Exercising women with menstrual disturbances consume low energy dense foods and beverages

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 382-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Reed ◽  
Jessica L. Bowell ◽  
Brenna R. Hill ◽  
Brittany A. Williams ◽  
Mary Jane De Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Beverage Consumption ◽  
Diet Records ◽  
Exercising Women ◽  
Age Of Menarche

Women with exercise-associated menstrual cycle disturbances (EAMD) restrict energy intake. Reducing energy density (ED; kcals·g–1of food or beverage) may be a strategy employed by EAMD women to maintain lower energy intake. The purpose of this study was 3-fold: to determine whether EAMD women consume low ED diets; to identify food groups associated with low ED; and to determine concentrations of total peptide YY (PYY), a satiety factor. Twenty-five active females were divided into 2 groups, according to menstrual status: EAMD (n = 12) and ovulatory controls (OV) (n = 13). Two 3-day diet records were analyzed for ED and other parameters. Body composition, fitness, resting metabolic rate, and PYY were measured. Groups did not differ in age, age of menarche, body mass index, maximal aerobic capacity, body fat (%), or amount of exercise per week. For fat mass (12.4 ± 1.7 vs. 14.9 ± 3.5 kg; p = 0.046), energy availability (28.8 ± 11.5 vs. 42.1 ± 9.2 kcal·kg–1FFM; p = 0.006), and energy intake (29.8 ± 9.2 vs. 36.3 ± 10.6 kcals·kg–1BW; p = 0.023), EAMD was lower than OV. ED was lower in EAMD than in OV (0.77 ± 0.06 vs. 1.06 ± 0.09 kcal·g–1; p = 0.018) when all beverages were included, but not when noncaloric beverages were excluded. Vegetable (p = 0.047) and condiment (p = 0.014) consumption and fasting PYY (pg·mL–1) (p = 0.006) were higher in EAMD. EAMD ate a lower ED diet through increased vegetable, condiment, and noncaloric beverage consumption, and exhibited higher PYY concentrations. These behaviors may represent a successful strategy to restrict calories and maximize satiety.

scholarly journals Energy Availability and RED-S Risk Factors in Competitive, Non-elite Male Endurance Athletes

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Amy R Lane ◽  
Anthony C Hackney ◽  
Abbie E Smith-Ryan ◽  
Kristen Kucera ◽  
Johna K Register-Mikalik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Bone Biomarkers ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Energy Deficiency

Energy Availability and RED-S Risk Factors in Competitive, Non-elite Male Endurance Athletes Amy R Lane1, Anthony C Hackney()1, Abbie E Smith-Ryan1, Kristen Kucera1, Johna K Register-Mihalik1 and Kristin Ondrak1  1Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA © The Authors   Abstract Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) is predicated on the assumption that low energy availability (EA) induces deficiencies-dysfunction in multiple physiologic systems. However, research on RED-S and EA in male athletes is limited in comparison to women. The aim of this study is to investigate EA and the risk factors for RED-S, and their potential associations in non-elite male endurance athletes. Laboratory assessments for resting metabolic rate (RMR), bone mineral density (BMD), blood hormonal biomarkers and maximal aerobic capacity were conducted on 60 competitive, recreationally trained male endurance athletes (age=43.4±11.6 years [mean±SD], training=10.9±2.7 h/wk, 7.1±8.8 years). Participants provided 7-days of training logs and 4-days of diet records. Diet and training records were used to calculate EA. Correlations were used to examine associations between EA and RMR, BMD, stress fractures and reproductive, metabolic and bone biomarkers. Mean EA was 28.7±13.4 kcal/kg fat free mass (FFM), which categorized our sample as low EA (based upon published criterion, < 30 kcal/kg FFM) and at a high risk for RED-S. Hormonal and bone biomarkers were in normal clinical ranges, even though EA was low. The only interesting significant association was EA being negatively associated with total body BMD (r=–0.360, P=0.005), opposite of expectations. On average our subjects displayed a state of low EA based upon the criterion which has been primarily developed from female-based research. Nonetheless, our participants displayed no major hormonal or bone health disturbances found in athletes diagnosed with RED-S. A value of < 30 kcal/kg FFM to diagnose low EA may not be appropriate for non-elite endurance trained men. 

