CONSIDERATIONS OF A METHOD OF ANALYZING DIALLEL CROSSES OF ATLANTIC SALMON

1979 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Friars ◽  
J. K. Bailey ◽  
R. L. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Maternal Effects ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Diallel Cross ◽  
Length Variation ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis

Inferences derived from a proposed mixed model analysis of a diallel cross involving four stocks of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are illustrated with growth data on weight and length. Variation between stocks was more apparent when samples represented dams as opposed to sires, thus stressing the relative importance of maternal effects. However, the ranking of stocks was not altered when either the means of sire sources or the means of dam sources were considered. No heterotic effects were found for the growth traits studied.

scholarly journals Digestive tract morphology and enzyme activities of juvenile diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed fishmeal-based diets with or without fish protein hydrolysates

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0245216
Author(s):  
Silvia Martínez-Llorens ◽  
Stefano Peruzzi ◽  
Inger-Britt Falk-Petersen ◽  
Sergio Godoy-Olmos ◽  
Lars Olav Ulleberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Thermal Growth ◽  
Triploid Fish

Triploid, sterile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) could make a contribution to the development of the farming industry, but uncertainties about the performance and welfare of triploids have limited their adoption by farmers. In this study, we compared the ontogeny of digestive tract morphology and enzyme activities (pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, alkaline phosphatase and aminopeptidase) of diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon. Fish were fed diets based on fishmeal (STD) or a mix of fishmeal and hydrolysed fish proteins (HFM) whilst being reared at low temperature from start-feeding to completion of the parr-smolt transformation. Fish weights for each ploidy and feed combination were used to calculate thermal growth coefficients (TGCs) that spanned this developmental period, and the data were used to examine possible relationships between enzyme activities and growth. At the end of the experiment, faeces were collected and analyzed to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of the dietary amino acids (AAs). Digestive tract histo-morphology did not differ substantially between ploidies and generally reflected organ maturation and functionality. There were no consistent differences in proteolytic enzyme activities resulting from the inclusion of HFM in the diet, nor was there improved digestibility and AA bioavailability of the HFM feed in either diploid or triploid fish. The triploid salmon had lower ADCs than diploids for most essential and non-essential AAs in both diets (STD and HFM), but without there being any indication of lower intestinal protease activity in triploid fish. When trypsin-to-chymotrypsin activity and trypsin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ratios (T:C and T:ALP, respectively) were considered in combination with growth data (TGC) low T:C and T:ALP values coincided with times of reduced fish growth, and vice versa, suggesting that T:C and T:ALP may be used to predict recent growth history and possible growth potential.

scholarly journals Retrospective Evaluation of Parental Selection in Nursery Tests of Juglans regia L. Using a Mixed Model Analysis

2004 ◽  
Vol 53 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 26-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Aletà ◽  
A. Ninot ◽  
J. Voltas
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Control ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Model Analysis ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Parental Selection ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis

Summary Results of early testing in Juglans regia performed over the period 1993-2002 are presented. A total of 37 progenies were evaluated for establishment, growth traits, and phenology at ages one and two during two or more sowing years in the nursery. Independent culling selection was applied on parental trees to the family-mean values using specific truncation points for establishment, diameter and total height. In addition, parental selection was performed on unbiased predictions (BLUPs) of parental breeding values using a multivariate mixed model analysis in order to account for the unbalanced nature of the entire data set. Genetic parameters (heritabilities, correlations) of juvenile traits were also estimated. Except for second year growth traits, the genetic control of most characters was quite high, with heritability estimates ranging from 0.51 (establishment) to 0.93 (flushing date). Growth performance and establishment did not bear a common genetic control according to non-significant genetic correlations, but a higher growth was typical of early flushing families. Changes in parental ranking for growth after comparison of familymean and BLUP-based estimates of parental performance were considerable. This observation, together with the larger proportion of culled progenies in the former method (about 70%), suggests a sizeable loss of genetic gain by using unadjusted parental means. It is concluded that current evaluation and selection schemes using family-mean values should be reconsidered by i) relaxing truncation points for selection on establishment and growth traits and ii) re-evaluating progeny test data using a mixed model framework to unveil valuable material otherwise neglected due to unaccounted environmental influence on family performance.

