Effects of the Polychlorinated Biphenyl Aroclor® 1254 on Growth, Survival, and Bone Development in Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 1084-1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilbur L. Mauck ◽  
Paul M. Mehrle ◽  
Foster L. Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Bone Development ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Aroclor 1254 ◽  
Egg Hatchability ◽  
Hatching Time ◽  
Phosphorous Concentration

Eyed eggs of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were exposed to Aroclor® 1254 (0.43–13 μg/L) for 10 d before hatching and the fry for 118 d after hatching. Median hatching time, egg hatchability, and sac fry survival were not affected by Aroclor 1254. At 48 d after hatching, growth was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by Aroclor 1254 concentrations ≥ 1.5 μg/L, but no significant differences in growth of surviving fry were observed at the end of the 118-d exposure. Mortality occurred in fry exposed to 13 μg/L within 48 d of exposure, and after 118 d of exposure significant mortality occurred in the three highest concentrations. Biochemical constituents in brook trout fry related to growth and development were affected by Aroclor 1254. Hydroxyproline and vitamin C concentrations in sac fry (38 d old) were decreased by ≥ 3.1 μg/L. Backbone development in fry exposed for 118 d was significantly altered. Collagen was significantly decreased in the backbone as was the phosphorous concentration, while the calcium concentration increased. Hydroxyproline concentration in collagen isolated from the backbone was also decreased. The no-effect exposure concentration on backbone composition was < 0.43 μg/L. Whole body residues in fry exposed for 118 d were 40 000 to 47 000 times the concentration in water. Key words: brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, Aroclor® 1254, polychlorinated biphenyls, PCB, growth, bone development, vitamin C, collagen

Chronic Effects of Reduced pH on Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Menendez
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Egg Hatchability ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Chronic Effects

During an 11-mo period all developmental stages of the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were continuously exposed to pH levels of 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, and the control 7.1. The number of viable eggs was reduced significantly at pH 5.0 and to a lesser extent at the higher pH levels. Embryo hatchability was significantly less at all pH levels below 6.5. Growth and survival of alevins was reduced at the lower pH levels. These data indicate that continual exposure to pH values below 6.5 will result in significant reductions in egg hatchability and growth.

Effects of Water Acidity, Calcium, and Aluminum on Whole Body Ions of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) Continuously Exposed from Fertilization to Swim-Up: A Study by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1593-1603 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Wood ◽  
D. G. McDonald ◽  
C. G. Ingersoll ◽  
D. R. Mount ◽  
O. E. Johannsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Healthy Development ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Aluminum Accumulation ◽  
Decreasing Ph ◽  
Water Acidity

Water Ca, rather than pH or Al, was the most important factor affecting whole body electrolyte levels in fry exposed from fertilization to swim-up (91 d) to 84 combinations of pH (6.5, 5.2, 4.8, 4.4, 4.0), Ca (0.5, 1, 2, 8 mg/L), and Al (0, 12, 37, 111, 333, 1000 μg/L) in flowing soft water. Aluminum accumulation occurred only at water Al levels > 111 μg/L; Al accumulation was inhibited both by increasing Ca and decreasing pH. Under control conditions (pH = 6.5, Ca = 2 mg/L, Al = 0 μg/L), whole body Na, Cl, K, and Ca levels all increased greatly during development, while Mg decreased. Body Ca levels were elevated up to 3-fold, and Na, Cl, and K up to 2-fold by increasing water Ca at the same pH and Al. Low pH had a small negative influence, intermediate levels of Al (37, 111) a slight positive influence, and higher levels of Al a negative influence on Na, Cl, K, and Ca levels. Whole body Mg showed opposite trends, reflecting delayed development under adverse conditions. At pH = 6.5, the positive influence of increasing water Ca on most whole body ions showed a clear threshold between 0.5 and 1 mg/L. At lower pH, this threshold was shifted to between 2 and 8 mg/L, indicating that Ca levels sufficient to support healthy development at circumneutral pH may prove inadequate under acidified conditions.

Studies on the protective role of vitamin C and E against polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1254)—induced oxidative damage in Leydig cells

2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 1259-1272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Palaniappan Murugesan ◽  
Thirupathi Muthusamy ◽  
Karundevi Balasubramanian ◽  
Jagadeesan Arunakaran
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Leydig Cells ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Aroclor 1254

Genetic and environmental correlates of variation in body weight of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moira M. Ferguson ◽  
Arunas P. Liskauskas ◽  
Roy G. Danzmann
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Environmental Correlates ◽  
Hatching Time ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Lake Algonquin ◽  
Nested Designs ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Provincial Park

Families of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were produced from adults collected from Mykiss Lake, Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, and reared in the laboratory for 1 year. Egg size and hatching time explained a significant amount of variation among families in mean weight of hatched embryos. Heavier embryos were produced from larger eggs, and embryos with earlier hatching times were also larger. First-feeding alevins reared at higher densities were smaller than those at lower densities. Multilocus enzyme heterozygosity was neither a significant predictor of mean family body weight at any age nor significantly associated with body weight of juveniles within families. Analyzing each enzyme locus separately revealed significant effects for G3PDH-1 in two families but in different directions. Fish from two mitochondrial DNA phylogenetic assemblages, A and B, differed significantly in weight as hatched embryos and first-feeding alevins. Similarly, the progeny of different males and females differed significantly in body weight at all ages sampled. Thus, parental effects were the most persistent correlates of body size of all those examined. The statistical analyses and the nested designs suggest that variation in body weight among the progeny of specific parents can partially be attributed to genetic effects.

