Natural Products for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (34) ◽  
pp. 5790-5828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ze Wang ◽  
Chunyang He ◽  
Jing-Shan Shi
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Progressive Degeneration ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Function

Neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by the progressive degeneration of the structure and function of the central nervous system or peripheral nervous system. Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) are the common neurodegenerative diseases, which typically occur in people over the age of 60. With the rapid development of an aged society, over 60 million people worldwide are suffering from these uncurable diseases. Therefore, the search for new drugs and therapeutic methods has become an increasingly important research topic. Natural products especially those from the Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs), are the most important sources of drugs, and have received extensive interest among pharmacist. In this review, in order to facilitate further chemical modification of those useful natural products by pharmacists, we will bring together recent studies in single natural compound from TCMs with neuroprotective effect.

scholarly journals Current Understanding of Central Nervous System Drainage Systems: Implications in the Context of Neurodegenerative Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 1054-1063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. Nikolenko ◽  
Marine V. Oganesyan ◽  
Angela D. Vovkogon ◽  
Arina T. Nikitina ◽  
Ekaterina A. Sozonova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Glymphatic System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
And Function

Until recently, it was thought that there were no lymphatic vessels in the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, all metabolic processes were assumed to take place only in the circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and through the blood-brain barrier’s (BBB), which regulate ion transport and ensure the functioning of the CNS. However, recent findings yield a new perspective: There is an exchange of CSF with interstitial fluid (ISF), which is drained to the paravenous space and reaches lymphatic nodes at the end. This circulation is known as the glymphatic system. The glymphatic system is an extensive network of meningeal lymphatic vessels (MLV) in the basal area of the skull that provides another path for waste products from CNS to reach the bloodstream. MLV develop postnatally, initially appearing around the foramina in the basal part of the skull and the spinal cord, thereafter sprouting along the skull’s blood vessels and spinal nerves in various areas of the meninges. VEGF-C protein (vascular endothelial growth factor), expressed mainly by vascular smooth cells, plays an important role in the development of the MLV. The regenerative potential and plasticity of MLV and the novel discoveries related to CNS drainage offer potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia, hydrocephalus, stroke, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer disease (AD). Herein, we present an overview of the structure and function of the glymphatic system and MLV, and their potential involvement in the pathology and progression of neurodegenerative diseases.

scholarly journals Natural Products and Their Bioactive Compounds: Neuroprotective Potentials against Neurodegenerative Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Shafika Mohd Sairazi ◽  
K. N. S. Sirajudeen
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Neuronal Cell Death ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Neuronal Structure ◽  
And Function

In recent years, natural products, which originate from plants, animals, and fungi, together with their bioactive compounds have been intensively explored and studied for their therapeutic potentials for various diseases such as cardiovascular, diabetes, hypertension, reproductive, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are characterized by the progressive dysfunction and loss of neuronal structure and function that resulted in the neuronal cell death. Since the multifactorial pathological mechanisms are associated with neurodegeneration, targeting multiple mechanisms of actions and neuroprotection approach, which involves preventing cell death and restoring the function to damaged neurons, could be promising strategies for the prevention and therapeutic of neurodegenerative diseases. Natural products have emerged as potential neuroprotective agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. This review focused on the therapeutic potential of natural products and their bioactive compounds to exert a neuroprotective effect on the pathologies of neurodegenerative diseases.

scholarly journals The role of connexin43 in neuropathic pain induced by spinal cord injury

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 555-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anhui Wang ◽  
Changshui Xu
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Pain Models ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Function