Using among-year variation to assess maternal effects in Pinus aristata and Pinus flexilis

Botany ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (11) ◽  
pp. 805-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin M. Borgman ◽  
Anna W. Schoettle ◽  
Amy L. Angert
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Effects ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Length Variation ◽  
Maternal Environment ◽  
Yearly Variation ◽  
Pinus Flexilis ◽  
Pinus Aristata

Maternal effects, the effect of the maternal environment during development on offspring growth, can complicate the interpretation of common garden studies. Growing one or more generations in a common environment can help minimize maternal effects, but is often not practical with long-lived species. In Pinus aristata Engelm. and Pinus flexilis James, we assessed maternal effects by growing offspring sourced over multiple years from the same mother trees, comparing growth traits between source years. Additionally, we explored the effect of maternal environment on seed characteristics by collecting five twig clippings from each mother tree and measuring characteristics indicative of the relative vigor of the tree during each seed source year. The effect of year was significant for twig growth characteristics, seed size, and seedling performance. For both species, there were significant relationships between the relative inter-annual (RIA) variation in seed mass and the RIA variation in numerous seedling traits including cotyledon length, seedling total dry mass, and needle length. Variation in seed mass was not predicted by yearly variation in the maternal plant’s phenotypic traits. These results support the hypothesis that maternal effects translate into variation in early seedling growth and suggest possibilities to statistically account for them in common garden studies involving long-lived species.

Mixed model procedures for the Australian beef industry. 1. Multiple-trait model for estimation of breeding values for 200-day and final weights of cattle

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 527 ◽  
Author(s):  
H-U Graser ◽  
K Hammond
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Effects ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Relationship Matrix ◽  
Beef Industry ◽  
Multiple Trait ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
Numerator Relationship Matrix

A multiple-trait mixed model is defined for regular use in the Australian beef industry for the estimation of breeding values for continuous traits of sires used non-randomly across a number of herds and/or years. Maternal grandsires, the numerator relationship matrix, appropriate fixed effects, and the capacity to partition direct and maternal effects are incorporated in this parent model. The model was fitted to the National Beef Recording Scheme's data bank for three growth traits of the Australian Simental breed, viz 200-, 365- and 550-day weights. Estimates are obtained for the effects of sex, dam age, grade of dam, age of calf and breed of base dam. The range in estimated breeding value is reported for each trait, with 200-day weight being partitioned into 'calves' and 'daughters' calves', for the Simmental sires commonly used in Australia. Estimates of the fixed effects were large, and dam age, grade of dam and breed of base dam had an important influence on growth to 365 days of age. The faster growth of higher percentage Simmental calves to 200 days continued to 550 days. Estimates of genetic variance for the traits were lower than reported for overseas populations of Simmental cattle, and the genetic covariance between direct and maternal effects for 200-day weight was slightly positive.

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolt production: the relative importance of survival and body growth

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregg E. Horton ◽  
Benjamin H. Letcher ◽  
Michael M. Bailey ◽  
Michael T. Kinnison
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
New England ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Body Growth ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Cohort Differences

The complex life history of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) coupled with interacting abiotic and biotic factors leads to extreme demographic variability across the species’ range. Our goal was to evaluate the relative importance of survival and body growth in determining smolt production across space and time. We used passive integrated transponder tags and capture–mark–recapture analyses to estimate survival, emigration, and growth for six cohorts of presmolt Atlantic salmon in two streams (three cohorts per stream) in New England, USA. We observed remarkable among-cohort consistency in mean monthly survival during a 17-month period from age-0+ autumn to age-2+ spring yet high variability in monthly survival over shorter time intervals (seasons). Despite this latter variability, survival did not translate into among-cohort differences in proportions of age-2+ versus age-3+ smolts. Alternatively, the high variability across seasons and cohorts in mean individual growth rate did lead to differences in within-cohort proportions of age-2+ versus age-3+ smolts (regardless of stream). We conclude that in our two small study streams, variability in growth and size impacted smolt age and, ultimately, smolt production. Density-dependent effects on growth at the scale of the entire study site represent a possible mechanism underlying our observations.

scholarly journals Growth of Container-grown Cork Oak Seedlings as Affected by Foliar and Soil Application of Paclobutrazol

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1773-1776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Pardos ◽  
Rafael Calama ◽  
Gregorio Montero ◽  
José A. Pardos
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Quercus Suber ◽  
Cork Oak ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis ◽  
Soil Drench