Toxaphene Effects on Growth and Development of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 609-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul M. Mehrle ◽  
Foster L. Mayer Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Good Predictor ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Calcium And Phosphorus

Twenty-two days before hatching, eyed eggs of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were placed in a flow-through system and continuously exposed to toxaphene (0, 39, 68, 139, 288, and 502 ng/liter) until they hatched and the resulting fry were exposed for a further 90 days. Hatchability was not affected by toxaphene, but all of the fry exposed to 502 and 288 ng/liter of toxaphene died by 30 and 60 days after hatch, respectively. Growth of fry was significantly depressed at the 139 and 288 ng/liter concentrations 30 days after hatch and at all concentrations after 60 and 90 days of toxaphene exposure.Whole body collagen of fry, as estimated by hydroxyproline, was significantly decreased in the four higher concentrations of toxaphene within 7–15 days after hatch. Backbone collagen was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in 30-, 60-, and 90-day-old fry exposed to toxaphene, whereas calcium and phosphorus concentrations in the backbone were increased (P < 0.05). The mineral: collagen ratio was significantly increased by toxaphene. The whole body collagen of sac-fry was a good predictor of later growth and development of brook trout.

Temperature Selection of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) as Influenced by Various Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1091-1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Vertical Gradient ◽  
Temperature Selection ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Exposure Levels

The effects of previous exposure to p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDE, and methoxychlor on temperature selection by juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in a horizontal temperature gradient were similar. Exposure to low concentrations resulted in no change or a decrease in selected temperatures as compared to control values of about 16 C. Exposure to higher concentrations raised selected temperatures. The concentrations of the substances required to produce a given effect varied as: p,p′-DDT≥p,p′-DDD> methoxychlor >o,p′-DDT>p,p′-DDE. Exposure levels of p,p′-DDA≤ 8 ppm did not alter temperature selection nor did exposure to Aroclor® 1254, a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) preparation at 2 ppm. Aldrin lowered temperature selection at 0.1–0.15 ppm. In a vertical gradient, brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) previously exposed to p,p′-DDT and p,p′-DDD selected higher temperatures than controls.

The Effect of Polychlorinated Biphenyl on Steroidogenesis and Reproduction in the Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 666-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Freeman ◽  
D. R. Idler
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Testicular Tissue ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Treated Fish ◽  
Reproduction Process

Livers from brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) held in water containing 3.8 p.p.m. (mg/1) Corexit and in water containing 3.8 p.p.m. Corexit + 0.2 p.p.m. polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) were firmer in texture than livers taken from control trout held in fresh water. The testes from the PCB-treated trout were darker in color, smaller in size, contained less spermatic fluid, and appeared to be regressed when compared with testes from the control fish.Only 72% of the eggs from PCB-treated trout hatched compared to 92% for control eggs when eggs were incubated in fresh water. Fertilized eggs incubated in water containing 0.2 p.p.m. PCB + 3.8 p.p.m. Corexit resulted in less than 1% of the eggs from the untreated fish and none of the eggs from PCB-treated fish being hatched. The young fish from the control group lived only a few days in the water containing PCB.PCB greatly stimulated the in vitro 11β-hydroxylation of testosterone by trout testicular tissue. There was no significant change in 11-ketotestosterone blood levels in maturing brook trout after treatment with 3.8 p.p.m. Corexit or 3.8 p.p.m. Corexit + 0.2 p.p.m. PCB for 21 days during the final stages of maturation. It is thought that sublethal levels of PCB can interfere with the reproduction process in this species.

Physiological Evidence of Acclimation to Acid/Aluminum Stress in Adult Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). 1. Blood Composition and Net Sodium Fluxes

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1587-1596 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Wood ◽  
D. G. McDonald ◽  
C. E. Booth ◽  
B. P. Simons ◽  
C. G. Ingersoll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Blood Sampling ◽  
Prior Exposure ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Aluminum Stress ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Flow Through

Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) adapt to chronic sublethal acid/Al stress. The accompanying acclimation confers greater resistance to short-term increases in Al and acidity. Adult trout were exposed in flowing soft water to eight combinations of pH (6.5, 5.2) × Ca2+ (25, 400 μequiv/L) × Al (0, 75, 150 μg/L = 0, 2.8, 5.6 μmol/L). After 10 wk, blood sampling by caudal puncture revealed no significant variations in osmolality, plasma protein, or hemoglobin and only minor differences [Formula: see text] in plasma Na+ and Cl−. Overall, most electrolytes were higher in fish exposed to higher water Al and/or Ca2+; only plasma Ca2+ was directly depressed by low pH. Hematocrit was raised by both low pH and elevated Al. When trout naive to both acid and Al were challenged with pH = 4.8, Al = 333 μg/L under flow-through conditions, there were large negative whole-body Na+ fluxes and marked depressions of plasma Na+ and Cl−, hemoconcentration, and substantial mortality over 48 h. Prior exposure for 10 wk to pH = 5.2 plus either 75 or 150 μg Al/L prevented mortality and ameliorated or abolished these effects through a more rapid recovery of net Na+ balance. Prior exposure to pH = 5.2 alone ameliorated these effects only slightly.

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