Effect of Preservation on the Weight of Marine Benthic Invertebrates

It would be convenient if preserved animals could be used to determine fresh-weight biomass. However, marine annelids, nematodes, bivalves, amphipods, and isopods all lost weight when preserved and stored in 70% isopropanol. In 10% formalin only bivalves lost weight significantly; the other groups showed evidence of small increases or decreases. Many animals preserved in alcohol decreased sharply in weight within a few minutes, probably due to dehydration. In formalin most increased at first, then slowly decreased. The response to preservatives is complex, involving short-term changes of water content and long-term changes of tissue composition. Precision, though not accuracy, of preserved wet weights can only be achieved after specimens have been in preservatives for a month or more, especially in the case of isopropanol. For these reasons, wet and dry weight biomass figures should be determined from fresh, unpreserved animals.Key words: fixation, preservation (organisms), biomass determination, benthos

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NGOs in WTO Talks: Patterns of Performance and What They Mean

International Negotiation ◽

10.1163/157180612x630947 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 91-114 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Gunnar Sjöstedt

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

The Other ◽

Doha Round ◽

Short Term ◽

Multilateral Trade ◽

Governmental Organizations ◽

Non Governmental Organizations ◽

Long Term Changes ◽

Effectiveness And Efficiency

AbstractNon-governmental organizations (NGOs) have remained outside all the GATT rounds since the 1950s. In contrast, hundreds of NGOs have taken part in the current WTO round. This article maps the formal participation of NGOs in five ministerial conferences during the Doha round. It also analyzes various forms of NGO involvement in the WTO trade talks, such as lobbying and capacity-building of developing countries. An assessment of the current and potential capacities of NGOs in the Doha round requires that their performance be seen from an explicit negotiation perspective. Both NGO participation and involvement, as well the interaction between these two forms of NGO performance need to be considered. An assessment of how NGOs may have an impact on negotiation effectiveness and efficiency in WTO rounds should be approached from a long-term perspective and should consider other kinds of outcomes than formal final agreements. NGO performance in WTO may increase the complexity of negotiations or the significance of non-trade issues. NGO activities outside the WTO may disturb multilateral trade negotiations in the short term, such as during ongoing Ministerial Conferences. On the other hand, NGOs may also help to pave the way for constructive long-term changes in the WTO regime, which, in turn, may have a favorable impact on the effectiveness and efficiency of the overall WTO negotiation system.

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Hidden “holes” in the capital of banks and the supply of credit to the real sector of economy

Voprosy Ekonomiki ◽

10.32609/0042-8736-2018-5-49-68 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 49-68 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. E. Mamonov

Keyword(s):

Credit Risk ◽

The Other ◽

Real Sector ◽

Capital Management ◽

Loan Loss ◽

Short Term ◽

The Real ◽

Ex Post ◽

The One

Our analysis documents that the existence of hidden “holes” in the capital of not yet failed banks - while creating intertemporal pressure on the actual level of capital - leads to changing of maturity of loans supplied rather than to contracting of their volume. Long-term loans decrease, whereas short-term loans rise - and, what is most remarkably, by approximately the same amounts. Standardly, the higher the maturity of loans the higher the credit risk and, thus, the more loan loss reserves (LLP) banks are forced to create, increasing the pressure on capital. Banks that already hide “holes” in the capital, but have not yet faced with license withdrawal, must possess strong incentives to shorten the maturity of supplied loans. On the one hand, it raises the turnovers of LLP and facilitates the flexibility of capital management; on the other hand, it allows increasing the speed of shifting of attracted deposits to loans to related parties in domestic or foreign jurisdictions. This enlarges the potential size of ex post revealed “hole” in the capital and, therefore, allows us to assume that not every loan might be viewed as a good for the economy: excessive short-term and insufficient long-term loans can produce the source for future losses.

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Short-Term and Long-Term Changes of Left Ventricular Volumes During Rate-Adaptive and Single-Rate Pacing

Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology ◽

10.1111/j.1540-8159.1989.tb01877.x ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 1863-1868 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

MEREDITH I. SEDNEY ◽

ERIC WEIJERS ◽

ERNST E. WALL ◽

JEEEREY D. ADIPRANOTO ◽

JAN CAMPS ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Left Ventricular ◽

Left Ventricular Volumes ◽

Short Term ◽

Ventricular Volumes ◽

Long Term Changes ◽

Rate Adaptive

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On the peculiarities in the spin-down of isolated radio pulsars

Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s1743921312023666 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 8 (S291) ◽

pp. 208-208

Author(s):

Augustine Chukwude

Keyword(s):

Radio Astronomy ◽

Time Resolution ◽

Local Phase ◽

Astronomy Observatory ◽

Radio Pulsars ◽

Short Term ◽

Radio Astronomy Observatory ◽

Long Term Changes ◽

Timing Data

AbstractWe investigate the spin-down behaviour of a sample of 25 radio pulsars on decadal timescales (~ 18 years) using a continuous timing data obtained over a period of at Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory (HartRAO). Particular attention is placed on achieving a better time resolution of both the short-term and long-term changes in pulsar spin-down using local phase-coherent measurements of the spin-down rates (). We demonstrate that the spin-down of radio pulsars is generally complicated by a superposition of processes that may or may not be related. Specifically, our results show that (i) for 7 pulsars, the observed spin-down variation is largely stochastic, characterized by random and sustained jumps in of varying amplitudes, (ii) for 9 objects, the spin-down evolution shows dominant monotonic variations in superimposed on short-term stochastic jumps in the parameter, and (iii) for the remaining 9 pulsars, the long-term spin-down evolution is non-monotonic, dominated by some systematic excursion in the measured spin-down rates.

