Origin of aneuploid plants obtained by anther culture in triticale

1986 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 444-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles Charmet ◽  
Sylvie Bernard ◽  
Michel Bernard
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Anther Culture ◽  
Chromosome Rearrangement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chromosome Variation ◽  
In Vitro Technique ◽  
Meiotic Irregularities ◽  
Number Frequency ◽  
The One

A very large proportion of plants regenerated from anther culture of triticale F1 hybrids do not show the euploid number of chromosomes. Of 408 androgenetic plants checked for their chromosome numbers, 228 were aneuploid, of which 39 had one or several telosomes. Two observations suggest that most of the chromosome variations observed probably preexist in microspores of the F1 hybrids and would be caused by meiotic irregularities: on the one hand, the majority of these phenomena involve R-genome chromosomes, which also give rise to meiotic univalents; on the other hand, the chromosome number frequency distribution of the microspores from a fairly asyndetic hybrid fits well with that of the androgenetic plants. Thus aneuploidy and chromosome rearrangement do not implicate the in vitro technique itself but rather the choice of the material in triticale.Key words: × triticosecale, in vitro culture, chromosome variation, aneuploidy, C-banding.

Changes in Seryl-tRNA Formative in Developing Chick Muscle

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 838-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Nwagwu ◽  
John Lianga
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Deae Cellulose ◽  
The Other ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Embryonic Muscle ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
The One

As a prelude to an analysis of the dependence of muscle protein synthesis on aminoacyl tRNA's, we have investigated the rates of seryl-tRNA formation, in vitro, by aminoacylating systems isolated from 11-, 14-, and 17-day chick embryonic muscle. The results show that the combination of 14-day tRNA and 14-day aminoacyl synthetase is the most efficient in seryl-tRNA formation. We have also studied the qualitative and quantitative changes in seryl-tRNA prepared from 11-, 14-, and 17-day embryonic chick muscle by chromatography of seryl-tRNA on benzoylated DEAE-cellulose columns. The results show that, although there are no qualitative differences in the chromatographic patterns of seryl-tRNA from the different ages, there are significant quantitative differences between the patterns for 11-day and 17-day seryl-tRNA on the one hand, and the pattern for 14-day seryl-tRNA on the other.

Platelet Models and Their Possible Usefulness in the Study of Migraine Pathogenesis

Cephalalgia ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
G D'Andrea ◽  
AR Cananzi ◽  
F Perini ◽  
L Hasselmark
Keyword(s):  
Primary Headache ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Metabolic Characteristics ◽  
Dense Bodies ◽  
Migraine Pathogenesis ◽  
Serotonin Turnover ◽  
The One

Platelets may be linked to migraine. On the one hand they are activated during the migraine attack and thus may participate in the pathogenesis of the disorder (the nature of this activation is still unknown). In order to understand this platelet anomaly, we discuss the data available in the literature. In particular, we review recent in vitro studies of a-granules and dense bodies secretion, and aggregation induced by collagen and PAF. On the other hand, platelets share many metabolic characteristics with serotonergic neurons and endothelial cells. Accordingly, platelets have been used to investigate the possible role of serotonin turnover and nitric oxide function in migraine. In both cases, the data obtained have shown peculiar abnormalities that may explain pathogenetic and clinical aspects of primary headache.

Comparison of toxicity induced by T-2 toxin on human and rat granulo-monocytic progenitors with an in vitro model

1995 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 672-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Lautraite ◽  
D. Parent-Massin ◽  
B. Rio ◽  
H. Hoellinger
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Umbilical Cord Blood ◽  
Human Umbilical Cord ◽  
Trichothecene Mycotoxin ◽  
Rapid Effect ◽  
Effect Relation ◽  
Vitro Model ◽  
The One

