Changes in size at maturity of Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) (1952–1993) and associations with temperature

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 1159-1165 ◽  
Author(s):  
S P Cox ◽  
S G Hinch
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Temporal Trend ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Size At Maturity ◽  
Metabolic Demand ◽  
The Past ◽  
Using Data

Unlike other Canadian Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), long-term declines in the size at maturity of Fraser River sockeye salmon (O. nerka) have not been reported in past studies. Using data specific for 10 Fraser River sockeye stocks, we demonstrate that size at maturity has generally declined over the past 42 yr for females in all stocks and for males from eight stocks. Independent of this temporal trend, we found that size at maturity of both sexes in all stocks was smaller in years when sea surface temperatures were relatively warm. Slower growth in warmer years may be caused directly by increased metabolic demand, or indirectly by oceanic changes that influence food acquisition. We speculate that fitness of Fraser River sockeye will be reduced in the future if sea surface temperature increases and salmon abundance remains near present levels.

Increase associated risk of gynaecological cancer due to long-term exposure to high concentration of atmospheric SO2 industrial pollutant

2021 ◽  
pp. 1420326X2110036
Author(s):  
Qian Xu ◽  
Chan Lu ◽  
Rachael Gakii Murithi ◽  
Lanqin Cao
Keyword(s):  
Time Windows ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Gynaecological Cancer ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
The Past ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Air Quality Monitoring Stations ◽  
Control Study

A cohort case–control study was conducted in XiangYa Hospital, Changsha, China, which involved 305 patients and 399 healthy women, from June 2010 to December 2018, to evaluate the association between Chinese women’s short- and long-term exposure to industrial air pollutant, SO2 and gynaecological cancer (GC). We obtained personal and family information from the XiangYa Hospital electronic computer medical records. Using data obtained from the air quality monitoring stations in Changsha, we estimated each woman’s exposure to the industrial air pollutant, sulphur dioxide (SO2), for different time windows, including the past 1, 5, 10 and 15 years before diagnosis of the disease. A multiple logistic regression model was used to assess the association between GC and SO2 exposure. GC was significantly associated with long-term SO2 exposure, with adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) = 1.56 (1.10–2.21) and 1.81 (1.07–3.06) for a per interquartile range increase in the past 10 and 15 years, respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed that different groups reacted in different ways to long-term SO2 exposure. We concluded that long-term exposure to high concentration of industrial pollutant, SO2 is associated with the development of GC. This finding has implications for the prevention and reduction of GC.

A widespread decrease in productivity of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) populations in western North America

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 1255-1260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall M. Peterman ◽  
Brigitte Dorner
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Southeast Alaska ◽  
The Past ◽  
Large Geographic Area ◽  
Marine Areas

We used data on 64 stocks of sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) from British Columbia (B.C.), Washington, and Alaska to determine whether recent decreases in abundance and productivity observed for Fraser River, B.C., sockeye have occurred more widely. We found that decreasing time trends in productivity have occurred across a large geographic area ranging from Washington, B.C., southeast Alaska, and up through the Yakutat peninsula, Alaska, but not in central and western Alaska. Furthermore, a pattern of predominantly shared trends across southern stocks and opposite trends between them and stocks from western Alaska was present in the past (1950–1985), but correlations have intensified since then. The spatial extent of declining productivity of sockeye salmon has important implications for management as well as research into potential causes of the declines. Further research should focus on mechanisms that operate at large, multiregional spatial scales, and (or) in marine areas where numerous correlated sockeye stocks overlap.

scholarly journals Number of long-term inpatients in Japanese psychiatric care beds: trend analysis from the Patient Survey and the 630 Survey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsushi Okayama ◽  
Kentaro Usuda ◽  
Emi Okazaki ◽  
Yoshio Yamanouchi
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Psychiatric Care ◽  
Patient Survey ◽  
Multifaceted Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
Natural Decrease ◽  
Hospital Bed ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Using Data

Abstract BackgroundThe number of psychiatric care beds and the mean length of stay in psychiatric care beds in Japan have decreased over the past 10 years. However, as has long been indicated here and elsewhere, Japan lags behind other countries in terms of deinstitutionalization. Furthermore, the population of inpatients in psychiatric care beds is aging dramatically. In addition to the diversification of mental illness, the question of what measures to implement going forward regarding current psychiatric bed resources has emerged as a new challenge.MethodsUsing data from the Patient Survey and the 630 Survey, we examined trends in the number of long-term inpatients in psychiatric care beds in Japan through 2040. Population estimation was used for estimating long-term hospital bed demand because of small fluctuations in the admission and discharge of long-term inpatients.ResultsIn 2017, nearly one-third of all long-term hospitalized patients were aged ≥75 years, and an estimated 47% of the total are expected to die by 2040. Thus, the overall demand for long-term hospitalization is forecast to decrease sharply due to aging of currently hospitalized long-term inpatients. The number of long-term inpatients in 2017 was 167,579, and this is projected to decrease to 103,141 in 2040.ConclusionsWe believe it is necessary to adopt a multifaceted approach to promote hospital discharge and transition to the community, and to address the diversification of mental illness and the issue of psychiatric care bed supply/availability, which are forecast to decrease due to the natural decrease in long-term inpatients.

