scholarly journals Searching for new therapy options – the microbiome in the spotlight of stroke research

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-21
Author(s):  
Andreas Meisel ◽  
Katarzyna Winek
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Proper Function ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Stroke Research ◽  
Trace Back ◽  
Microbiome Research ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Basic Ideas ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into

Commensal microorganisms are indispensable for the proper function of the central nervous system, and alterations in the composition and function of the microbiome are linked to different disease states. In this feature, we provide insight into microbiome research from a neuroscientific perspective and trace back basic ideas concerning the contribution of the microbiome to the pathophysiological processes in stroke – one of the most important neurological disorders.

scholarly journals Toward a Global Public Repository of Community Protocols to Encourage Best Practices in Biomolecular Ocean Observing and Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robyn M. Samuel ◽  
Raissa Meyer ◽  
Pier Luigi Buttigieg ◽  
Neil Davies ◽  
Nicholas W. Jeffery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Ocean Science ◽  
Microbiome Research ◽  
Publicly Supported ◽  
And Function ◽  
Ocean Observing ◽  
Insight Into

Biomolecular ocean observing and research is a rapidly evolving field that uses omics approaches to describe biodiversity at its foundational level, giving insight into the structure and function of marine ecosystems over time and space. It is an especially effective approach for investigating the marine microbiome. To mature marine microbiome research and operations within a global ocean biomolecular observing network (OBON) for the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development and beyond, research groups will need a system to effectively share, discover, and compare “omic” practices and protocols. While numerous informatic tools and standards exist, there is currently no global, publicly-supported platform specifically designed for sharing marine omics [or any omics] protocols across the entire value-chain from initiating a study to the publication and use of its results. Toward that goal, we propose the development of the Minimum Information for an Omic Protocol (MIOP), a community-developed guide of curated, standardized metadata tags and categories that will orient protocols in the value-chain for the facilitated, structured, and user-driven discovery of suitable protocol suites on the Ocean Best Practices System. Users can annotate their protocols with these tags, or use them as search criteria to find appropriate protocols. Implementing such a curated repository is an essential step toward establishing best practices. Sharing protocols and encouraging comparisons through this repository will be the first steps toward designing a decision tree to guide users to community endorsed best practices.

Inflammatory cytokines within the central nervous system: sources, function, and mechanism of action

1992 ◽  
Vol 263 (1) ◽  
pp. C1-C16 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. N. Benveniste
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Activated T Lymphocytes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Function

In recent years, there has been increasing evidence that soluble mediators such as cytokines from activated T lymphocytes and macrophages are able to modulate the growth and function of cells found within the central nervous system (CNS), specifically macroglia and microglia cells. Furthermore, glial cells, upon activation, can secrete immunoregulatory factors that influence lymphoid/mononuclear cells as well as the glial cells themselves. Thus the potential exists for bidirectional communication between lymphoid cells and glial cells within the CNS, which in part is mediated via cytokines. This review describes various neurological disease states in which both immune and glial cells may contribute to inflammation and immunologic events occurring in the CNS. The mechanisms by which glial cells both respond to and synthesize a variety of cytokines within the CNS and the capacity of glial cells to acquire major histocompatibility complex antigens and function as antigen-presenting cells within the CNS are described in detail. The implications of these functions, cytokine secretion and antigen presentation, by glial cells are discussed with respect to neurological diseases associated with autoimmunity and/or inflammation.

scholarly journals Restriction of Manganese Intake Prevents the Onset of Brain Manganese Overload in Zip14−/− Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 6773
Author(s):  
Yuze Wu ◽  
Guojun Wei ◽  
Ningning Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Manganese Transport ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into

As a newly identified manganese transport protein, ZIP14 is highly expressed in the small intestine and liver, which are the two principal organs involved in regulating systemic manganese homeostasis. Loss of ZIP14 function leads to manganese overload in both humans and mice. Excess manganese in the body primarily affects the central nervous system, resulting in irreversible neurological disorders. Therefore, to prevent the onset of brain manganese accumulation becomes critical. In this study, we used Zip14−/− mice as a model for ZIP14 deficiency and discovered that these mice were born without manganese loading in the brain, but started to hyper-accumulate manganese within 3 weeks after birth. We demonstrated that decreasing manganese intake in Zip14−/− mice was effective in preventing manganese overload that typically occurs in these animals. Our results provide important insight into future studies that are targeted to reduce the onset of manganese accumulation associated with ZIP14 dysfunction in humans.

scholarly journals Notch signaling in the pathologic adult brain

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 465-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Mathieu ◽  
Pamela V. Martino Adami ◽  
Laura Morelli
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Notch Signaling ◽  
Neuronal Death ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Function ◽  
Neural Dysfunction

AbstractAlong the entire lifetime, Notch is actively involved in dynamic changes in the cellular architecture and function of the nervous system. It controls neurogenesis, the growth of axons and dendrites, synaptic plasticity, and ultimately neuronal death. The specific roles of Notch in adult brain plasticity and neurological disorders have begun to be unraveled in recent years, and pieces of experimental evidence suggest that Notch is operative in diverse brain pathologies including tumorigenesis, stroke, and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Down syndrome, and multiple sclerosis. In this review, we will cover the recent findings of Notch signaling and neural dysfunction in adult human brain and discuss its relevance in the pathogenesis of diseases of the central nervous system.

scholarly journals COVID-19-Associated Neurological Disorders: The Potential Route of CNS Invasion and Blood-Brain Barrier Relevance

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aneesha Achar ◽  
Chaitali Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Human Respiratory Tract ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Insight Into

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel human coronavirus that has sparked a global pandemic of the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19). The virus invades human cells through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor-driven pathway, primarily targeting the human respiratory tract. However, emerging reports of neurological manifestations demonstrate the neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV-2. This review highlights the possible routes by which SARS-CoV-2 may invade the central nervous system (CNS) and provides insight into recent case reports of COVID-19-associated neurological disorders, namely ischaemic stroke, encephalitis, encephalopathy, epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, and inflammatory-mediated neurological disorders. We hypothesize that SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion, neuroinflammation, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction may be implicated in the development of the observed disorders; however, further research is critical to understand the detailed mechanisms and pathway of infectivity behind CNS pathogenesis.

