Predictability of Change in Shoreline Vegetation in a Hydroelectric Reservoir, Northern Sweden

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 1896-1904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christer Nilsson ◽  
Paul A. Keddy
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Control Variable ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Northern Sweden ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Hydroelectric Reservoir ◽  
High Degree

We asked whether we could predict the responses of vegetation to specified perturbations acting on a known initial state using 10 yr of vegetation data and precise water level records from the Gardiken Reservoir on the Ume River in Sweden; this has a restricted flora and one obvious controlling factor: water level. Abundance and species richness were strongly correlated for both vascular and nonvascular plants (bryophytes and lichens). Duration of flooding was the most important variable controlling those independent variables chosen for study. The change from year t to t + 1 could be roughly predicted for community attributes such as richness and cover (R2 > 0.33) but not for species composition (R2 < 0.04). The initial (preceding-year) state of the system and the duration of flooding (also in the preceding year) were always the two most important independent variables. The major conclusions were that (1) even in this "simple" system with presumably one major control variable, our best regression equation accounted for only 41% of the variation, (2) community properties were more predictable than species composition, and (3) the similarity of the species pool, the lack of coupling from competitive interactions, and the high degree of immaturity may have reduced predictability of species composition.

scholarly journals Vegetation Diversity of Screes and Taluses of The Pamir and South-Western Tian Shan in Middle Asia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Nowak ◽  
Sebastian Świerszcz ◽  
Sylwia Nowak ◽  
Marcin Nobis
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Vegetation Diversity ◽  
Plant Associations ◽  
Middle Asia ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Phytosociological Relevés ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Tian Shan

AbstractThis paper presents the results of phytosociological research on scree vegetation of the Pamir and south-western Tian Shan. We collected 222 phytosociological relevés during field studies conducted in 2015–2019, applying the Braun-Blanquet approach. We identified 21 plant communities on mobile and stabilized screes of colluvial cones, aprons and fans, inhabiting mainly the montane and alpine belts in several ranges (e.g. Peter the First, Alichur, Shugnan, Shachdarian, Darvaz, Rushan, Vanch, Fergana, Kyrgyz and Terskey ranges). As a result we provide the first comprehensive hierarchical syntaxonomic synopsis of scree communities at montane and alpine elevations in the eastern Middle Asia. The collected vegetation relevés represent the majority of the variation among the phytocoenoses of gravel, pebble, cobble and rock block slides and screes in the montane and alpine belts. As a result of field studies and Twinspan analyses, nine associations were identified on screes of the Pamir and western Tian Shan. All these communities were assigned to the Sileno brahuicae-Lactucetalia orientalis Nowak et al. 2021. Additionally, within the nitrophilous compact gravel screes one subassociation of Corydalidetum kashgaricae trigonelletosum gontscharovii was distinguished. In the most arid zone two additional plant associations and one subassociation were identified in gravelly semi-deserts zone. The main factors determining the species composition of the studied associations are scree mobility, rock particle size, elevation above sea level and slope inclination. Our research revealed considerable diversity of scree habitats of montane and alpine belts what might be astonishing regarding harsh environment of this mountainous territory. However, a great number of lineages that evolved here and particularly rich species pool of this habitat in Middle Asia facilitate remarkable diversity among vegetation of taluses and screes. The distinctiveness of species composition is additionally enhanced by high degree of endemism of chasmophytic habitats in the eastern part of Middle Asia. Despite recent developments, the prominent chasmophytic vegetation of Middle Asia still needs thorough studies focused on its relationship to semi-desert, tall-forb and petrophytic communities of high mountains of the Pamir, Hindu-Kush, Kunlun and Central Tian Shan.

A Comparative Analysis of the Power of Selected European Countries. The Economic Determinants

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (37) ◽  
pp. 22-42
Author(s):  
Alicja Paluch ◽  
Henryk Spustek
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Economic Power ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Economic Sphere ◽  
National Power

