The Intrusion of Fine Sediments into a Stable Gravel Bed

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Beschta ◽  
William L. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Gravel Bed ◽  
Fine Sediments ◽  
Median Particle Diameter ◽  
Key Words Sediment ◽  
Median Particle ◽  
Flow Variables

A rectangular flume was used to study variables affecting the intrusion of fine sands into a stable gravel streambed. The amount of intrusion by sand (median particle diameter 0.5 mm) was determined under varied conditions of discharge, depth, velocity, flume slope, and rates of sediment transport. During all experimental tests, sand particles were trapped in voids within the upper 10 cm of an initially clean gravel bed (median particle diameter 15 mm), forming a barrier to further intrusion. An analysis of flow variables showed that flow conditions, as indexed by Froude number, significantly (90% confidence level) affected intrusion amounts, possibly by influencing the rate and depth of formation of the sand seal. Intrusion amounts, expressed as a percent of total volume, varied from 2 to 8%. Two replications used a finer grade sand (median particle diameter 0.2 mm) that intruded more and, in one case, completely filled the gravel pore space (25% by volume), further indicating that particle size, and not hydraulic variables, may have a more important influence on the total amount of intrusion. Key words: sediment transport, intrusion, streambed, substrates, riffles, sedimentation

An expert system with radial basis function neural network based on decision trees for predicting sediment transport in sewers

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isa Ebtehaj ◽  
Hossein Bonakdari ◽  
Amir Hossein Zaji
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Expert System ◽  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Radial Basis Function ◽  
Decision Trees ◽  
Basis Function ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Median Particle Diameter ◽  
Radial Basis ◽  
Median Particle

In this study, an expert system with a radial basis function neural network (RBF-NN) based on decision trees (DT) is designed to predict sediment transport in sewer pipes at the limit of deposition. First, sensitivity analysis is carried out to investigate the effect of each parameter on predicting the densimetric Froude number (Fr). The results indicate that utilizing the ratio of the median particle diameter to pipe diameter (d/D), ratio of median particle diameter to hydraulic radius (d/R) and volumetric sediment concentration (CV) as the input combination leads to the best Fr prediction. Subsequently, the new hybrid DT-RBF method is presented. The results of DT-RBF are compared with RBF and RBF-particle swarm optimization (PSO), which uses PSO for RBF training. It appears that DT-RBF is more accurate (R2 = 0.934, MARE = 0.103, RMSE = 0.527, SI = 0.13, BIAS = −0.071) than the two other RBF methods. Moreover, the proposed DT-RBF model offers explicit expressions for use by practicing engineers.

scholarly journals Effect of Texture, Rainfall and Slope on Rainfall Interrill Sediment Transport

1991 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 227-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avinash Agarwal ◽  
W.T. Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Power Relationships ◽  
Transport Capacity ◽  
Dominant Effect ◽  
Sediment Transport Capacity ◽  
Sediment Size ◽  
Median Particle Diameter ◽  
Median Particle ◽  
Independent Variable

Experiments were conducted with rainfall intensities of 45.0 and 140.0 mm/hr at slopes of 2, 9 and 20 per cent to separate the dominant effect of rainfall intensity on sediment transport capacity. The effect of sediment size on rainintensity contribution to unit sediment transport capacity was also investigated. Regression models for rain-intensity contribution to unit sediment transport capacity Y were developed including median particle diameter X of sediment as an additional independent variable. The constants of power relationships of the form Y ≡ aXb were found to vary with the median particle diameter of the soil.

The intertidal macrofauna of Nigg Bay

1986 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
pp. 113-141
Author(s):  
D. Raffaelli ◽  
P. R. Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Detrended Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Median Particle Diameter ◽  
Moray Firth ◽  
Median Particle ◽  
Biological Characters ◽  
Rich Fauna ◽  
Factor Governing

SynopsisSurveys of the intertidal macrofauna and sediment characters of Nigg Bay, Moray Firth, were carried out between 1981 and 1985. Permanent stations were located at the intersections of a half-kilometre grid covering the entire intertidal area and sampled for infauna, using replicate cores. Estimates were also made of mussel and lugworm densities from quadrats and cast counts respectively. The biomasses of selected species that constitute important resources for higher trophic levels were also estimated. The sediment for each station was analysed for median particle diameter and silt content.The infaunal data were analysed by Detrended Correspondence Analysis. This indicated that tidal height was the most important factor governing the distribution and abundance of the intertidal communities. Sediment characters were only poorly related to distribution patterns.The bay has a rich fauna and is biologically similar to other outer bays of the Moray Firth, which, like Nigg, are important areas for wildfowl and waders. Comparisons of survey data from different years indicate that there are natural cycles in some sediment and biological characters of Nigg Bay.

