration (TL 50) and the lethal threshold concentration (LTC) for 2-month-old fathead minnows were 9.0 mg/liter. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) for fathead minnows exposed to carbaryl in water with a hardness of 45.2 mg/liter and a pH of 7.5 lies between 0.21 and 0.68 mg/liter. The application factors (MATC/96-hr TL50 and MATC/LTC) both lie between 0.023 and 0.075.

Effect of Lime Neutralized Iron Hydroxide Suspensions on Survival, Growth, and Reproduction of the Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas)

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1147-1153 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Smith ◽  
J. L. Sykora ◽  
M. A. Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Fathead Minnow ◽  
Iron Hydroxide ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Safe Level ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

The long-term effect of lime neutralized suspended iron on fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) survival, growth, and reproduction was assessed in a flow-through environment with a modified proportional diluter. Results of 12 months of testing reveal lower survival and declining growth of fathead minnows with an increase in lime neutralized suspended iron concentration. Hatchability and growth of fathead minnows were appreciably reduced in the lowest insoluble iron concentration tested, 1.5 mg Fe/liter. Reduced hatchability was attributed to the higher percentage of smaller particles in low lime neutralized iron concentrations. A comparison of data on survival, growth, and hatchability indicates that the safe level of suspended iron for fathead minnows presumably lies between the control and 1.5 mg Fe/liter.

Effects of Chlorpyrifos on the Diet arid Growth of Larval Fathead Minnows, Pimephales promelas, in Littoral enclosures

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1157-1165 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Brazner ◽  
Edward R. Kline
Keyword(s):  
Fathead Minnow ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Dietary Changes ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Forage Species ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations

A series of 12 littoral enclosures constructed within a 2 ha, mesotrophic pond near Duluth, Minnesota were used to determine if sublethal concentrations of the insecticide chlorpyrifos [0,0,-diethyl 0-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate] could lead to changes in the diet and growth of fathead minnow larvae. Chlorpyrifos was added to the enclosures at nominal concentrations of 0.0, 0.5, 5.0, and 20.0 μg/L in a single application on June 16, 1986. Growth rates of larvae were significantly reduced in the treated enclosures during the 32-d study period. The most dramatic differences in the mean size of larvae from the four treatment groups were observed 15 d posttreatment. These differences corresponded to the most significant reductions in cladoceran, copepod, rotifer, and chironomid populations in the treated enclosures. These results indicate that toxicity to chlorpyrifos-sensitive invertebrate forage species forced dietary changes that led to reduced growth of native fathead minnow larvae in the treated enclosures.

The biology of two Eimeria species (Protista: Apicomplexa) in their mutual fish hosts in Ontario

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 764-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Brockley Paterson ◽  
Sherwin S. Desser
Keyword(s):  
Bile Duct ◽  
Fathead Minnow ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Eimeria Species ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Posterior Intestine ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
The Common ◽  
Fish Hosts

Eimeria degiustii and E. iroquoina were studied in natural infections of their mutual cyprinid hosts the common shiner, Notropis cornutus, and the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas. Experimental infections involved lab-reared fathead minnows. Oocysts were acclimated to different temperatures to investigate the effects upon the parasites' development and infectivity.Eimeria degiustii occurred at 21% prevalence in common shiners 2 years of age or older. Development was parenteral. Gametogony was recorded during the winter in the spleen and oocysts were found primarily in this site.Viurtally all Notropis cornutus 4 to 5 weeks of age were infected with E. iroquoina. Fish 1 year old or older act as reservoirs of infections with about 30% prevalence. Eimeria iroquoina develops in the intestinal epithelium, primarily immediately posterior to the bile duct. During the winter autoinfection of the posterior intestine possibly occurs. Transmission of E. iroquoina from N. cornutus to P. promelas demonstrates this parasite's lack of rigid host specificity.Eimeria degiustii and E. iroquoina appear to minimize competition in mutual hosts by infecting different age-classes in different sites and by forming oocysts primarily at different times of year. Eimeria iroquoina is transmitted directly. Eimeria degiustii probably requires an invertebrate intermediate host.