T-2 toxin is a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by vari ous species of fungi. Trichothecenes are known as major contaminants of cereals and their derivatives. In man as well as in animals, T-2 toxin has been shown to induce ali mentary intoxication and, among others, haematological symptoms. Granulo-monocytic progenitors from human umbilical cord blood on the one hand and granulo-mono cytic progenitors from rat bone marrow on the other, were cultured in the presence of T-2 toxin (from 10-7 to 10-10 M) for 14 days. A study of concentration and effect relation ships showed a strong and rapid effect of T-2 toxin on rat colony forming unit-granulocyte and macrophage (CFU-GM) between 5.10-9 M and 10-9 M. On the other hand, human CFU-GM were able to grow in the presence of the same T-2 toxin concentrations. IC50 were determined on day 7, 10 and 14. They were, respectively, 1.6.10-9 M; 3.6.10-9 M; 1.4.10-9 M for human cells, and 2.2.10-9 M; 3.3.10-9 M; 2.6.10 -9 M for rat cells. The present study was prompted by the need to define precisely the cytotoxic and inhibitory T-2 toxin concentrations for rat and human CFU-GM. It is particularly relevant for the investigation of cellular T-2 toxin targets and in order to elucidate the mechanism of trichothecene haematotoxicity.

scholarly journals Docking Characterization and in vitro Inhibitory Activity of Flavan-3-ols and Dimeric Proanthocyanidins Against the Main Protease Activity of SARS-Cov-2

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Zhu ◽  
De-Yu Xie
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Docking Simulation ◽  
Binding Pocket ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Protease ◽  
Inhibitory Activities ◽  
The One

We report to use the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-Cov-2 to screen plant flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins. Twelve compounds, (–)-afzelechin (AF), (–)-epiafzelechin (EAF), (+)-catechin (CA), (–)-epicatechin (EC), (+)-gallocatechin (GC), (–)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (+)-catechin-3-O-gallate (CAG), (–)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate (ECG), (–)-gallocatechin-3-O-gallate (GCG), (–)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG), procyanidin A2 (PA2), and procyanidin B2 (PB2), were selected for docking simulation. The resulting data predicted that all 12 metabolites could bind to Mpro. The affinity scores of PA2 and PB2 were predicted to be −9.2, followed by ECG, GCG, EGCG, and CAG, −8.3 to −8.7, and then six flavan-3-ol aglycones, −7.0 to −7.7. Docking characterization predicted that these compounds bound to three or four subsites (S1, S1′, S2, and S4) in the binding pocket of Mpro via different spatial ways and various formation of one to four hydrogen bonds. In vitro analysis with 10 available compounds showed that CAG, ECG, GCG, EGCG, and PB2 inhibited the Mpro activity with an IC50 value, 2.98 ± 0.21, 5.21 ± 0.5, 6.38 ± 0.5, 7.51 ± 0.21, and 75.3 ± 1.29 μM, respectively, while CA, EC, EGC, GC, and PA2 did not have inhibitory activities. To further substantiate the inhibitory activities, extracts prepared from green tea (GT), two muscadine grapes (MG), cacao, and dark chocolate (DC), which are rich in CAG, ECG, GAG, EGCG, or/and PB2, were used for inhibitory assay. The resulting data showed that GT, two MG, cacao, and DC extracts inhibited the Mpro activity with an IC50 value, 2.84 ± 0.25, 29.54 ± 0.41, 29.93 ± 0.83, 153.3 ± 47.3, and 256.39 ± 66.3 μg/ml, respectively. These findings indicate that on the one hand, the structural features of flavan-3-ols are closely associated with the affinity scores; on the other hand, the galloylation and oligomeric types of flavan-3-ols are critical in creating the inhibitory activity against the Mpro activity.

scholarly journals QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF SULFONAMIDE RESISTANCE

1943 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
William M. M. Kirby ◽  
Lowell A. Rantz
Keyword(s):  
Structural Unit ◽  
Enzyme System ◽  
The Other ◽  
In Vitro Experiments ◽  
Aminobenzoic Acid ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Sulfonamide Resistance ◽  
The One