scholarly journals Number of long-term inpatients in Japanese psychiatric care beds: trend analysis from the patient survey and the 630 survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsushi Okayama ◽  
Kentaro Usuda ◽  
Emi Okazaki ◽  
Yoshio Yamanouchi
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Psychiatric Care ◽  
Patient Survey ◽  
Multifaceted Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
Natural Decrease ◽  
Hospital Bed ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Background The number of psychiatric care beds and the mean length of stay in psychiatric care beds in Japan have decreased over the past 10 years. However, as has long been indicated here and elsewhere, Japan lags behind other countries in terms of deinstitutionalization. Furthermore, the population of inpatients in psychiatric care beds is aging dramatically. In addition to the diversification of mental illness, the question of what measures to implement going forward regarding current psychiatric bed resources has emerged as a new challenge. Methods Using data from the Patient Survey and the 630 Survey, we examined trends in the number of long-term inpatients in psychiatric care beds in Japan through 2040. Population estimation was used for estimating long-term hospital bed demand because of small fluctuations in the admission and discharge of long-term inpatients. Results In 2017, nearly one-third of all long-term hospitalized patients were aged ≥75 years, and an estimated 47% of the total are expected to die by 2040. Thus, the overall demand for long-term hospitalization is forecast to decrease sharply due to aging of currently hospitalized long-term inpatients. The number of long-term inpatients in 2017 was 167,579, and this is projected to decrease to 103,141 in 2040. Conclusions We believe it is necessary to adopt a multifaceted approach to promote hospital discharge and transition to the community, and to address the diversification of mental illness and the issue of psychiatric care bed supply/availability, which are forecast to decrease due to the natural decrease in long-term inpatients.

scholarly journals Do Employers Use Unemployment as a Sorting Criterion When Hiring? Evidence from a Field Experiment

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 1014-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Eriksson ◽  
Dan-Olof Rooth
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Subsequent Work ◽  
The Past ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Unemployment Spells ◽  
Negative Signal

The stigma associated with long-term unemployment spells could create large inefficiencies in labor markets. While the existing literature points toward large stigma effects, it has proven difficult to estimate causal relationships. Using data from a field experiment, we find that long-term unemployment spells in the past do not matter for employers' hiring decisions, suggesting that subsequent work experience eliminates this negative signal. Nor do employers treat contemporary short-term unemployment spells differently, suggesting that they understand that worker/firm matching takes time. However, employers attach a negative value to contemporary unemployment spells lasting at least nine months, providing evidence of stigma effects. (JEL E24, J23, J64, J71)

Potential effects of climate change on marine growth and survival of Fraser River sockeye salmon

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
pp. 2651-2659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott G. Hinch ◽  
Michael C. Healey ◽  
Ron E. Diewert ◽  
Michael A. Henderson ◽  
Keith A. Thomson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Circulation Model ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Zooplankton Biomass ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Sea Surface Temperatures ◽  
Surface Temperatures

Simulation results from the Canadian Climate Centre's atmospheric general circulation model (CCC GCM) coupled to a simplified mixed-layer ocean model predict that doubled atmospheric CO2 concentrations would increase northeast Pacific Ocean sea surface temperatures and weaken existing north–south air pressure gradients. On the basis of predicted changes to air pressure and an empirical relationship between wind-driven upwelling and zooplankton biomass, we calculate that production of food for sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) may decrease by 5–9%. We developed empirical relationships between sea surface temperature, zooplankton biomass, adult recruitment, and terminal ocean weight for the early Stuart stock of Fraser River sockeye salmon. Our analyses show that warmer sea surface temperatures, larger adult recruitment, and lower zooplankton biomass are correlated with smaller adult sockeye. Bioenergetics modeling suggests that higher metabolic costs in warmer water coupled with lower food availability could cause the observed reductions in size. Warmer sea surface temperatures during coastal migration by juveniles were correlated with lower recruitment 2 yr later. Warmer sea surface temperatures may be a surrogate for increased levels of predation or decreased food during the juvenile stage. We speculate that Fraser sockeye will be less abundant and smaller if the climate changes as suggested by the Canadian Climate Centre's general circulation model.