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Long- and Short-Term Changes of the Structure of Macrophytes in Lake Piaseczno in Relation to Land Use in the Łęczna-Włodawa Lakeland (Poland)

Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research ◽

10.2478/trser-2013-0022 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 101-110

Author(s):

Joana Sender ◽

Weronika Maślanko

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Aquatic Plants ◽

Short Term ◽

Main Interest ◽

Central European ◽

Macrophyte Communities ◽

Long Term Changes ◽

Very High ◽

Macrophyte Structure

ABSTRACT The Łęczna-Włodawa Plain, known also as the Łęczna-Wlodawa Lakeland, lies within the territory of the largest subregion of the Polesie region, covering over 1,300 km2. The main interest of the Łęczna-Włodawa Lakeland is that it is the oldest in the Central European Lowlands group of about 68 lakes. Among such a large number of lakes there exist all trophic types. However, since the late 1950’s, enormous dynamics of change associated with the disappearance of oligo- and mesotrophic lakes and their transformation into eutrophic, even hypertrophic, lakes have been observed. One of the biocenotic elements of the lakes, which are indicators of these changes, is aquatic plants. The aim of this study was to determine the macrophyte structure of Piaseczno Lake and changes of land use in its surroundings. Piaseczno Lake still represents very high natural values. A reduction in the number of macrophyte communities, which occurred especially in 2008, was a consequence of the fast-growing recreation infrastructure. From 1976 until 2010 an area of recreation infrastructure in the studied area increased more than 3.5 times, and in the built-up area more than five times, as well as a doubling of the total length of the roads. Meanwhile the surface area of wetlands and peatbogs significantly decreased - more than 11 times. Long-term changes in the structure of the macrophyte communities show that the number of communities has varied in each year, probably as a consequence of changes in landuse. Analysis showed changes to the surfaces inhabited by macrophytes, which have decreased significantly over only four years, by more than 25%. However, the proportion of rush communities has increased.

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Extraction and Characterization of Gibberellins from Hordeum vulgare L. Seedlings

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp9740183 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 183 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

KF Faull ◽

BG Coombe ◽

LG Paleg

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Paper Electrophoresis ◽

The Other ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Hordeum Vulgare L ◽

Layer Chromatography

Two gibberellins, one GA1-like, the other GA3-like, were identified in the extracts of roots and tops of 8-,11- and 15-day-old barley seedlings by paper chromatography, paper electrophoresis, thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography and bioassay procedures, followed by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The amounts of gibberellins in the seedlings ranged from 7 to 11 ng per plant. The concentrations of gibberellins in the seedlings were 32-320 ng/g dry weight and 5-28 ng/g fresh weight; concentrations in the roots were higher than those in the shoots.

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Long-Term Growth and Short-Term Policy

National Institute Economic Review ◽

10.1177/002795016402900103 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 29 ◽

pp. 26-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

W. A. H. Godley ◽

J. R. Shepherd

Keyword(s):

Economic Policy ◽

Balance Of Payments ◽

The Other ◽

High Wage ◽

Short Term ◽

High Unemployment ◽

The Government ◽

Wage Increases

One of the main aims of short-term economic policy in Britain has been to regulate the pressure of demand for labour, and to keep the fluctuations of the unemployment percentage within fairly narrow limits. High unemployment is obviously undesirable; at the other end of the scale, if the pressure of demand for labour is too strong, this tends to lead to excessively high wage increases and to balance of payments difficulties. It is for the Government to decide at what pressure it wishes to run the economy, and to try to keep it there.

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Terrorism and Violence

Gandhi after 9/11 ◽

10.1093/oso/9780199491490.003.0007 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 138-180

Author(s):

Douglas Allen

Keyword(s):

Complex Analysis ◽

General Analysis ◽

The Other ◽

Short Term ◽

Absolute Truth ◽

Relative Truth ◽

Central Concern ◽

The Us ◽

The Status

Ever since 9/11 in the US and 26/11 in India, terrorism has been a central concern. Gandhi is generally assumed to be of little value when confronting terrorism today. At best, he is irrelevant; at worst, he is complicit and contributes to the crisis since he opposes necessary violent responses. This essay argues that while Gandhi does not have all of the answers for dealing with terrorism today, he provides us with a complex analysis essential for understanding and responding to the multidimensional structural crisis. After analyzing the nature and meaning of terrorism, we focus on the following topics: Gandhi’s interactions with terrorists; his means-ends analysis and his short-term and long-term preventative approaches to terrorism; his analysis of absolute truth and relative truth in approaching terrorism; and his general analysis of the status of “the other” in transforming our relations with violent, terrorizing, and terrorized others.

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Antimicrobial Applications of Nanoparticles

10.4018/978-1-7998-8936-6.ch012 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 269-288

Author(s):

Ayesha Kanwal ◽

Zeeshan Ahmad Bhutta ◽

Ambreen Ashar ◽

Ashar Mahfooz ◽

Rizwan Ahmed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Side Effects ◽

Antibacterial Agent ◽

Antibacterial Agents ◽

The Other ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Short Term ◽

Human Mortality ◽

Recent Developments

Human mortality due to drug-resistant infections is becoming more prevalent in our society. Antibiotics are impotent due to abuse and/or misuse, leading to new, more expensive, and more effective medicines and treatments. Therefore, it causes many short-term and long-term side effects in the patient. On the other hand, nanoparticles have exhibited antibacterial activity against various pathogens due to their small size and ability to destroy cells by various mechanisms. Unlike antibiotics for the treatment of patients' diseases and infections, nanomaterials provide an exciting way to limit the growth of microorganisms due to infections in humans. This has led to the development of a number of nanoparticles as active antibacterial agents. Therefore, the authors have carefully reviewed the recent developments in the use of nanomaterials for antibacterial applications and the mechanisms that make them an effective alternate antibacterial agent.

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