scholarly journals Corrosion of concrete reinforcement and electrochemical factors in concrete patch repair

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 785-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jieying Zhang ◽  
Noël P Mailvaganam
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Corrosion Damage ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Patch Repair ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Deterioration Mechanism ◽  
Service Exposure ◽  
Corrosion Mechanisms ◽  
Macrocell Corrosion ◽  
Concrete Reinforcement

Corrosion of concrete reinforcement at a patch repair is a complex problem, and current knowledge of its mechanism is quite limited. This review examined the correlation between two corrosion mechanisms, macrocell and microcell corrosion, from fundamental electrochemical principles. It was found that both mechanisms could play significant roles in inducing corrosion damage, contrary to the prevailing opinion that macrocell corrosion is the main deterioration mechanism in patch repair. This has practical implications that need to be considered for an effective and durable repair. A review of the studies done to date also enabled the identification of the key factors in patch repair controlling the corrosion characteristics. Corrosion could occur at different locations in the vicinity of the patch — substrate, interface, or patch area — depending on the respective electrochemical environments induced by the repair material properties and treatments, as well as the in-service exposure and mechanical loading. The review indicates that much of the needed research should focus on identification of corrosion mechanisms to effect successful patch repair in reinforced concrete structures.Key words: patch repair, substrate, corrosion, macrocell corrosion, microcell corrosion.

Getting the Big Picture on Small Screens

2011 ◽  
pp. 31-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrik Knoche ◽  
M. Angela Sasse
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Experience ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Low Resolution ◽  
Mobile Tv ◽  
Technical Performance ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Big Picture

This chapter provides an overview of the key factors that influence the quality of experience (QoE) of mobile TV services. It compiles the current knowledge from empirical studies and recommendations on four key requirements for the uptake of mobile TV services: (1) handset usability and its acceptance by the user, (2) the technical performance and reliability of the service, (3) the usability of the mobile TV service (depending on the delivery of content), and (4) the satisfaction with the content. It illustrates a number of factors that contribute to these requirements ranging from the context of use to the size of the display and the displayed content. The chapter highlights the interdependencies between these factors during the delivery of content in mobile TV services to a heterogeneous set of low resolution devices.

scholarly journals Role of the PE/PPE Family in Host–Pathogen Interactions and Prospects for Anti-Tuberculosis Vaccine and Diagnostic Tool Design

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianing Qian ◽  
Run Chen ◽  
Honghai Wang ◽  
Xuelian Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fate ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cell Interaction ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Host Pathogen Interactions ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Protein Research ◽  
Slow Growing

The pe/ppe genes are found in pathogenic, slow-growing Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) species. These genes are considered key factors in host-pathogen interactions. Although the function of most PE/PPE family proteins remains unclear, accumulating evidence suggests that this family is involved in M. tuberculosis infection. Here, we review the role of PE/PPE proteins, which are believed to be linked to the ESX system function. Further, we highlight the reported functions of PE/PPE proteins, including their roles in host cell interaction, immune response regulation, and cell fate determination during complex host-pathogen processes. Finally, we propose future directions for PE/PPE protein research and consider how the current knowledge might be applied to design more specific diagnostics and effective vaccines for global tuberculosis control.

scholarly journals Plutonium in the environment: key factors related to impact assessment in case of an accidental atmospheric release

2009 ◽  
Vol 97 (4-5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Guétat ◽  
Valérie Moulin ◽  
Pascal E. Reiller ◽  
T. Vercouter ◽  
Lionel Bion ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Nuclear Facility ◽  
Radiological Impact ◽  
Atmospheric Release

AbstractThis paper deals with plutonium and key factors related to impact assessment. It is based on recent work performed by CEA which summarize the main features of plutonium behaviour from sources inside installations to the environment and man, and to report current knowledge on the different parameters used in models for environmental and radiological impact assessment. These key factors are illustrated through a case study based on an accidental atmospheric release of Pu in a nuclear facility.

Assessing Balance in Adapted Physical Education: Fundamental Concepts and Applications

1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen W. Burton ◽  
Walter E. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Adapted Physical Education ◽  
Movement Performance ◽  
Balance Deficits ◽  
Adapted Physical Educators ◽  
Current Knowledge Base ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Assessment Procedures

Balance is an integral part of most movement activities, but assessing its contribution to overall movement performance and identifying possible balance deficits poses a complex problem. Although almost all of the adapted physical education textbooks published in the last 10 years include a section on balance, adapted physical educators need a more in-depth understanding of the issues related to the assessment of balance and postural control that presently may be gained only by going directly to the extensive research base that cuts across many fields of inquiry. Thus the purpose of this paper is to (a) provide a brief overview of the current knowledge base related to balance, with an emphasis on balance deficits, and (b) describe the types of tasks used to assess balance, discuss some problems involved in evaluating balance in adapted physical education, and provide some suggestions on how to improve balance assessment procedures in adapted physical education.

scholarly journals Mechanisms and controversies in mutant Cul3-mediated familial hyperkalemic hypertension

2018 ◽  
Vol 314 (5) ◽  
pp. F915-F920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Z. Ferdaus ◽  
James A. McCormick
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Cullin 3 ◽  
Exon 9 ◽  
Altered Form ◽  
Familial Hyperkalemic Hypertension