Four concentrations of paclobutrazol (PBZ) and two application methods (foliar spray–soil drench) were tested on 3-month-old container-grown cork oak (Quercus suber L.) seedlings. Shoot height was affected by PBZ concentration and application technique. Time course of height was modelled by nonlinear mixed model analysis. Reduced shoot height was the result of shortened and fewer internodes. A 25 to 625 ppm soil drench or 625 to 15,000 ppm foliar spray controlled over vegetative growth, resulting in a reduction between 13% and 90% in plant size relative to untreated controls. Seedlings responded to soil drench at a lower PBZ concentration than for a foliar spray, but the danger of irreversible overdosing seems greater for a soil drench. Soil drench—and foliar spray to a lesser extent—also affected other shoot and root growth traits. PBZ dose decreased root volume and dry weights in a quadratic fashion with increasing dose, but decreased diameter and number of leaves linearly.

A new method to estimate habitat potential for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): predicting the influence of dam removal on the Sélune River (France) as a case study

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 2172-2181
Author(s):  
Guillaume Forget ◽  
Jean-Luc Baglinière ◽  
Frédéric Marchand ◽  
Arnaud Richard ◽  
Marie Nevoux
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Dam Removal ◽  
Juvenile Salmon ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

Abstract Maintaining connectivity in aquatic ecosystems is important to ensure adequate ecological functioning. A large dam removal project in the Sélune River (Normandy, France) would reconnect 827 km2 of catchment area to the sea. Only the downstream section of the Selune is currently available to diadromous fish, which migrate between freshwater and the marine environment. In particular, managers focus on the future potential abundance of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, for conservation and fishery purposes. As in stream channel habitat drives carrying capacity of juvenile salmon, salmon abundance is usually inferred from intensive and linear habitat surveys. However, this approach is neither cost-effective for large-scale surveys nor feasible for riverbed sections with low accessibility for measurement with traditional methods, e.g. dam lakes. We used well-defined relationships between gradient, hydrology and channel habitat structure to construct a simple model to estimate potential suitable habitat for juvenile salmon. Using fine-scale habitat data from nearby rivers, we parameterized a linear mixed model to estimate the area of suitable habitat based on simple physical descriptors of river characteristics. We compared our predictions to fine-scale habitat surveys on the upper Sélune. Using only slope and width, our model was able to explain 80% of the variance in suitable habitat. Estimates indicated that dam removal on the Sélune River would generate a threefold increase in suitable habitat for juveniles. This could increase the mean number of adult salmon returning to the river by 1420.9 (s.e. = 1015.5). More generally, this model provides an alternative and cost-effective tool to help better manage salmon populations in rivers impacted by dams.

scholarly journals Genetic analysis of growth traits in the progeny of rabbit does from a diallel cross

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Mínguez ◽  
J.P. Sánchez ◽  
J.M. Brun ◽  
M. Ragab ◽  
A.G. El Nagar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Effects ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Diallel Cross ◽  
Genetic Group ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Paternal Line ◽  
Fattening Period

An experiment was carried out to estimate the genetic group effects and the crossbreeding genetic parameters of growth traits [body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR)] in rabbits during fattening between 28 and 63 d. The rabbits were the progeny of does coming from a full diallel cross between 4 maternal lines (A, V, H and LP) mated to bucks of the paternal line R. On thousand fifty five  rabbits were controlled and the traits were recorded weekly, with the cage as the experimental unit for FI and FCR (283 cages). The genetic group (V line) was present in all farms in order to connect records among them and to be used as reference group. Crossbreeding parameters were estimated according to the Dickerson model. Regarding dam effects between pure lines for BW at weaning, A line was the heaviest and showed significant differences with LP and V lines (61 and 30 g, respectively). Upon completion of the fattening period, the differences in favour of A line for BW at weaning were compensated. Throughout the fattening period, no significant differences were observed between the lines as dam lines. At the end of the fattening period, no significant differences were observed between the crossbred groups. Regarding the reciprocal effects, the most relevant results were the significances for FCR in favour of H as sire line. For all traits, the confidence intervals at 95% of all contrast and effects were large. The estimates of maternal heterosis were, in general, negative, which could be a consequence of the positive heterosis for litter size. The AH cross showed significant maternal heterosis for BW at 43 d (–53 g), ADG between 28 and 42 d (–3.5 g/d), FI between 28 and 63 d (–7 g/d) and FCR between 42 and 63 d (–0.15). The combination of direct and maternal effects of the V line was the worst for all growth traits, showing significant differences with the LP line for most of them, for instance 0.13 worse FCR between 28 and 63 d. Grand-maternal effects were less important than direct-maternal.

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