Neuregulin 1-alpha regulates phosphorylation, acetylation, and alternative splicing in lymphoblastoid cells

Neuregulins (NRGs) are signaling molecules involved in various cellular and developmental processes. Abnormal expression and (or) genomic variations of some of these molecules, such as NRG1, have been associated with disease conditions such as cancer and schizophrenia. To gain a comprehensive molecular insight into possible pathways/networks regulated by NRG1-alpha, we performed a global expression profiling analysis on lymphoblastoid cell lines exposed to NRG1-alpha. Our data show that this signaling molecule mainly regulates coordinated expression of genes involved in three processes: phosphorylation, acetylation, and alternative splicing. These processes have fundamental roles in proper development and function of various tissues including the central nervous system (CNS)—a fact that may explain conditions associated with NRG1 dysregulations such as schizophrenia. The data also suggest NRG1-alpha regulates genes (FBXO41) and miRNAs (miR-33) involved in cholesterol metabolism. Moreover, RPN2, a gene already shown to be dysregulated in breast cancer cells, is also differentially regulated by NRG1-alpha treatment.

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Searching for new therapy options – the microbiome in the spotlight of stroke research

The Biochemist ◽

10.1042/bio03902018 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 18-21

Author(s):

Andreas Meisel ◽

Katarzyna Winek

Keyword(s):

Neurological Disorders ◽

Proper Function ◽

Disease States ◽

Stroke Research ◽

Trace Back ◽

Microbiome Research ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Basic Ideas ◽

And Function ◽

Insight Into

Commensal microorganisms are indispensable for the proper function of the central nervous system, and alterations in the composition and function of the microbiome are linked to different disease states. In this feature, we provide insight into microbiome research from a neuroscientific perspective and trace back basic ideas concerning the contribution of the microbiome to the pathophysiological processes in stroke – one of the most important neurological disorders.

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Acute toluene exposure alters expression of genes in the central nervous system associated with synaptic structure and function

Neurotoxicology and Teratology ◽

10.1016/j.ntt.2011.07.008 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 33 (5) ◽

pp. 521-529 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Susan D. Hester ◽

Andrew F.M. Johnstone ◽

William K. Boyes ◽

Philip J. Bushnell ◽

Timothy J. Shafer

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Synaptic Structure ◽

Expression Of Genes ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Toluene Exposure ◽

And Function

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The Impact of Phytosterols on the Healthy and Diseased Brain

Current Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/0929867325666180706113844 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (37) ◽

pp. 6750-6765 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tess Dierckx ◽

Jeroen F.J. Bogie ◽

Jerome J.A. Hendriks

Keyword(s):

Cholesterol Metabolism ◽

Neurological Diseases ◽

Physiological Role ◽

Cholesterol Homeostasis ◽

Brain Functioning ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

And Function ◽

The Impact ◽

The Brain

The central nervous system (CNS) is the most cholesterol-rich organ in mammals. Cholesterol homeostasis is essential for proper brain functioning and dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism can lead to neurological problems. Multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are examples of neurological diseases that are characterized by a disturbed cholesterol metabolism. Phytosterols (PS) are plant-derived components that structurally and functionally resemble cholesterol. PS are known for their cholesterol-lowering properties. Due to their ability to reach the brain, researchers have started to investigate the physiological role of PS in the CNS. In this review, the metabolism and function of PS in the diseased and healthy CNS are discussed.

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Structure and function of neural networks in the retina

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100102213 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 26-27

Author(s):

Peter Sterling

Keyword(s):

Ganglion Cells ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Synaptic Connections ◽

Visual Axis ◽

One Dimensional ◽

Cat Retina ◽

Ultrathin Sections ◽

And Function ◽

Insight Into

The synaptic connections in cat retina that link photoreceptors to ganglion cells have been analyzed quantitatively. Our approach has been to prepare serial, ultrathin sections and photograph en montage at low magnification (˜2000X) in the electron microscope. Six series, 100-300 sections long, have been prepared over the last decade. They derive from different cats but always from the same region of retina, about one degree from the center of the visual axis. The material has been analyzed by reconstructing adjacent neurons in each array and then identifying systematically the synaptic connections between arrays. Most reconstructions were done manually by tracing the outlines of processes in successive sections onto acetate sheets aligned on a cartoonist's jig. The tracings were then digitized, stacked by computer, and printed with the hidden lines removed. The results have provided rather than the usual one-dimensional account of pathways, a three-dimensional account of circuits. From this has emerged insight into the functional architecture.

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The Central Nervous System, Structure and Function, Second Edition

Archives of Neurology ◽

10.1001/archneur.55.11.1485-a ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 55 (11) ◽

pp. 1485-a-1486

Author(s):

G. Y. Chang

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Structure And Function ◽

System Structure ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

And Function

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Natural Products for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Current Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/0929867326666190527120614 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (34) ◽

pp. 5790-5828 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ze Wang ◽

Chunyang He ◽

Jing-Shan Shi

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Natural Products ◽

Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽

Neuroprotective Effect ◽

Rapid Development ◽

New Drugs ◽

Progressive Degeneration ◽

Cord Injury ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

And Function

Neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by the progressive degeneration of the structure and function of the central nervous system or peripheral nervous system. Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) are the common neurodegenerative diseases, which typically occur in people over the age of 60. With the rapid development of an aged society, over 60 million people worldwide are suffering from these uncurable diseases. Therefore, the search for new drugs and therapeutic methods has become an increasingly important research topic. Natural products especially those from the Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs), are the most important sources of drugs, and have received extensive interest among pharmacist. In this review, in order to facilitate further chemical modification of those useful natural products by pharmacists, we will bring together recent studies in single natural compound from TCMs with neuroprotective effect.