Effects of P-gpMAbNano-structured material nanoparticles on epilepsy and expression of SRY-related HMG Box 21 in epilepsy

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-593
Author(s):  
Qi Li ◽  
Jing Deng ◽  
Juan Yang ◽  
Tao Xu ◽  
Xinyuan Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Hmg Box ◽  
Transcription Inhibitors ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Function ◽  
Necrosis Factor

SRY-related HMG box (SOX)21, one of the most highly expressed transcription inhibitors in the central nervous system (CNS), is involved in neurogenesis-related transcription and proliferation, which are associated with certain neurological disorders. However, it is the role of SOX21 in the pathogenesis of epilepsy remains unclear. In this study, our aim was to examine the expression and function of SOX21 in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), as well as pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-kindled rats, and to identify the possible roles of SOX21 in epileptogenesis. We found that SOX21 localized in neurons is upregulated, especially in TLE patients. SOX21 is present in the hippocampus or adjacent temporal cortex in the PTZ-kindled epileptic rat model. In addition, the P-gpMAbNano-structured material (PNM) nanoparticles carrying anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) were injected into the epileptic model rats using an intravenous injection. The expression of tumor necrosis factor peptide in the rats was detected to verify whether the drug-carrying nanoparticles could bypass macrophages and reach the target for treatment. We also found an interaction between SOX21 and SOX2 in PTZ-kindled rats. These results indicate that SOX21 is mainly located in neurons and may regulate the pathogenesis of epilepsy, possibly in association with SOX2. Moreover, PNM nanoparticles equipped with AEDs can reach the target through macrophages in vivo, providing a new approach for the clinical treatment of epilepsy.

scholarly journals The Impact of the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 Axis in Neurological Disorders

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 2277
Author(s):  
Paulina Pawelec ◽  
Malgorzata Ziemka-Nalecz ◽  
Joanna Sypecka ◽  
Teresa Zalewska
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Microglial Response ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Receptor Cx3cr1 ◽  
Disease Specific

Fractalkine (FKN, CX3CL1) is a transmembrane chemokine expressed by neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). CX3CL1 signals through its unique receptor, CX3CR1, that is expressed in microglia. Within the CNS, fractalkine acts as a regulator of microglia activation in response to brain injury or inflammation. During the last decade, there has been a growing interest in the roles that the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling pathway plays in the neuropathology of a diverse array of brain disorders. However, the reported results have proven controversial, indicating that a disruption of the CX3CL1 axis induces a disease-specific microglial response that may have either beneficial or detrimental effects. Therefore, it has become clear that the understanding of neuron-to-glia signals mediated by CX3CL1/CX3CR1 at different stages of diseases could provide new insight into potential therapeutic targets. Hence, the aim of this review is to provide a summary of the literature on the emerging role of CX3CL1 in animal models of some brain disorders.

Neuregulin 1-alpha regulates phosphorylation, acetylation, and alternative splicing in lymphoblastoid cells

Genome ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 619-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad M. Ghahramani Seno ◽  
Fuad G. Gwadry ◽  
Pingzhao Hu ◽  
Stephen W. Scherer
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Splicing ◽  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
Neuregulin 1 ◽  
Genomic Variations ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Coordinated Expression ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Function ◽  
Profiling Analysis ◽  
Insight Into

Neuregulins (NRGs) are signaling molecules involved in various cellular and developmental processes. Abnormal expression and (or) genomic variations of some of these molecules, such as NRG1, have been associated with disease conditions such as cancer and schizophrenia. To gain a comprehensive molecular insight into possible pathways/networks regulated by NRG1-alpha, we performed a global expression profiling analysis on lymphoblastoid cell lines exposed to NRG1-alpha. Our data show that this signaling molecule mainly regulates coordinated expression of genes involved in three processes: phosphorylation, acetylation, and alternative splicing. These processes have fundamental roles in proper development and function of various tissues including the central nervous system (CNS)—a fact that may explain conditions associated with NRG1 dysregulations such as schizophrenia. The data also suggest NRG1-alpha regulates genes (FBXO41) and miRNAs (miR-33) involved in cholesterol metabolism. Moreover, RPN2, a gene already shown to be dysregulated in breast cancer cells, is also differentially regulated by NRG1-alpha treatment.

Structure and function of neural networks in the retina

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Peter Sterling
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Visual Axis ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Cat Retina ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into

The synaptic connections in cat retina that link photoreceptors to ganglion cells have been analyzed quantitatively. Our approach has been to prepare serial, ultrathin sections and photograph en montage at low magnification (˜2000X) in the electron microscope. Six series, 100-300 sections long, have been prepared over the last decade. They derive from different cats but always from the same region of retina, about one degree from the center of the visual axis. The material has been analyzed by reconstructing adjacent neurons in each array and then identifying systematically the synaptic connections between arrays. Most reconstructions were done manually by tracing the outlines of processes in successive sections onto acetate sheets aligned on a cartoonist's jig. The tracings were then digitized, stacked by computer, and printed with the hidden lines removed. The results have provided rather than the usual one-dimensional account of pathways, a three-dimensional account of circuits. From this has emerged insight into the functional architecture.

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