1. In vitro experiments were performed with E. coli, using a method designed for the quantitative study of various aspects of sulfonamide resistance. 2. Resistance was found to be a gradually developing process, and was demonstrated for all four drugs tested, sulfanilamide, sulfapyridine, sulfathiazole, and sulfadiazine. 3. It was shown that the degree of resistance developed was correlated with the bacteriostatic potency of the sulfonamides, and that organisms resistant to certain bacteriostatic concentrations of one sulfonamide were equally resistant to similar bacteriostatic concentrations of the other sulfonamides. 4. These observations were interpreted as indicating that the development of sulfonamide resistance represents an interaction between the organisms and the one common structural unit of all the sulfonamides, namely, the p-amino nucleus. It is also suggested that this interaction may involve the same enzyme system (or systems) as those concerned in the antagonism of the sulfonamides by para-aminobenzoic acid. 5. The relation of these findings to the broader aspects of sulfonamide resistance is discussed, and it is postulated that, despite reports to the contrary, all organisms susceptible to the bacteriostatic action of the sulfonamides are capable of becoming resistant to all of the sulfonamides.

scholarly journals In vitro Methods to Study Antioxidant and Some Biological Activities of Essential Oils: a Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 3332-3347
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
The Other ◽  
Present Review ◽  
In Vitro Methods ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Experimental Protocols ◽  
The One

As essential oils (EOs) represent a new source of efficient and safe agents for health nowadays, the present review brings together the in vitro methods widely used to evaluate the antioxidant and some biological activities especially, antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities of EOs, in order to valorize these EOs and to highlight their potential benefits. Moreover, each method cited is along with its aim, principle, advantages and limitations, experimental protocols, and notes. Hence, this review will help researchers working on EOs, to save time while accessing this summary document on the one hand, and on the other hand, it will contribute to scientific approval of in vitro antioxidant and biological effects of EOs for future useful purposes.

scholarly journals Comparison of In Vitro Efficacy of Six Disinfectants on the Hatching of Larval Eggs of Toxocara canis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilo ROMERO ◽  
Rafael HEREDIA ◽  
Manuel BOLIO ◽  
Laura MIRANDA ◽  
Laura REYES ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Benzalkonium Chloride ◽  
Solution Treatment ◽  
Toxocara Canis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ovicidal Effect ◽  
The One ◽  
Paratenic Hosts

Background: The environmental contamination with Toxocara canis eggs increases the risk of dissemination and transmission of the parasite in dogs and paratenic hosts such as humans. We aimed to evaluate different disinfectants to compare their effect on T. canis eggs. Methods: For its realization, 850 embryonated eggs were obtained, which were suspended in a solution of 5% formaldehyde and distilled water in Eppendorf tubes. In the tubes containing the 850 embryonated eggs, researchers was added 0.5 mL of each solution (enzymatic solution, sodium hypochlorite, iodopovidone, quaternary of ammonium, benzalkonium chloride, and super oxidation solution). After mixing, an aliquot was taken, observed under the microscope, and the number of broken eggs counted at different times to find the most effective ovicidal moment. Results: The enzymatic disinfectant present a significant difference (P = 0.05) with 276.06 broken eggs followed by ammonium with 105.20 broken eggs. After 10 min, the ammonium solution was the one that showed a significant difference of 50.50 hatched eggs, followed by the enzymatic 26.80 and hypochlorite 25.00 treatments. After 20 min, the enzymatic solution treatment showed a significant difference with the other solutions showing an increase of 98.80 broken eggs. In the 30 and 40-min times, only the enzymatic treatment showed a significant difference of 334.10 and 381.70 of broken eggs respectively. Conclusion: The enzymatic solution has the greatest ovicidal effect against the eggs of T. canis to present a greater number of broken eggs in a given time between 20 and 40 minutes.