The ever-increasing need for in-depth analysis and quantification of the national power, in particular ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ power-generating factors as well as difficulties in identifying a comprehensive and effective method for scientific determination of the national power, have given rise to research in the indicated scientific issues within this article. The presented considerations aim to define the assumptions for a descriptive sub-model that would enable a comparison of Poland’s power in the economic sphere (which is a component of the non-military sphere) with the power of selected European countries. The research hypothesis is that, among the variety of descriptive variables in the economic sphere of the national power, there is a subset of mutually independent variables, at the same time strongly correlated with the national power, which make it possible to define assumptions for the sub-model of the national power. The steps of the research procedure were carried out using the method of system analysis (multi-criteria comparative analysis) and statistical analysis. The research activities undertaken have shown that the factors that are strongly correlated with the national power in the economic area of the European countries adopted for the analysis are: dynamics of industrial production, private sector credit flows and economic freedom index. The comparative analysis carried out demonstrates that the greatest increase in the economic power in the analysed period took place in Germany (0.68). Slightly smaller growth was recorded in the Czech Republic (0.62) and Poland (0.60), while the lowest value of increase was in Romania (0.23). The conducted qualitative comparative analysis of the economic power of selected European countries allowed to conclude that the independent variables identified are crucial for the formation of the economic power of the analysed countries. At the same time, a fairly strong position of the Czech Republic and Poland in relation to the economic power of Germany was found. The performed quantification of the economic power of the European countries provides a basis for the correct determination of changes in the power distribution of political units, assessment of the power and resources held by the state.

Meat qualities in the sheep with special reference to Scottish breeds and crosses. I

1939 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 544-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Pálsson
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Accurate Estimate ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Precise Measure ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship

1. By establishing the relationship between linear carcass measurements and the quantitative composition of the carcass in terms of bone, muscle and fat, we have provided a scientific basis for the use of many measurements hitherto only presumed to provide an index to carcass quality.2. External carcass measurements are correlated with weight of the skeleton. The most useful for this purpose are length of tibia + tarsus and length of the fore-cannon.3. As indices of muscle, external measures are only of indirect value. Thus, both F – T and G/F × 100 are strongly correlated with weight of muscle as a percentage of skeletal weight.4. Similarly, F provides an index of fat, being negatively correlated with fat as a percentage of bone.5. For muscle and fat internal measures permit a more precise estimate to be made. A + B is the best index of the former while C + J + Y provide the most accurate estimate of the weight of fat.6. Still better indices for muscle and fat are provided by suitable combinations of external and internal measurements. Thus L/10 + A + B is very highly correlated with the weight of muscle, and L/10 × (C + J + Y) is the best index of fat in the hoggets. For bone, a most efficient single index is shown to be the weight of the fore-cannon bone.7. The weight of the skeleton can be estimated with a high degree of accuracy from the weight of the bones in either one leg or loin. Both these joints combined, however, provide a still better estimate.8. The muscle in one leg or loin + leg provides an excellent index of the weight of muscle in the whole carcass.9. The fat in one leg, loin, or both these joints combined provides a good index of the weight of the total fat in the carcass. Both joints combined give the most precise measure.10. The value of certain measurements which are not necessarily associated with the quantity of the major tissues of the carcass, but which nevertheless have important qualitative significance, is emphasized.

Distribution of moss-inhabiting diatoms along an altitudinal gradient at sub-Antarctic Îles Kerguelen

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niek J.M. Gremmen ◽  
Bart van de Vijver ◽  
Yves Frenot ◽  
Marc Lebouvier
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Altitudinal Gradient ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Diatom Species ◽  
Expected Species Richness

Altitudinal gradients provide excellent opportunities to study relationships between species distribution and climatic variables. We studied the species composition of 39 samples of moss-inhabiting diatoms, collected at 50 m intervals from 100–650 m above sea level. The samples contained a total of 130 diatom species, of which 51 occurred in 10 or more samples. Altitude appeared to be the most important variable explaining variation in species composition. Of the 51 common species, 33 showed a significant relationship with altitude. Although the majority of the latter declined with increasing altitude, for nine species the probability of occurrence first increased with increasing elevation, but decreased again at higher altitudes, and four species increased systematically with elevation. As a result, expected species richness per sample decreased from an estimated 43 at 100 m to 25 species per sample at 650 m. Diatom distribution patterns proved to be suitable predictors of the altitudinal position of sample sites. Cross-validation yielded a strong relationship between predicted and observed altitudes.

scholarly journals All-Sky Radiance Assimilation of ATMS in HWRF: A Demonstration Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting-Chi Wu ◽  
Milija Zupanski ◽  
Lewis D. Grasso ◽  
Christian D. Kummerow ◽  
Sid-Ahmed Boukabara
Keyword(s):  
Single Case ◽  
Control Variable ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Radiative Transfer Model ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
State Variables ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Analysis System

