Acclimation-Induced Change in Toxicity of Aluminum to Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L Orr ◽  
R. W. Bradley ◽  
J. B. Sprague ◽  
N. J. Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Aluminum Concentration ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
The Third ◽  
And Control

When a group of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fingerlings was exposed to 87 μg Al/L for 1 and 2 wk, their threshold lethal concentration (LC50) increased to about 1.8 times the control LC50 of 175 μg Al/L. Raising sublethal exposure to 154 μg/L during the third week resulted in a similar ratio of 1.7 between LC50s of previously exposed and control fish. Thus, prior exposures of 0.5 and 0.9 of the control LC50 resulted in about the same increase in tolerance. The magnitude of the increase was similar to those reported in the literature for other metals. Such acclimation could assist in the survival of fish during spring and autumn surges of aluminum and other metals in surface waters acidified by atmospheric deposition of oxides of sulfur and nitrogen; those environmental changes in aluminum concentration parallel the concentrations used in this research. Experimental water simulated an acid lake with pH of 5.1–5.3 and total hardness of 11 mg/L.

Difference in Taste Between the Right and Left Sides of Tainted Fish

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 1412-1413
Author(s):  
A. J. Liem ◽  
V. A. Naish
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Kraft Pulp Mill ◽  
Key Words Fish ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control

More tainting was found on the left than on the right side of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) that were exposed to a kraft pulp mill "foul condensate." This sidedness was deduced from the results of the triangle taste test used to detect differences between exposed and control fish, and was observed when the tainting was moderate, in the range of effluent concentrations of 0.015–0.046% by volume. Key words: fish, tainting, taste, rainbow trout.

Apparent Digestibility in Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri): Influence of Hypoxia

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 2003-2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Pouliot ◽  
J. de la Noüe
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Oxygen Saturation Level ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Isocaloric Diets ◽  
Different Sources

We assessed the influence of hypoxia, which is likely to reduce the productivity of fish culture, on the digestibility of nutrients in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Rainbow trout (seven to each diet) were kept for 8 d in water with an oxygen saturation level of 40.0 ± 4.0%, while control fish were kept in 89.4 ± 4.2% oxygen-saturated water. Three isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets composed of different sources of protein (animal, plant, and mixed) were used. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) were calculated by the indirect method (chromic oxide) after the automatic collection of feces. The experimental hypoxia used did not change the ADC for protein (total nitrogen), gross energy, or dry matter. The amino acids only showed a tendency for better absorption: proline, glycine, alanine, and tryptophan had a significantly higher ADC (P < 0.05) in experimental fish than in control fish when the animal protein based diet was used. Finally, we noted that feed intake was diet dependent. In contrast with what we observed with the commercial (mixed protein sources) and plant protein based diets, the fish receiving the animal protein based diet maintained a normal (or returning to normal) feed intake when they were subjected to hypoxia.

scholarly journals Downstream pH Changes in Water Flowing Over the Gills of Rainbow Trout

1986 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 499-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
PATRICIA WRIGHT ◽  
TOM HEMING ◽  
DAVID RANDALL
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Stopped Flow ◽  
Water Acidification ◽  
Interlamellar Water ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Ph Stat ◽  
Control Water

We investigated the pH of interlamellar water of trout (Salmo gairdneri) by following changes in the downstream pH of expired water using a stopped-flow method. As water flowed over the gills of control fish, there was a significant decrease in water pH. Acetazolamide added to the water increased the CO2 disequilibrium, while carbonic anhydrase (CA) eliminated the CO2 disequilibrium relative to control water. Mucus excreted by the fish was found to contain CA activity by the pH-stat technique. We conclude water acidification is due to the conversion of excreted CO2 to HCO3− and H+ at the gill surface.