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Computational Approaches to Predict the Non-canonical DNAs

Current Bioinformatics ◽

10.2174/1574893614666190126143438 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 470-479 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Nazia Parveen ◽

Amen Shamim ◽

Seunghee Cho ◽

Kyeong Kyu Kim

Keyword(s):

Computational Methods ◽

Genetic Instability ◽

Computational Prediction ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Sequence Motifs ◽

Computational Approaches ◽

Functional Roles ◽

And Function ◽

Genetic Events ◽

Insight Into

Background: Although most nucleotides in the genome form canonical double-stranded B-DNA, many repeated sequences transiently present as non-canonical conformations (non-B DNA) such as triplexes, quadruplexes, Z-DNA, cruciforms, and slipped/hairpins. Those noncanonical DNAs (ncDNAs) are not only associated with many genetic events such as replication, transcription, and recombination, but are also related to the genetic instability that results in the predisposition to disease. Due to the crucial roles of ncDNAs in cellular and genetic functions, various computational methods have been implemented to predict sequence motifs that generate ncDNA. Objective: Here, we review strategies for the identification of ncDNA motifs across the whole genome, which is necessary for further understanding and investigation of the structure and function of ncDNAs. Conclusion: There is a great demand for computational prediction of non-canonical DNAs that play key functional roles in gene expression and genome biology. In this study, we review the currently available computational methods for predicting the non-canonical DNAs in the genome. Current studies not only provide an insight into the computational methods for predicting the secondary structures of DNA but also increase our understanding of the roles of non-canonical DNA in the genome.

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Anatomy for Dental Students

10.1093/oso/9780199234462.001.0001 ◽

2013 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Martin E. Atkinson

Keyword(s):

Clinical Practice ◽

Dental Students ◽

Multiple Choice Questions ◽

Developmental Anatomy ◽

Form And Function ◽

Full Color ◽

Online Resource ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

And Function ◽

Key Resources

Anatomy for Dental Students, Fourth Edition, demonstrates and explains all the anatomy needed for a modern dentistry undergraduate course. This text covers developmental anatomy, the thorax, the central nervous system, and the head and neck with an emphasis on the practical application of anatomical knowledge. This new edition has been extensively revised and updated in line with contemporary teaching and dental practice. Over 300 new full color diagrams map all the anatomical regions that dental students need to know, while the lively and accesible text guides the reader's learning. Throughout Clinical Application Boxes demonstrate how the form and function of anatomy have consequences for clinical practice. Sidelines boxes contain additional descriptions for key anatomical structures. This text is supported by an Online Resource Centre with multiple choice questions, drag and drop figure exercises, and links to key resources to help readers to consolidate and extend their knowledge of anatomy. Anatomy for Dental Students brings together anatomical structure, function, and their relationship to clinical practice, making it ideal for dental students.

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Significance of Mast Cell Formed Extracellular Traps in Microbial Defense

Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology ◽

10.1007/s12016-021-08861-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel Elieh Ali Komi ◽

Wolfgang M. Kuebler

Keyword(s):

State Of The Art ◽

Extracellular Dna ◽

Cellular Mechanisms ◽

Extracellular Traps ◽

Synthetic Chemicals ◽

Dna Strands ◽

Associated Proteins ◽

Microbial Defense ◽

And Function ◽

Insight Into

AbstractMast cells (MCs) are critically involved in microbial defense by releasing antimicrobial peptides (such as cathelicidin LL-37 and defensins) and phagocytosis of microbes. In past years, it has become evident that in addition MCs may eliminate invading pathogens by ejection of web-like structures of DNA strands embedded with proteins known together as extracellular traps (ETs). Upon stimulation of resting MCs with various microorganisms, their products (including superantigens and toxins), or synthetic chemicals, MCs become activated and enter into a multistage process that includes disintegration of the nuclear membrane, release of chromatin into the cytoplasm, adhesion of cytoplasmic granules on the emerging DNA web, and ejection of the complex into the extracellular space. This so-called ETosis is often associated with cell death of the producing MC, and the type of stimulus potentially determines the ratio of surviving vs. killed MCs. Comparison of different microorganisms with specific elimination characteristics such as S pyogenes (eliminated by MCs only through extracellular mechanisms), S aureus (removed by phagocytosis), fungi, and parasites has revealed important aspects of MC extracellular trap (MCET) biology. Molecular studies identified that the formation of MCET depends on NADPH oxidase-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this review, we summarize the present state-of-the-art on the biological relevance of MCETosis, and its underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms. We also provide an overview over the techniques used to study the structure and function of MCETs, including electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy using specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to detect MCET-associated proteins such as tryptase and histones, and cell-impermeant DNA dyes for labeling of extracellular DNA. Comparing the type and biofunction of further MCET decorating proteins with ETs produced by other immune cells may help provide a better insight into MCET biology in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders as well as microbial defense.

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