Effect of Reaction Temperature in the Alumina Preparation by Combustion in a Muffle Furnace

2014 ◽  
Vol 775-776 ◽  
pp. 687-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirele Costa da Silva ◽  
Ana Cristina F. Melo Costa ◽  
Hélio Lucena Lira ◽  
Normanda Lino de Freitas
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Synthesis Temperature ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Muffle Furnace ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Median Particle Diameter ◽  
Particles Size Distribution ◽  
Median Particle

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of temperature during the synthesis of alumina by combustion in a muffle furnace. The alumina was characterized by X-ray diffraction, particles size distribution and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the synthesis temperature of the alumina can affect the structure of the produced samples. The size distribution of the median particle diameter reached higher value for the alumina synthesized at 500°C with 16.07 μm, the range of the total distribution of particles is introduced to the large alumina synthesized 500 and 600°C and close synthesized when 700 and 800°C. The phase of the alumina was identified only after the synthesized sample at 800°C with crystallite size of 22.16 and 6.75 μm synthesized samples 800 and 900°C, respectively. With respect to morphology, increased synthesis temperature was not enough to significantly change.

Development of Conductive and Anticorrosive Paint Dispersed with Carbon Particles for Metal Separators of PEFC

2007 ◽  
Vol 534-536 ◽  
pp. 1433-1436
Author(s):  
Masahiro Okahara ◽  
Zenzo Ishijima ◽  
Minoru Shirahige
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Conductive Filler ◽  
Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells ◽  
Passive State ◽  
Severe Reaction ◽  
Mixed Powder ◽  
Carbon Particles ◽  
Median Particle Diameter ◽  
Median Particle

A resin paint dispersed with carbon particles was developed for the purpose of good conductivity and corrosion resistance for metal separators used in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (PEFC). The use of metal separators, especially Ti separators is a technology which has received much attention for its practical application as it allows for much greater compact stacking, since it is superior in both productivity and strength, in comparison with that of carbon molding separators. However, if pure Ti separators are used in a severe reaction of electricity generation, there is a deterioration in conductivity, because of the formation of a passive film, which subsequently causes electricity generation difficulties after a few hours of use. Through examining the type of resin used for the purpose of controlling the passive state, the grain size of the conductive filler (graphite (Gr) + carbon black (CB)) and the composition combination for the purpose of secure conductivity, it was found that the combination of a scaly graphite-furnaced black mixed powder with a median particle diameter of 4μm and VDF-10%HFP copolymer resin was optimal. As a result of performing a single cell electricity generation evaluation of the Ti separator, which had the above mentioned coating material, the life of 22,000 or more hours was confirmed and an electricity generation evaluation is now being undertaken.

The ecology of Bathyporeia pilosa (Amphipoda: Haustoriidae) in the Tay Estuary. I. Factors influencing the distribution on Tayport and Tentsmuir beaches

1980 ◽  
Vol 78 (3-4) ◽  
pp. s109-s119 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. H. Khayrallah ◽  
A. M. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Sedimentary Characteristics ◽  
Median Particle Diameter ◽  
Median Particle ◽  
Distribution Studies ◽  
Chemical Characters ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Sediment Preference

SynopsisThe distribution of Bathyporeia pilosa is discussed in relation to variations in a number of physical and chemical characters of the sediment on eight transects. Relationships were found between density and median particle diameter, silt content, and water content of the sediment, but stability of the beach appeared to be the main parameter influencing B. pilosa distribution. Sediment preference experiments showed that sediments varied in attractiveness, medium and fine grade sands being preferred: coarse sands and muds were avoided as were sediments with a high silt and clay content. Attractiveness in laboratory conditions was not correlated with observed field densities in some cases, indicating that other parameters were important in determining the distribution. Studies of swimming behaviour demonstrated the importance of current speed during the pelagic phase and it is concluded that hydrological conditions may be as important as sedimentary characteristics in the determination of the distribution of this species.