Effect of a sprint-training protocol on acceleration performance in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 578-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kurt Gamperl ◽  
Dan L. Schnurr ◽  
E. Don Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Maximum Velocity ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Sprint Training ◽  
Maximum Acceleration ◽  
Fast Start ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Training Protocol

Fast-start acceleration performance of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was measured after 9 weeks of sprint training (30°s duration, every 2nd day). Response latency and time required to complete the first two stages of a fast start were unaffected by the sprint-training protocol. Maximum acceleration (trained 1985 ± 176 (SE) cm/s2; control 1826 ± 144 cm/s2) and maximum velocity (trained 130 ± 7 cm/s; control 134 ± 14 cm/s) were also not significantly different following training. However, trained fish reached high rates of acceleration before control (untrained) fish. Thus, acceleration was higher in trained fish from 20 to 35 ms postshock. When fish are separated by start type, trained fish consistently had greater acceleration than control fish between 30 and 45 ms postshock. Alterations in fast-start performance due to sprint training may improve predator avoidance ability. Sprint training did not change critical swimming speed as measured using two separate protocols.

The Influence of pH, Water Hardness, and Alkalinity on the Acute Lethality of Zinc to Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 731-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Bradley ◽  
J. B. Sprague
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Zinc Toxicity ◽  
Carbonate Alkalinity ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Influence Of Ph

The acute lethality of dissolved zinc to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was significantly increased at higher pH and lower hardness levels. Changes in pH from 5.5 to 7.0 increased zinc toxicity by factors of 2 to 5, depending on total hardness levels. A decrease in hardness from 386 to 31 mg CaCO3/L increased zinc toxicity by more than an order of magnitude at both pH levels. These effects of pH and hardness were not caused by changes in the chemical speciation of zinc. An increase in carbonate alkalinity from 8.4 to 24 mg CaCO3/L at pH 7.0 did not significantly alter zinc toxicity at either hardness level. Thus, carbonate alkalinity is not an important factor at or below pH 7.0. At low hardness, dissolved zinc was more than 10 times as toxic at pH 9.0 as at pH 5.5. Two competing mechanisms appear to operate: as the pH rises, dissolved zinc becomes increasingly toxic, but at higher pH levels it is increasingly replaced by zinc precipitate, which is of very low toxicity to fish.

Increased Toxicity of Ammonia to Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Resulting from Reduced Concentrations of Dissolved Oxygen

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 983-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert V. Thurston ◽  
Glenn R. Phillips ◽  
Rosemarie C. Russo ◽  
Susan M. Hinkins
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Ammonia Toxicity ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Median Lethal Concentration ◽  
Positive Linear Correlation ◽  
Acute Toxicity Tests ◽  
Flow Through

The median lethal concentration (LC50) of aqueous ammonia at reduced dissolved oxygen (D.O.) concentrations was tested in acute toxicity tests with rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fingerlings. Fifteen 96-h flow-through tests were conducted over the D.O. range 2.6–8.6 mg/L, the former concentration being the lowest at which control fish survived. There was a positive linear correlation between LC50 (milligrams per litre un-ionized ammonia) and D.O. over the entire D.O. range tested; ammonia toxicity increased as D.O. decreased. Ammonia LC50 values were also computed for 12, 24, 48, and 72 h; the correlation with D.O. was greater the shorter the time period.Key words: ammonia toxicity, dissolved oxygen, rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

scholarly journals The preparation and characterization of vitellogenin messenger RNA from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1984 ◽  
Vol 217 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Valotaire ◽  
M Tenniswood ◽  
C Le Guellec ◽  
J R Tata
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Control Male ◽  
Polyadenylated Rna ◽  
Reticulocyte Lysate ◽  
And Control

Agarose-gel electrophoresis of polyadenylated RNA from livers of oestrogen-treated male rainbow trout revealed a major high-Mr species (7200 nucleotides), which is absent from the polyadenylated RNA isolated from hormonally unstimulated male trout liver. Translation in vitro of the RNA from oestrogen-treated males in a mRNA-dependent rabbit reticulocyte lysate produced a protein (Mr 200 000) that could be immunoprecipitated with antibodies against trout serum vitellogenin, but no immunoprecipitable protein was synthesized with RNA from control animals. DNA complementary to the RNA from oestrogen-stimulated and control male trout liver was synthesized and back-hybridized, with R0t1/2 of 3.8 × 10(-2) and 1 × 10(-1) mol X litre-1 X s for RNA from hormone-treated and control animals respectively. The 9% increase in the abundant mRNA after oestrogen stimulation is due to the induction of vitellogenin mRNA.