Induction and prevention of low-T3 syndrome in exercising women

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (5) ◽  
pp. R924-R930 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Loucks ◽  
R. Callister
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Low T3 Syndrome ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Reverse T3 ◽  
Dietary Energy Intake ◽  
Low T3 ◽  
Exercising Women

To investigate the influence of exercise on thyroid metabolism, 46 healthy young regularly menstruating sedentary women were randomly assigned to a 3 x 2 experimental design of aerobic exercise and energy availability treatments. Energy availability was defined as dietary energy intake minus energy expenditure during exercise. After 4 days of treatments, low energy availability (8 vs. 30 kcal.kg body wt-1.day-1) had reduced 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) by 15% and free T3 (fT3) by 18% and had increased thyroxine (T4) by 7% and reverse T3 (rT3) by 24% (all P < 0.01), whereas free T4 (fT4) was unchanged (P = 0.08). Exercise quantity (0 vs. 1,300 kcal/day) and intensity (40 vs. 70% of aerobic capacity) did not affect any thyroid hormone (all P > 0.10). That is, low-T3 syndrome was induced by the energy cost of exercise and was prevented in exercising women by increasing dietary energy intake. Selective observation of low-T3 syndrome in amenorrheic and not in regularly menstruating athletes suggests that exercise may compromise the availability of energy for reproductive function in humans. If so, athletic amenorrhea might be prevented or reversed through dietary reform without reducing exercise quantity or intensity.

scholarly journals Sources of excessive saturated fat, trans fat and sugar consumption in Brazil: an analysis of the first Brazilian nationwide individual dietary survey

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosangela A Pereira ◽  
Kiyah J Duffey ◽  
Rosely Sichieri ◽  
Barry M Popkin
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Added Sugars

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the patterns of consumption of foods high in solid fats and added sugars (SoFAS) in Brazil.DesignCross-sectional study; individual dietary intake survey. Food intake was assessed by means of two non-consecutive food records. Foods providing >9·1 % of energy from saturated fat, or >1·3 % of energy from trans fat, or >13 % of energy from added sugars per 100 g were classified as high in SoFAS.SettingBrazilian nationwide survey, 2008–2009.SubjectsIndividuals aged ≥10 years old.ResultsMean daily energy intake was 8037 kJ (1921 kcal), 52 % of energy came from SoFAS foods. Contribution of SoFAS foods to total energy intake was higher among women (52 %) and adolescents (54 %). Participants in rural areas (43 %) and in the lowest quartile of per capita family income (43 %) reported the smallest contribution of SoFAS foods to total energy intake. SoFAS foods were large contributors to total saturated fat (87 %), trans fat (89 %), added sugar (98 %) and total sugar (96 %) consumption. The SoFAS food groups that contributed most to total energy intake were meats and beverages. Top SoFAS foods contributing to saturated fat and trans fat intakes were meats and fats and oils. Most of the added and total sugar in the diet was supplied by SoFAS beverages and sweets and desserts.ConclusionsSoFAS foods play an important role in the Brazilian diet. The study identifies options for improving the Brazilian diet and reducing nutrition-related non-communicable chronic diseases, but also points out some limitations of the nutrient-based criteria.

Total peptide YY is a correlate of postprandial energy expenditure but not of appetite or energy intake in healthy women

Metabolism ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (10) ◽  
pp. 1458-1464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Éric Doucet ◽  
Manon Laviolette ◽  
Pascal Imbeault ◽  
Irene Strychar ◽  
Rémi Rabasa-Lhoret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Postprandial Energy Expenditure

Energy Balance and Energy Availability During a Selection Course for Belgian Paratroopers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Mullie ◽  
Pieter Maes ◽  
Laurens van Veelen ◽  
Damien Van Tiggelen ◽  
Peter Clarys
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Rest Metabolic Rate ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Availability

ABSTRACT Introduction Adequate energy supply is a prerequisite for optimal performances and recovery. The aims of the present study were to estimate energy balance and energy availability during a selection course for Belgian paratroopers. Methods Energy expenditure by physical activity was measured with accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X+, ActiGraph LLC, Pensacola, FL, USA) and rest metabolic rate in Cal.d−1 with Tinsley et al.’s equation based on fat-free mass = 25.9 × fat-free mass in kg + 284. Participants had only access to the French individual combat rations of 3,600 Cal.d−1, and body fat mass was measured with quadripolar impedance (Omron BF508, Omron, Osaka, Japan). Energy availability was calculated by the formula: ([energy intake in foods and beverages] − [energy expenditure physical activity])/kg FFM−1.d−1, with FFM = fat-free mass. Results Mean (SD) age of the 35 participants was 25.1 (4.18) years, and mean (SD) percentage fat mass was 12.0% (3.82). Mean (SD) total energy expenditure, i.e., the sum of rest metabolic rate, dietary-induced thermogenesis, and physical activity, was 5,262 Cal.d−1 (621.2), with percentile 25 at 4,791 Cal.d−1 and percentile 75 at 5,647 Cal.d−1, a difference of 856 Cal.d−1. Mean daily energy intake was 3,600 Cal.d−1, giving a negative energy balance of 1,662 (621.2) Cal.d−1. Mean energy availability was 9.3 Cal.kg FFM−1.d−1. Eleven of the 35 participants performed with a negative energy balance of 2,000 Cal.d−1, and only five participants out of 35 participants performed at a less than 1,000 Cal.d−1 negative energy balance level. Conclusions Energy intake is not optimal as indicated by the negative energy balance and the low energy availability, which means that the participants to this selection course had to perform in suboptimal conditions.