Effects of Water Acidity on Swimbladder Function and Swimming in the Fathead Minnow, Pimephales promelas

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang A. Jansen ◽  
John H. Gee
Keyword(s):  
Internal Pressure ◽  
Fathead Minnow ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Pectoral Fin ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Treated Fish ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Water Acidity

Swimbladder function, buoyancy-related behavior, and swimming performance were examined in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) following chronic (>4 d) exposure to acid-treated water (pH 5.3). When denied surface access in still water, treated fish, unlike controls (pH 7.7), failed to increase buoyancy and standard volume over "access to air" levels and had significantly higher proportions of swimbladder CO2 and O2. In current, treated fish reduced buoyancy over 48 h to a lesser extent than controls and were severely limited in their ability to increase internal pressure of swimbladder gases. pH significantly affected the maintenance of a minimum buoyancy over 32 d. Upon transfer from current to still water without access to air, the rate of buoyancy adjustment over 48 h was significantly slower in treated fish. With surface access, fish of both groups filled swimbladders within 6–12 h following removal from current; however, treated fish displayed significantly lower proportions of swimbladder CO2 and O2 at 12 and 24 h. Both groups of fish compensated hydrodynamically for insufficient static lift with higher frequencies of pectoral fin beats, treated fish having generally higher frequencies. Swimming performance was unaffected by water pH, but treated fish lost more weight than controls. We propose that impaired swimbladder function contributes to the elimination of fathead minnows from acidified environments.

scholarly journals Genetic analysis of a novel nidovirus from fathead minnows

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 1247-1252 ◽  
Author(s):  
William N. Batts ◽  
Andrew E. Goodwin ◽  
James R. Winton
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Fathead Minnow ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Helicase Domain ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
White Bream ◽  
Similar Gene

A bacilliform virus was isolated from diseased fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Analysis of the complete genome coding for the polyprotein (pp1ab), spike (S), membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins revealed that the virus was most like white bream virus (WBV), another bacilliform virus isolated from white bream (Blicca bjoerkna L.) and the type species of the genus Bafinivirus within the order Nidovirales. In addition to similar gene order and size, alignment of deduced amino acid sequences of the pp1ab, M, N and S proteins of the fathead minnow nidovirus (FHMNV) with those of WBV showed 46, 44, 39 and 15 % identities, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis using the conserved helicase domain of the replicase showed FHMNV was distinct from WBV, yet the closest relative identified to date. Thus, FHMNV appears to represent a second species in the genus Bafinivirus. A PCR assay was developed for the identification of future FHMNV-like isolates.

Swim bladder gas composition and control of buoyancy by fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) during exposure to hypoxia

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (10) ◽  
pp. 2213-2218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyre G. Chiasson ◽  
John H. Gee
Keyword(s):  
Internal Pressure ◽  
Fathead Minnow ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Bladder Volume ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Extreme Variation ◽  
Hypoxic Water ◽  
And Control

In normoxic water, swim bladder gases of the fathead minnow consisted of 1.5% CO2, 10.2% O2, and 89.2% N2, and remained unchanged over 24 h. Fathead minnows were exposed to hypoxic water with and without access to the surface and changes in swim bladder lift and gas composition were recorded. After 12 h of hypoxia with surface access, mean swim bladder lift (buoyancy) increased from slightly negative to strongly positive with extreme variation between individuals. Lift declined slightly between 36 and 60 h in hypoxia. O2 and CO2 proportions were maintained at levels similar to those found in normoxic waters for 12–36 h but then these declined such that N2 was 96% of the swim bladder volume after 60 h of hypoxia. Without surface access, swim bladder lift and gas composition remained unchanged. Changes in swim bladder lift were due to addition and (or) losses of gases and were not due to changes in internal pressure of swim bladder gas. Mechanisms of controlling swim bladder volume (lift) in hypoxic water and the significance of changes in swim bladder gas composition are discussed.