Abstract Satellite all-sky radiances from the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) are assimilated into the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) Model using the hybrid Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation analysis system (GSI). To extend the all-sky capability recently developed for global applications to HWRF, some modifications in HWRF and GSI are facilitated. In particular, total condensate is added as a control variable, and six distinct hydrometeor habits are added as state variables in hybrid GSI within HWRF. That is, clear-sky together with cloudy and precipitation-affected satellite pixels are assimilated using the Community Radiative Transfer Model (CRTM) as a forward operator that includes hydrometeor information and Jacobians with respect to hydrometeor variables. A single case study with the 2014 Atlantic storm Hurricane Cristobal is used to demonstrate the methodology of extending the global all-sky capability to HWRF due to ATMS data availability. Two data assimilation experiments are carried out. One experiment uses the operational configuration and assimilates ATMS radiances under the clear-sky condition, and the other experiment uses the modified HWRF system and assimilates ATMS radiances under the all-sky condition with the inclusion of total condensate update and cycling. Observed and synthetic Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-13 data along with Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) data from the two experiments are used to show that the experiment with all-sky ATMS radiances assimilation has cloud signatures that are supported by observations. In contrast, there is lack of clouds in the initial state that led to a noticeable lag of cloud development in the experiment that assimilates clear-sky radiances.

scholarly journals AN ARCHITECTURAL ADAPTATION STRATEGY FOR THE DYNAMICS OF THE KAHAYAN RIVER’S WATER LEVEL AT KAMPUNG PAHANDUT, PALANGKA RAYA CITY

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (04) ◽  
pp. 379-398
Author(s):  
Alifi Diptya Nidikara; Giosia Pele Widjaja
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
River Water ◽  
Adaptation Strategy ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Data Collection Technique ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The City ◽  
Dry And Rainy Seasons

Abstract- Kalimantan (Borneo) is famous as the island of a Pulau Seribu due to the large number of rivers that run across its cities. One of the longest is the Kahayan river that flows through the city of Palangka Raya. The river as an important aspect in Kalimantan people’s life has made it the starting point for the embryo of a city in the form of river side dwellings that keeps on developing amidst the dynamics of the Kahayan river that undergoes a high degree of change in terms of water level during the dry and rainy seasons. The issue that arises is the addition and loss of space due to the changes of the river water level. The purpose of this research is to describe the adaptation strategies used by the writer in Kampung Pahandut that is unique when compared other kampongs (villages) due to its condition of having dry and flooded streets in the dwelling area. This research is qualitative in nature, employing the narrative descriptive method. The data collection technique uses purposive sampling to collect the physical and activity data. The physical and activity data were gained through a survey of the research object as well as picture taking, field observation, as well as the medium ofinterviews conducted with the Kampung Pahandut villagers. The data was then processed by classifying the numerous changes that had happened in both physical and activity-related terms as well as analyzing and concluding the adaptation strategies. It was found that in Kampung Pahandut there were both physical and activity-related changes as efforts to accommodate its people to enable them to survive the dry and flooding condition due to the changes of the river water level. Within these efforts there was also architectural adaptation based on the study consisting of three adaptation strategies, namely: being adjustable, refittable, and movable. Keywords: architectural adaptation, changes in water level, Kahayan River, Kampung Pahandut

scholarly journals Analyzing the Effect of Board of Commissioners’ Characteristics, Managerial Ownership, and Financial Performance on Financial Risk Disclosure

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Syafwan Hady
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Control Variable ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Managerial Ownership ◽  
Risk Disclosure ◽  
Independent Variables

<p>This study aims to examine the role of the board of commissioners’ characteristics, managerial ownership, and financial performance on financial risk disclosure. The target population of this study was sharia banks registered in the Indonesian banking directory in 2012-2016. This study used secondary data in the form of annual financial statements obtained from the source sites of each bank. Using purposive sampling, 11 sharia banks in Indonesia were selected as the appropriate sample. This study employed a scoring technique to measure the level of financial risk disclosure. The results show that the independent variables including the board of commissioners size, independent board of commissioners proportion, profitability, and size as the control variable significantly influenced the variable of FRD. However, the variable of CAR, FDR, and managerial ownership had no effect on financial risk disclosure. The result of F test showed that independent variables included in the regression model simultaneously affected the dependent variable.</p>

scholarly journals Photocatalytic Efficiency of TiO2-Biomass Loaded Mixture for Wastewater Treatment