Profile of nutritional status, energy availability, haemoglobin levels and bone density in santriwati (Islamic female student) with chronic energy deficiency risk

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-104
Author(s):  
Fillah Fithra Dieny ◽  
A Fahmy Arif Tsani ◽  
Umu Faradilla ◽  
Ayu Rahadiyanti
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Bone Density ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Female Student ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Fat Percentage

Background: Santriwati (Islamic female student), women of reproductive age, were susceptible to experienced Chronic Energi Deficiency (CED). CED reflects the low energy availability of someone who can risk reducing bone density. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the differences in body mass index, body fat percentage, hemoglobin levels, energy availability, and bone mineral density of female students who experienced CED risk and not experienced CED risk.Materials and Methods: The research design was a cross-sectional study, with 101 female students as subjects who were selected by random sampling. The research was conducted from February to March 2019 at the Kyai Galang Sewu Islamic Boarding School, Semarang. CED risk data was taken using the upper arm circumference measurement. Percent body fat and BMI data were taken using BIA. Energy availability data is obtained from the difference between energy intake (energy intake) and energy output (energy expenditure through physical activity) divided by Fat-Free Mass (FFM). Energy intake data was taken using the SQ-FFQ questionnaire, and energy expenditure was calculated using the 24-hour activity record form. Anemia data were collected using strip hemoglobin measurements. Bone density data were taken using the Osteosys Sonost 3000 densitometer. Bivariate analysis used the Independent T-Test.Results: A total of 57.2% of subjects experienced anemia. Subjects who had underweight nutritional status were 20.8%. Santriwati experienced osteopenia as much as 13.9%. There was no difference in bone density and hemoglobin levels between female students who were at risk of CED and not CED risk (p> 0.05), but there were differences in energy availability, body fat percentage, BMI between those at risk of CED and not CED risk (p <0.05)Conclusion: subjects at risk of CED (Lila <23.5 cm) had lower energy availability, body fat, and BMI than subjects who were not at risk of CED.

Limits to sustained energy intake

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (11) ◽  
pp. 1947-1956 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Johnson ◽  
S. C. Thomson ◽  
J. R. Speakman
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lower Mass ◽  
Daily Food Intake ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

SUMMARYTo determine whether mice were limited in their capacity to absorb energy during late lactation, we attempted to increase the energy burden experienced by a group of female mice during late lactation by mating them at the postpartum oestrus, hence combining the energy demands of pregnancy and lactation. These experimental mice were therefore concurrently pregnant and lactating in their first lactation, and were followed through a normal second lactation. In a control group, females also underwent two lactations but sequentially, with the second mating after the first litter had been weaned. Maternal mass and food intake were measured throughout the first lactation, second pregnancy and second lactation. Maternal resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured prior to the first mating and then at the peak of both the first and second lactations. Litter size and litter mass were also measured throughout both lactations. In the first lactation, experimental mice had a lower mass-independent RMR (F1,88=5.15, P=0.026) and raised significantly heavier pups (t=2.77, d.f.=32, P=0.0093) than the control mice. Experimental mice delayed implantation at the start of the second pregnancy. The extent of the delay was positively related to litter size during the first lactation (F1,19=4.58, P=0.046) and negatively related to mean pup mass (F1,19=5.78, P=0.027) in the first lactation. In the second lactation, the experimental mice gave birth to more (t=2.75, d.f.=38, P=0.0092) and lighter (t=−5.01, d.f.=38, P&lt;0.0001) pups than did the controls in their second lactation. Maternal asymptotic daily food intake of control mice in the second lactation was significantly higher (t=−4.39, d.f.=37, P=0.0001) than that of the experimental mice and higher than that of controls during their first lactation. Despite the added burden on the experimental females during their first lactation, there was no increase in their food intake, which suggested that they might be limited by their capacity to absorb energy. However, control females appeared to be capable of increasing their asymptotic food intake beyond the supposed limits estimated previously, suggesting that the previously established limit was not a fixed central limitation on food intake. As RMR increased in parallel with the increase in food intake during the second lactation of control mice, the sustained energy intake remained at around 7.0×RMR.

scholarly journals Food consumption of sugarcane workers' families in the Brazilian Northeast

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-184
Author(s):  
Vanessa Messias Muniz ◽  
Débora Silva Cavalcanti ◽  
Nayalla Morais de Lima ◽  
Mônica Maria Osório
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Micronutrient Intake ◽  
Brazilian Northeast