scholarly journals CHOOSING A PATH TO THE ANCIENT WORLD IN A MODERN MARKET: THE REALITY OF FACULTY JOBS IN ARCHAEOLOGY

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Speakman ◽  
Carla S. Hadden ◽  
Matthew H. Colvin ◽  
Justin Cramb ◽  
K.C. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Doctoral Programs ◽  
Doctoral Degree ◽  
New Faculty ◽  
Faculty Position ◽  
The Past ◽  
Faculty Positions ◽  
The Us ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Academic Job Market

Over the past 30 years, the number of US doctoral anthropology graduates has increased by about 70%, but there has not been a corresponding increase in the availability of new faculty positions. Consequently, doctoral degree-holding archaeologists face more competition than ever before when applying for faculty positions. Here we examine where US and Canadian anthropological archaeology faculty originate and where they ultimately end up teaching. Using data derived from the 2014–2015 AnthroGuide, we rank doctoral programs whose graduates in archaeology have been most successful in the academic job market; identify long-term and ongoing trends in doctoral programs; and discuss gender division in academic archaeology in the US and Canada. We conclude that success in obtaining a faculty position upon graduation is predicated in large part on where one attends graduate school.

Evidence for Attacks by the Bathypelagic Fish Anotopterus pharao (Myctophiformes) on Pacific Salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.)

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 2403-2407 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Welch ◽  
L. Margolis ◽  
M. A. Henderson ◽  
S. McKinnell
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pacific Rim ◽  
Coastal Fisheries ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dorsal Fin ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Wide Range

Adult Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) returning from offshore waters to spawn frequently bear a wide range of wounds and scars. One of the most common wounds is a single slash mark on the posterior third of one side of the body, running posteroventrally from near the dorsal fin at a roughly 45° angle. The evidence is reviewed for the occurrence of slash-marked salmon around the Pacific Rim over the past 30 yr. A jaw fragment removed from the wound of a slash-marked sockeye salmon (O. nerka) and identified as belonging to a daggertooth (Anotopterus pharao: order Myctophiformes), a highly modified bathypelagic fish, provides the first direct evidence for the cause of these wounds. Given the frequency of slash-marked adult salmon in coastal fisheries, A. pharao may be a significant cause of mortality in Pacific salmon that has previously gone unrecognized.

Uncertainties in population dynamics and outcomes of regulations in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) fisheries: implications for management

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 1459-1474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie A. Holt ◽  
Randall M. Peterman
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Age At Maturity ◽  
Sources Of Uncertainty ◽  
Future Assessment ◽  
Long Term Trends

Fisheries managers usually have multiple options available but are often unclear on how to choose among them owing to uncertainties in biological and management components of fisheries systems. We evaluated the performance of current and possible future assessment and management practices for sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) in British Columbia and Alaska by using a computer model that included major biological and management components and their associated uncertainties (interannual variability in recruitment, age-at-maturity, and sex ratio, as well as uncertainty in observations of spawner abundances, forecasts of recruitment, and outcomes from implementing management regulations). One option for management practices that we evaluated was designed to make the forecasting model more realistic by accounting for long-term trends in age-at-maturity. A second option was designed to reduce deviations between management targets and actual or “realized” harvest levels. We found that compared with practices that ignore those sources of uncertainty, the second option produced annual catches that were higher, on average, and less variable over time while maintaining recruitment above critical conservation levels. Contrary to our expectations, the first modification did not result in comparable benefits. Our results demonstrate the value of using simulation models to evaluate potential modifications to Pacific salmon management practices.

Time Trends in Social Class Mortality Differentials in the Netherlands, 1820–1920

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-153
Author(s):  
Frans van Poppel ◽  
Roel Jennissen ◽  
Kees Mandemakers
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Theoretical Issue ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
The Past ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Using Data

The question whether socioeconomic status gradients in adult mortality have changed over a broad historical period has become an important political and theoretical issue but is hard to test. In this article we study long-term trends in social inequality in adult mortality by using data for 2 (of the 11) provinces of the Netherlands for the period 1812–1922. We apply indirect estimation techniques, which have been developed for the analysis of mortality patterns in countries with deficient data. Our article shows that indeed there was a clear social class gradient in mortality, with the elite having higher survival chances between ages 35 and 55 than the middle class and farmers. Differences were even more apparent in comparison with workers. Over time there was a strong convergence among social classes in mortality levels. The implications of our results for the dominant views on the change in living standards in the past are discussed.

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