Chloramine Toxicity to the Amphipod Gammarus pseudolimnaeus and the Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas)

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1841-1845 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Arthur ◽  
John G. Eaton
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Fathead Minnow ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Gammarus Pseudolimnaeus

The amphipod Gammarus pseudolimnaeus was subjected to 96-hr and 15-week exposures, and the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) to a 21-week exposure, to various chloramine concentrations under continuous-flow conditions. The most marked sublethal effects were reductions in the number of young produced by the amphipod and in egg production by the minnow. The 96-hr median tolerance limit for the amphipod was 220 μg/liter total chloramine. Fathead minnows in the long-term study were all killed at the highest concentration, 154 μg/liter total chloramine, within 3 days. The lowest measured total chloramine concentration in the long-term tests having no significant effect was < 3.4 μg/liter for the amphipod and 16.5 μg/liter for the fathead minnow.

scholarly journals Differential influences of (±) anatoxin-a on photolocomotor behavior and gene transcription in larval zebrafish and fathead minnows

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lea M. Lovin ◽  
Sujin Kim ◽  
Raegyn B. Taylor ◽  
Kendall R. Scarlett ◽  
Laura M. Langan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Gene Transcription ◽  
Fathead Minnow ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Larval Fish ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Fathead Minnows

Abstract Background Though anatoxin-a (antx-a) is a globally important cyanobacterial neurotoxin in inland waters, information on sublethal toxicological responses of aquatic organisms is limited. We examined influences of (±) antx-a (11–3490 µg/L) on photolocomotor behavioral responses and gene transcription associated with neurotoxicity, oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity, in two of the most common alternative vertebrate and fish models, Danio rerio (zebrafish) and Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow). We selected environmentally relevant treatment levels from probabilistic exposure distributions, employed standardized experimental designs, and analytically verified treatment levels using isotope-dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Caffeine was examined as a positive control. Results Caffeine influences on fish behavior responses were similar to previous studies. Following exposure to (±) antx-a, no significant photolocomotor effects were observed during light and dark transitions for either species. Though zebrafish behavioral responses profiles were not significantly affected by (±) antx-a at the environmentally relevant treatment levels examined, fathead minnow stimulatory behavior was significantly reduced in the 145–1960 µg/L treatment levels. In addition, no significant changes in transcription of target genes were observed in zebrafish; however, elavl3 and sod1 were upregulated and gst and cyp3a126 were significantly downregulated in fathead minnows. Conclusion We observed differential influences of (±) antx-a on swimming behavior and gene transcription in two of the most common larval fish models employed for prospective and retrospective assessment of environmental contaminants and water quality conditions. Sublethal responses of fathead minnows were consistently more sensitive than zebrafish to this neurotoxin at the environmentally relevant concentrations examined. Future studies are needed to understand such interspecies differences, the enantioselective toxicity of this compound, molecular initiation events within adverse outcome pathways, and subsequent individual and population risks for this emerging water quality threat.

Chronic Effects of Low Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations on the Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas)

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 1119-1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Brungs
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Fathead Minnow ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Fathead Minnows ◽  
Low Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Chronic Effects ◽  
Lower Oxygen ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Oxygen Concentrations

Fathead minnows were exposed to constant dissolved oxygen concentrations (1.0–5.0 mg/liter) for 11 months. The number of eggs produced per female was reduced at 2.0 mg/liter; no spawning occurred at 1.0 mg/liter. Fry growth was reduced significantly at all concentrations below the control (7.9 mg/liter). Fry survival was reduced at 4.0 mg/liter and lower dissolved oxygen concentrations; 18% of the survivors at 4.0 mg/liter were deformed. The time required for hatching was increased at successively lower oxygen concentrations by as much as 50% (from 5.0 under control conditions to 7.8 days at 2.0 mg/liter), but no effect on percentage hatch was observed.

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