Effects of Exercise Training on the Performance, Growth, and Protein Turnover of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (9) ◽  
pp. 1614-1621 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Houlihan ◽  
P. Laurent
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Net Protein ◽  
Protein Synthesis And Degradation ◽  
Synthesis And Degradation ◽  
Better Than

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) that were made to swim continuously at 1 body length/s for 6 wk had double the growth rate of tank-rested control fish. The endurance to fatigue at a range of swimming velocities of these trained animals was significantly better than that of the controls. Measurement of the rate of protein synthesis in the tissues was carried out by the free pool flooding technique. Protein degradation rates were calculated from the difference between synthesis and net protein accretion. In controls and trained animals the fractional rates of protein synthesis and degradation were ranked gills > ventricle > red muscle > white muscle whereas the efficiencies of conversion of protein synthetised into protein retained as growth were in the reverse sequence. Synthesis rates in three of the four tissues of the trained animals were approximately double those of the control animals. Calculated degradation rates of proteins also increased in the trained animals; the increased growth rates resulted from the proportionately greater increase in the rate of synthesis. The rate of synthesis decreased to control levels once the trained animals ceased swimming.

scholarly journals Studies on the nutrition of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) Magnesium deficiency: the effect of feeding with a Mg-supplemented diet

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Knox ◽  
C. B. Cowey ◽  
J. W. Adron
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Magnesium Deficiency ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Bone Ash ◽  
And Control

1. For a period of 8 weeks, rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), mean initial weight 21 g, were given either a low-magnesium or control diet containing 0·03 and 0·58 g Mg/kg diet respectively. Both groups of trout were then given the control diet for a further 11 weeks.2. Weight gains over the initial 8-week period were lowest in the Mg-deficient trout. Feeding the deficient fish the control diet rapidly improved growth rate until it was the same as that of the control trout.3. Plasma Mg was significantly lower in the Mg-deficient trout at week 8. Feeding with the control diet for 11 weeks did not increase plasma Mg. Few changes were observed in the plasma concentrations of the other electrolytes.4. Renal calcium concentrations were unaffected by dietary Mg levels. Similarly, the renal levels of phosphorus, sodium and potassium all fell within the range found in normal rainbow trout.5. Muscle Mg concentrations were reduced in those trout given the Mg-deficient diet. Feeding with the control diet for a further 11 weeks increased muscle Mg but the level was still significantly lower than that found in trout given the control diet for 19 weeks.6. The bone ash Mg concentration was significantly lower, and the Ca higher, in the deficient fish at week 8, when compared with the control group.7. When compared with the value at the start of the experiment, total bone Mg fell slightly in the deficient trout over the initial 8-week period, but increased in the control group of fish. Feeding with the control diet for a further 11 weeks increased total bone Mg in both Mg-deficient trout and control trout.8. The results show that the Mg deficiency imposed on the rainbow trout was of limited severity and almost complete recovery was obtained when the control diet was fed.

Effect of Copper on Some Aspects of the Bioenergetics of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1335-1342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick F. Lett ◽  
G. J. Farmer ◽  
F. W. H. Beamish
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Ration Level ◽  
Dry Food ◽  
Effect Of Copper ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations

The influence of sublethal concentrations of total copper on the appetite, growth, and proximate body composition of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) held in hard water (365 mg/liter) was measured over a 40-day interval. The initial response of trout exposed to concentrations of copper ranging from 0.0 to 0.3 mg/liter (the 96-h LC50 was 0.25–0.68) was the cessation of feeding. Thereafter, food intake gradually returned to amounts observed for control fish, the rate of return of appetite being dependent on copper concentration and ration level. Growth rate of trout exposed to copper (0.075–0.225 mg/liter) and fed rations of either 0.25 or 1.5% dry food wt/wet fish wt per day was initially depressed but approached values observed for control fish near the end of the 40-day interval. During this period, lipid, protein, and moisture offish exposed to copper did not change significantly. Initial growth retardation was not attributable to the inability of copper-exposed fish to digest their daily rations. Results are discussed in terms of the ability offish to adapt to stress imposed by sublethal concentrations of heavy metals.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document