Influences of Microemulsion Cross-linking Reaction and Ball-milling on Particle Size Characteristics of Potato and Maize Starches

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-guang Zhou ◽  
Dong Li ◽  
Li-jun Wang ◽  
Necati Özkan ◽  
Xiao Dong Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Ball Milling ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Potato Starch ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Median Particle Diameter ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
Median Particle

In this study, microemulsion cross-linking treatment was used on food grade potato and maize starches for preparing micro starch particles. Laser diffraction technique was introduced to measure the particle size characteristics, including the median particle diameter (d 50), surface area mean diameter D [3, 2], volume mean diameter D [4, 3] and specific surface area of micro potato and maize starch particles. The volume distributions and number distributions were also analyzed using Mastersizer 2000 Software. The d 50, D [3, 2], D [4, 3] of the potato starch granules were reduced significantly (p < 0.05) after the microemulsion cross-linking reaction and ball-milling treatment. However, the microemulsion cross-linking treatment did not produce significant changes in the particle size characteristics of the maize starch samples.

scholarly journals Natural Ventilation Characterization in a Classroom under Different Scenarios

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5425
Author(s):  
Sergio A. Chillon ◽  
Mikel Millan ◽  
Iñigo Aramendia ◽  
Unai Fernandez-Gamiz ◽  
Ekaitz Zulueta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Median Particle Diameter ◽  
Surgical Masks ◽  
Computer Classroom ◽  
Median Particle ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

The COVID-19 pandemic has pointed to the need to increase our knowledge in fields related to human breathing. In the present study, temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, and median particle size diameter measurements were taken into account. These parameters were analyzed in a computer classroom with 15 subjects during a normal 90-minute class; all the subjects wore surgical masks. For measurements, Arduino YUN, Arduino UNO, and APS-3321 devices were used. Natural ventilation efficiency was checked in two different ventilation scenarios: only windows open and windows and doors open. The results show how ventilation affects the temperature, CO2 concentration, and median particle diameter size parameters. By contrast, the relative humidity depends more on the outdoor meteorological conditions. Both ventilation scenarios tend to create the same room conditions in terms of temperature, humidity, CO2 concentration, and particle size. Additionally, the evolution of CO2 concentration as well as the particle size distribution along the time was studied. Finally, the particulate matter (PM2.5) was investigated together with particle concentration. Both parameters showed a similar trend during the time of the experiments.

scholarly journals Patterns of suspended particulate matter across the continental margin in the Canadian Beaufort Sea

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens K. Ehn ◽  
Rick A. Reynolds ◽  
Dariusz Stramski ◽  
David Doxaran ◽  
Marcel Babin
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Suspended Particulate Matter ◽  
Continental Margin ◽  
Suspended Particle ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Beaufort Sea ◽  
Suspended Particulate ◽  
Median Particle Diameter ◽  
Median Particle ◽  
Beam Attenuation Coefficient

Abstract. The particulate beam attenuation coefficient at 660 nm, cp(660), was measured in conjunction with properties of suspended particle assemblages in August 2009 within the Canadian Beaufort Sea continental margin, a region heavily influenced by sediment discharge from the Mackenzie River. The suspended particulate matter mass concentration (SPM) ranged from 0.04 to 140 g m−3, its composition varied from mineral to organic-dominated, and the median particle diameter ranged determined over the range 0.7–120 μm varied from 0.78 to 9.45 μm, with the fraction of particles

scholarly journals Change of Topography and Sediment Characteristics on an Intertidal Mud-Flat Following Mass-Mortality of the Amphipod Corophium Volutator

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 1167-1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim N. Mouritsen ◽  
Lone T. Mouritsen ◽  
K. Thomas Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Mass Mortality ◽  
Intertidal Flat ◽  
Corophium Volutator ◽  
Median Particle Diameter ◽  
Mud Flat ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Median Particle ◽  
Epipelic Diatoms ◽  
Tidal Pools

A Corophium-bed characterized by a mosaic of emerged areas and tidal pools during low water was established on an intertidal flat in the southern part of the Danish Wadden Sea. In spring 1990, the plateaux harboured relatively high densities of the amphipod Corophium volutator, whereas the amphipods were almost absent in the pools. Following a parasite-induced mass-mortality in the population of Corophium, summer 1990, the plateaux of the bed were subjected to sediment erosion. The heterogeneous plateau-pool structure disappeared, accompanied by increased median particle diameter and decreased silt content in the former plateau sediment. These events were accompanied by increased chlorophyll-a concentrations in the sediment of both plateau and pool areas.The results suggest Corophium volutator to be the single most important organism stabilizing the plateau sediment, and hence, the heterogeneous topographic structure of the Corophium-bed. It is proposed that the stabilizing effect of Corophium burrows also in deeper sediment strata may outweigh the surface stabilizing influence of epipelic diatoms, as well as the negative effect of amphipods eating the diatoms, in non-cohesive coarser sediments.

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