Abstract Neuropathic pain is caused by the damage or dysfunction of the nervous system. In many neuropathic pain models, there is an increase in the number of gap junction (GJ) channels, especially the upregulation of the expression of connexin43 (Cx43), leading to the secretion of various types of cytokines and involvement in the formation of neuropathic pain. GJs are widely distributed in mammalian organs and tissues, and Cx43 is the most abundant connexin (Cx) in mammals. Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cell type in the central nervous system (CNS), which mainly express Cx43. More importantly, GJs play an important role in regulating cell metabolism, signaling, and function. Many existing literatures showed that Cx43 plays an important role in the nervous system, especially in the CNS under normal and pathological conditions. However, many internal mechanisms have not yet been thoroughly explored. In this review, we summarized the current understanding of the role and association of Cx and pannexin channels in neuropathic pain, especially after spinal cord injury, as well as some of our own insights and thoughts which suggest that Cx43 may become an emerging therapeutic target for future neuropathic pain, bringing new hope to patients.

scholarly journals Kainic Acid-Induced Excitotoxicity Experimental Model: Protective Merits of Natural Products and Plant Extracts

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Shafika Mohd Sairazi ◽  
K. N. S. Sirajudeen ◽  
Mohd Asnizam Asari ◽  
Mustapha Muzaimi ◽  
Swamy Mummedy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Kainic Acid ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Inflammatory Mediator Production ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Excitotoxicity is well recognized as a major pathological process of neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases involving the central nervous system (CNS). In the animal models of neurodegeneration, excitotoxicity is commonly induced experimentally by chemical convulsants, particularly kainic acid (KA). KA-induced excitotoxicity in rodent models has been shown to result in seizures, behavioral changes, oxidative stress, glial activation, inflammatory mediator production, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and selective neurodegeneration in the brain upon KA administration. Recently, there is an emerging trend to search for natural sources to combat against excitotoxicity-associated neurodegenerative diseases. Natural products and plant extracts had attracted a considerable amount of attention because of their reported beneficial effects on the CNS, particularly their neuroprotective effect against excitotoxicity. They provide significant reduction and/or protection against the development and progression of acute and chronic neurodegeneration. This indicates that natural products and plants extracts may be useful in protecting against excitotoxicity-associated neurodegeneration. Thus, targeting of multiple pathways simultaneously may be the strategy to maximize the neuroprotection effect. This review summarizes the mechanisms involved in KA-induced excitotoxicity and attempts to collate the various researches related to the protective effect of natural products and plant extracts in the KA model of neurodegeneration.

scholarly journals The Implication of Reticulons (RTNs) in Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Potential Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4630
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Kulczyńska-Przybik ◽  
Piotr Mroczko ◽  
Maciej Dulewicz ◽  
Barbara Mroczko
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Pleiotropic Functions ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Reticulons (RTNs) are crucial regulatory factors in the central nervous system (CNS) as well as immune system and play pleiotropic functions. In CNS, RTNs are transmembrane proteins mediating neuroanatomical plasticity and functional recovery after central nervous system injury or diseases. Moreover, RTNs, particularly RTN4 and RTN3, are involved in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation processes. The crucial role of RTNs in the development of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or other neurological conditions such as brain injury or spinal cord injury, has attracted scientific interest. Reticulons, particularly RTN-4A (Nogo-A), could provide both an understanding of early pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders and be potential therapeutic targets which may offer effective treatment or inhibit disease progression. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms and functions of RTNs and their potential usefulness in clinical practice as a diagnostic tool or therapeutic strategy.

scholarly journals Central Nervous System Cell-Derived Exosomes in Neurodegenerative Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Yang Tian ◽  
Chen Fu ◽  
Yifan Wu ◽  
Yao Lu ◽  
Xuemei Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Glia Cells ◽  
Central Nervous System Cell ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
System Cell ◽  
Almost All

Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicles secreted by almost all kinds of mammalian cells that shuttle “cargo” from one cell to another, indicative of its role in cell-to-cell transportation. Interestingly, exosomes are known to undergo alterations or serve as a pathway in multiple diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. In the central nervous system (CNS), exosomes originating from neurons or glia cells contribute to or inhibit the progression of CNS-related diseases in special ways. In lieu of this, the current study investigated the effect of CNS cell-derived exosomes on different neurodegenerative diseases.

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