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the food intake of sugarcane workers' family members. METHODS: The food intake of 159 family members of sugarcane workers from Gameleira, Pernambuco, Brazilian Northeast, was investigated by directly weighing the foods on three non-consecutive days. The percent risk of inadequate macro- and micronutrient intakes was analyzed according to the Reference Dietary Intakes. The macronutrients were analyzed in relation to acceptable distribution intervals. The energy consumed from the various food groups was expressed as a ratio of the total energy intake. RESULTS: The median intake of carbohydrates and proteins remained above the Estimated Average Requirement, and all age groups presented a low risk of inadequate carbohydrate and protein intakes. The median intakes of riboflavin, niacin, thiamin, and iron remained above the Estimated Average Requirement for all age groups, but children aged 1-3 years presented a high percent risk of inadequate iron intake. All age groups presented high percent risk of inadequate zinc, calcium, vitamin A, and vitamin C intakes. Grains and derivatives had a greater participation in the total energy intake, especially in men aged 19-30 years. The group "milk and dairy products" had a greater participation in the diet of children aged 1-3 years. CONCLUSION: The low percent risk of inadequate carbohydrate and protein intakes in all age groups was opposed to the high risk of inadequate mineral and vitamin intakes, making the population vulnerable to nutritional disorders caused by excess macronutrient intake and inadequate micronutrient intake.

scholarly journals Breakfast eating among Brazilian adolescents: Analysis of the National Dietary Survey 2008-2009

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luana Silva MONTEIRO ◽  
Amanda de Moura SOUZA ◽  
Bruna Kulik HASSAN ◽  
Camilla Chermont Prochnik ESTIMA ◽  
Rosely SICHIERI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Fruit Juice ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Food Record ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Processed Meats ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Breakfast Eating ◽  
Income Quartile

ABSTRACT Objective: To characterize breakfast eating among Brazilian adolescents. Methods: Food intake was estimated based on a 1-day food record of adolescents aged 10-19 years, according to the first National Diet Survey (2008-2009). Breakfast was considered as the first meal of the day eaten between 4 and 11 am. Results: Ninety-three percent of adolescents reported eating breakfast. This meal contributed to 17.7% of the daily energy intake. The most commonly consumed food groups were: coffee and tea, breads, butter/margarine, milk, cakes and cookies, packaged snacks, corn-based dishes, cheese, processed meats, and fruit juice. In the Northern region there was a higher frequency of coffee and tea and roots and tubers intake and lower frequency of milk intake than that in the other regions in the country. In the Northeastern region, the intake of corn and eggs was high; in the Southern region, there was high intake of processed meats and fruits. Adolescents from families in the first income quartile reported higher intake of coffee and tea, packaged snacks, corn, and roots and tubers intake, and lower intake of milk and dairy products. Adolescents from families in the highest income quartile reported higher intake of milk, fruit juice, cheese, and sugar-added beverages. Conclusion: In Brazil, the contribution of breakfast to daily energy intake among adolescents is low. The nutritional quality of breakfast improved with increased income. The three most frequently consumed items were coffee and tea, breads, and butter/margarine.

scholarly journals Dietary Intake In Adult Female Coeliac Disease Patients In Slovenia

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marija Aja Kocuvan Mijatov ◽  
Dušanka Mičetić-Turk
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Coeliac Disease ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Food Diary ◽  
Inorganic Substances

Abstract Objectives The aim of the study was to assess dietary intake of coeliac disease (CD) patients and to determine if they are meeting the dietary reference values for a balanced diet. Subjects/Methods 40 women with CD, aged from 23 to 76 participated in our study. Total daily intake was assessed by a three-day food diary. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was calculated using Harris-Benedict equation. Considering physical activity level (PAL) 1.4, the recommended total energy expenditure (TEE) value was determined. The data was evaluated with professional evaluation software Prodi and statistically analysed. Results 40 participants returned the food diary. The average energy intake was significantly too low to ensure the meeting of all-day energy needs (p<0.05). The meals contained a recommended proportion of protein, but a statistically significantly higher proportion of fat (p<0.05), lower proportion of carbohydrates and a significantly lower intake of dietary fibre (p<0.05). Regarding macro-, micro- elements and vitamins, there was a significant lack in the intake of calcium and iodine, folic acid, vitamin D and vitamin A (p<0.05), meanwhile iron intake was at the lower limit of the recommended intake, whereas zinc, potassium and vitamin K intake were significantly higher according to the recommended values, but were comparable with the intake of the general population in the Central European area. Conclusion Even in subjects with adequate or low daily energy intake, their meals contained too much fat, too few carbohydrates and dietary fibre as well as inorganic substances. The patients with CD should get regular nutritional monitoring and education on the quality and balance of a gluten-free diet.

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