Autosomal dominant mutations in cullin-3 ( Cul3) cause the most severe form of familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt). Cul3 mutations cause skipping of exon 9, which results in an internal deletion of 57 amino acids from the CUL3 protein (CUL3-∆9). The precise mechanism by which this altered form of CUL3 causes FHHt is controversial. CUL3 is a member of the cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase family that mediates ubiquitination and thus degradation of cellular proteins, including with-no-lysine [K] kinases (WNKs). In CUL3-∆9-mediated FHHt, proteasomal degradation of WNKs is abrogated, leading to overactivation of the WNK targets sterile 20/SPS-1 related proline/alanine-rich kinase and oxidative stress-response kinase-1, which directly phosphorylate and activate the thiazide-sensitive Na+-Cl− cotransporter. Several groups have suggested different mechanisms by which CUL3-∆9 causes FHHt. The majority of these are derived from in vitro data, but recently the Kurz group (Schumacher FR, Siew K, Zhang J, Johnson C, Wood N, Cleary SE, Al Maskari RS, Ferryman JT, Hardege I, Figg NL, Enchev R, Knebel A, O’Shaughnessy KM, Kurz T. EMBO Mol Med 7: 1285–1306, 2015) described the first mouse model of CUL3-∆9-mediated FHHt. Analysis of this model suggested that CUL3-∆9 is degraded in vivo, and thus Cul3 mutations cause FHHt by inducing haploinsufficiency. We recently directly tested this model but found that other dominant effects of CUL3-∆9 must contribute to the development of FHHt. In this review, we focus on our current knowledge of CUL3-∆9 action gained from in vitro and in vivo models that may help unravel this complex problem.

scholarly journals An Updated Review of Porcine Deltacoronavirus in Terms of Prevalence, Pathogenicity, Pathogenesis and Antiviral Strategy

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong Duan
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
The United States ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Infection Dynamics ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Common ◽  
Cellular Pathways ◽  
Systematic Knowledge ◽  
Japan And China

The recent experience with SARS-COV-2 has raised our alarm about the cross-species transmissibility of coronaviruses and the emergence of new coronaviruses. Knowledge of this family of viruses needs to be constantly updated. Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), a newly emerging member of the genus Deltacoronavirus in the family Coronaviridae, is a swine enteropathogen that causes diarrhea in pigs and may lead to death in severe cases. Since PDCoV diarrhea first broke out in the United States in early 2014, PDCoV has been detected in many countries, such as South Korea, Japan and China. More importantly, PDCoV can also infect species other than pigs, and infections have even been reported in children, highlighting its potential for cross-species transmission. A thorough and systematic knowledge of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of PDCoV will not only help us control PDCoV infection, but also enable us to discover the common cellular pathways and key factors of coronaviruses. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the prevalence, pathogenicity and infection dynamics, pathogenesis and immune evasion strategies of PDCoV. The existing anti-PDCoV strategies and corresponding mechanisms of PDCoV infection are also introduced, aiming to provide suggestions for the prevention and treatment of PDCoV and zoonotic diseases.

scholarly journals MicroRNAs in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Carcinogenesis, Progression, and Therapeutic Target

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao-Hung Hung ◽  
Yi-Chun Chiu ◽  
Chien-Hung Chen ◽  
Tsung-Hui Hu
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Tumor Suppressor Genes ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Dysplastic Nodule ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarkers ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Cancer Pathogenesis ◽  
Multistep Process

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of death from cancer, with dismal outcomes and an increasing incidence worldwide. Hepatocarcinogenesis is a multistep process that progresses from chronic hepatitis through cirrhosis and/or dysplastic nodule to HCC. However, the detailed molecular pathogenesis remains unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small noncoding RNAs that regulate the translation of many genes, have emerged as key factors involved in several biological processes, including development, differentiation, and cell proliferation. Recent studies have uncovered the contribution of miRNAs to the cancer pathogenesis, as they can behave as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. In addition, other studies have demonstrated their potential values in the clinical management of HCC patients as some miRNAs may be used as prognostic or diagnostic markers. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the roles of miRNAs in carcinogenesis and progression of HCC. We also discuss the potential application of miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers and their potential roles in the intervention of HCC.

Getting the Big Picture on Small Screens

2011 ◽  
pp. 242-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrik Knoche ◽  
M. Angela Sasse
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Experience ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Low Resolution ◽  
Mobile Tv ◽  
Technical Performance ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Big Picture

This chapter provides an overview of the key factors that influence the quality of experience (QoE) of mobile TV services. It compiles the current knowledge from empirical studies and recommendations on four key requirements for the uptake of mobile TV services: (1) handset usability and its acceptance by the user, (2) the technical performance and reliability of the service, (3) the usability of the mobile TV service (depending on the delivery of content), and (4) the satisfaction with the content. It illustrates a number of factors that contribute to these requirements ranging from the context of use to the size of the display and the displayed content. The chapter highlights the interdependencies between these factors during the delivery of content in mobile TV services to a heterogeneous set of low resolution devices.

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