The Effects of Some Non-steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs on Human Granulopoiesis In Vitro

1985 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian M.L. Gyte ◽  
J.R.B. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Phase I ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Antiinflammatory Drugs ◽  
Phase I Studies ◽  
In Vitro Technique ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Non Steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs

By measuring colony forming units in culture (CFU-C), the effects of the non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs indoprofen (24mg/1; 39μM), indomethacin (24mg/1; 67μM), and phenylbutazone (12mg/l; 39μM) on human granulopoiesis in vitro were compared with those of chloramphenicol (57mg/l; 176μM) in 18 bone marrow samples. Inhibitions of 10–92% (median 54%) for indoprofen, -13–86% (median 34%) for ibuprofen, 0–86% (median 42%) for indomethacin and -26–75% (median 3%) for phenylbutazone were observed, with chloramphenicol showing inhibitions of 11–100% (median 70%). A further patient, who had developed agranulocytosis during indoprofen treatment, subsequently showed no greater sensitivity to that drug in vitro than the other patients studied. This in vitro technique may be useful in Phase I studies on new drugs.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE OXIDATION AND REDUCTION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES

1927 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 735-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Neill ◽  
William L. Fleming ◽  
Emidio L. Gaspari
Keyword(s):  
Oxidation Product ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Antigenic Properties ◽  
Hemolytic Action ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The One

The following modifications of the antigen (pneumococcus hemotoxin) were studied: (1) the hemolytically active (reduced) substance; (2) the hemolytically inactive, reversible oxidation product; (3) the inactive irreversible products formed by treatment With high concentrations of H2O2; (4) the inactive products formed by heat. The antibody-invoking property of the reversibly oxidized form seemed to be identical with that of the original, hemolytically active or reduced form; neither of the other two hemolytically inactive products invoked antibody production. The same modifications of the antigen which exhibited the antibody-invoking property in vivo possessed the antibody-combining property in vitro; and the modifications which lacked the one property also lacked the other. Evidence is presented that the groups of the hemotoxin molecule in which the true antigenic properties are resident are not necessarily altered by processes which inactivate the groupings responsible for the toxic (hemolytic) action of the original antigen. The lack of antigenic properties on the part of the other two hemolytically inactive modifications is evidence that the treatment employed to alter the toxic property of the molecule must be properly chosen to avoid profound changes which affect the antigenically effective groupings. From an immunological point of view, the reversibility of the antigenically effective oxidation product of pneumococcus hemotoxin is important as an index that the loss of toxicity (hemolysis) was accomplished without a profound change in the molecule. The theoretical significance of the antigenicity of non-toxic modifications of toxic antigens is discussed.

scholarly journals Purification and characterization of diacetyl-reducing enzymes from Staphylococcus aureus

1988 ◽  
Vol 251 (2) ◽  
pp. 461-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Vidal ◽  
J González ◽  
A Bernardo ◽  
R Martín
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Purification And Characterization ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Optimum Ph ◽  
Nad Oxidoreductase ◽  
The One

A method was developed to purify diacetyl-reducing enzymes from Staphylococcus aureus. Two enzymes capable of catalysing diacetyl reduction were isolated, neither of which turned out to be a specific diacetyl reductase. One of them is a lactate dehydrogenase similar to the one from Staphylococcus epidermidis, which accepts diacetyl, although poorly. The other one uses as coenzyme beta-NAD and reduces uncharged alpha-dicarbonyls with more than three carbon atoms (especially the alpha-diketones diacetyl and pentane-2,3-dione), producing the L(+) form of the corresponding alpha-hydroxycarbonyls. This enzyme has an Mr of 68,000 and is, most probably, a monomer. Its optimum pH is 6.0. Its shows a high affinity for NADH and a rather low one for diacetyl, which, at least in vitro, does not seem to be as good a substrate as pentane-2,3-dione. We propose for it the systematic name L-alpha-hydroxyketone: NAD+ oxidoreductase and the recommended name of alpha-diketone reductase (NAD). We also suggest that the diacetyl reductase entry in the I.U.B. classification be suppressed.

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