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devagi Kanakaraju ◽  
Soon Pang Wong
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Wastewater Effluent ◽  
Photocatalytic Efficiency ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Sago Bark ◽  
Mixture Sample

The objective of this study was to assess the efficiency of a novel TiO2/modified sago bark (TiO2/MSB) mixture for the degradation of sago wastewater effluent by employing response surface methodology (RSM) using chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal as the target parameter. The highest COD removal of 64.92% was obtained using TiO2/MSB mixture sample prepared by combining 0.2 g/L TiO2and 1 w/w% MSB. Given that the highest removal was produced using this mixture sample, further optimisation of sago wastewater treatment was conducted by varying the independent variables, namely, dosage and contact time. Under this optimum condition, 0.10 g of 0.2 g/L TiO2/1% MSB had successfully reduced 52.83% COD in 120 min. Surface morphology, functional groups, and elemental analysis supported observations of the ability of TiO2/MSB mixture to remove COD. Additionally, aeration had further improved COD removal by 11%. The regression value (R2>0.99) of the model indicated a high degree of correlation between the evaluated parameters. These results proved the feasibility of TiO2photocatalysis as an appealing alternative protocol for sago wastewater treatment and solid waste from the industry can be utilised for wastewater degradation.

Kinerja Keuangan Perusahaan Asuransi Jiwa Konvensional di Indonesia Periode 2015-2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-57
Author(s):  
Ely Siswanto ◽  
Raudhotul Miul Hasanah
Keyword(s):  
Life Insurance ◽  
Joint Venture ◽  
Control Variable ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Loss Ratio ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Investment Returns ◽  
Premium Income

This research aims to analyze the effect of financial indicator such as premium income, investment returns, volume of capital, loss ratio, operating expenses and risk based capital on the profitability (ROA) of conventional life insurance companies during the first quarter of 2015 until the third quarter of 2018. This research uses premium income, investment returns, volume of capital, loss ratio, operating expenses and risk based capital as independent variables and the dependent variable is Return On Assets, and joint venture alliance strategies as a control variable. The population of data is conventional life insurance companies in Indonesia during 2015 until 2018. This research used a purposive sampling technique, it was found that 14 companies met the sample criteria. The analysis model uses regression analysis. The research results show that premium income has a positive significant effect on ROA, the volume of capital has a positive significant effect on ROA and operating expenses have a negative significant effect on ROA. While investment returns, loss ratios and risk based capital, and joint venture alliance strategies do not have a significant effect on ROA. Meanwhile, a joint venture alliance strategies are not significant in influencing the relationship of independent variables to ROA. Further research is recommended to conduct a different test of the financial performance of insurance companies, national life insurance companies and joint venture life insurance companies.  

scholarly journals Modeling Quality of Urban Life Using a Geospatial Approach

Urban Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Helena Merschdorf ◽  
Michael E. Hodgson ◽  
Thomas Blaschke
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Quality Of Urban Life ◽  
Urban Issues ◽  
Urban Characteristics

The rapid global urbanization of the past century poses several challenges for planners and policy makers. In particular, the conflation of social and urban issues must be understood to create sustainable and livable urban places. In this regard, it was our aim to model and understand the relationship between urban characteristics and peoples’ perceived quality of urban life (QoUL) using statistical analysis and geospatial modeling. We selected objective variables representing urban characteristics based on literature and used principal components analysis to develop uncorrelated components. These components served as the independent variables in a multiple linear regression analysis. The subjective, dependent variables were extracted from a QoUL survey. Results indicated that only the Education/Income component is related to QoUL (R2 of 0.46). Using only single independent variables in a linear model explained 46% of the total variance—over 10% higher than any previously determined relationship between objective variables and subjective QoUL. Furthermore, we found that subjective high QoUL and subjective low QoUL were not strongly correlated, indicating that they are affected by different objective variables, respectively. This suggests that future efforts of increasing QoUL need to define their goals more precisely, as measures for increasing perceptions of high QoUL are likely different from measures for decreasing perceptions of low QoUL.

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