scholarly journals MicroRNAs in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Carcinogenesis, Progression, and Therapeutic Target

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao-Hung Hung ◽  
Yi-Chun Chiu ◽  
Chien-Hung Chen ◽  
Tsung-Hui Hu
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Tumor Suppressor Genes ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Dysplastic Nodule ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarkers ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Cancer Pathogenesis ◽  
Multistep Process

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of death from cancer, with dismal outcomes and an increasing incidence worldwide. Hepatocarcinogenesis is a multistep process that progresses from chronic hepatitis through cirrhosis and/or dysplastic nodule to HCC. However, the detailed molecular pathogenesis remains unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small noncoding RNAs that regulate the translation of many genes, have emerged as key factors involved in several biological processes, including development, differentiation, and cell proliferation. Recent studies have uncovered the contribution of miRNAs to the cancer pathogenesis, as they can behave as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. In addition, other studies have demonstrated their potential values in the clinical management of HCC patients as some miRNAs may be used as prognostic or diagnostic markers. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the roles of miRNAs in carcinogenesis and progression of HCC. We also discuss the potential application of miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers and their potential roles in the intervention of HCC.

Circulating MicroRNA as Thrombosis Sentinels: Caveats and Considerations

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (03) ◽  
pp. 206-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmine Tay ◽  
Jim Tiao ◽  
Quintin Hughes ◽  
Jessica Jorritsma ◽  
Grace Gilmore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Mirna Expression Profile ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Circulating Microrna ◽  
Circulating Mirnas ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarkers ◽  
Disease Biomarkers ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Hemostatic Factors

AbstractThe small noncoding RNAs, microRNAs (or miRNAs), have been implicated in a myriad of diseases and accumulating evidence indicate their potential high value as diagnostic biomarkers. Although their roles in hemostasis and coagulation pathways are less defined, many studies have demonstrated their participation in regulating key factors of hemostasis. However, the mounting challenges associated with the accurate measurement of circulating miRNAs and the involvement of platelet activation in contributing to the circulating miRNA expression profile introduce further complexity to the study of thrombosis-associated miRNAs. This review outlines the current knowledge of miRNAs that have been postulated to regulate key hemostatic factors, and miRNA diagnostic panels in thrombotic disease, with a focus on experimental fundamentals, such as selecting condition-specific reference controls, considerations that are crucial for accurate evaluation of miRNAs in the context of disease biomarkers.

scholarly journals Small but Heavy Role: MicroRNAs in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erbao Chen ◽  
Xiaojing Xu ◽  
Ruiqi Liu ◽  
Tianshu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Primary Liver Cancer ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Pathological Mechanism ◽  
Cellular Target

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which accounts for 85–90% of primary liver cancer, is the fifth most common malignant tumor and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, but the pathological mechanism of HCC is still not fully elucidated. miRNAs are evolutionarily endogenous small noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression via posttranscriptional inhibition or target mRNA degradation in several diseases, especially human cancer. Therefore, discovering the roles of miRNAs is appealing to scientific researchers. Emerging evidence has shown that the aberrant expressions of numerous miRNAs are involved in many HCC biological processes. In hepatocarcinogenesis, miRNAs with dysregulated expression can exert their function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors depending on their cellular target during the cell cycle, and in tumor development, differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis, and progression of the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we summarize current findings on miRNAs and assess their functions to explore the molecular mechanisms of tumor progression in HCC.

scholarly journals The emerging roles of non-coding competing endogenous RNA in hepatocellular carcinoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Xu ◽  
Wei-Yu Xu ◽  
Yao Xiao ◽  
Bao Jin ◽  
Shun-Da Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarkers ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Regulatory Interactions ◽  
Competing Endogenous Rnas

Abstract Accumulating evidence has emerged revealing that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) play essential roles in the occurrence and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the complicated regulatory interactions among various ncRNAs in the development of HCC are not entirely understood. The newly discovered mechanism of competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) uncovered regulatory interactions among different varieties of RNAs. In recent years, a growing number of studies have suggested that ncRNAs, including long ncRNAs, circular RNAs and pseudogenes, play major roles in the biological functions of the ceRNA network in HCC. These ncRNAs can share microRNA response elements to affect microRNA affinity with target RNAs, thus regulating gene expression at the transcriptional level and both physiological and pathological processes. The ncRNAs that function as ceRNAs are involved in diverse biological processes in HCC cells, such as tumor cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion, metastasis and chemoresistance. Based on these findings, ncRNAs that act as ceRNAs may be promising candidates for clinical diagnosis and treatments. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms and research methods of ceRNA networks. We also reviewed the recent advances in studying the roles of ncRNAs as ceRNAs in HCC and highlight possible directions and possibilities of ceRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets. Finally, the limitations, gaps in knowledge and opportunities for future research are also discussed.

scholarly journals The Role of Extracellular Vesicles as Shuttles of RNA and Their Clinical Significance as Biomarkers in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 902
Author(s):  
Eva Costanzi ◽  
Carolina Simioni ◽  
Gabriele Varano ◽  
Cinzia Brenna ◽  
Ilaria Conti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Tumor Metastasis ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Donor Cells ◽  
Relevant Role

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted interest as mediators of intercellular communication following the discovery that EVs contain RNA molecules, including non-coding RNA (ncRNA). Growing evidence for the enrichment of peculiar RNA species in specific EV subtypes has been demonstrated. ncRNAs, transferred from donor cells to recipient cells, confer to EVs the feature to regulate the expression of genes involved in differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and other biological processes. These multiple actions require accuracy in the isolation of RNA content from EVs and the methodologies used play a relevant role. In liver, EVs play a crucial role in regulating cell–cell communications and several pathophysiological events in the heterogeneous liver class of cells via horizontal transfer of their cargo. This review aims to discuss the rising role of EVs and their ncRNAs content in regulating specific aspects of hepatocellular carcinoma development, including tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, and tumor metastasis. We analyze the progress in EV-ncRNAs’ potential clinical applications as important diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for liver conditions.

scholarly journals Long non-coding RNAs in brain tumors

NAR Cancer ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Katsushima ◽  
George Jallo ◽  
Charles G Eberhart ◽  
Ranjan J Perera
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Brain Cancer ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarkers ◽  
Cancer Pathogenesis ◽  
Current State ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Post Transcriptional Regulation

Abstract Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been found to be central players in the epigenetic, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. There is an accumulation of evidence on newly discovered lncRNAs, their molecular interactions and their roles in the development and progression of human brain tumors. LncRNAs can have either tumor suppressive or oncogenic functions in different brain cancers, making them attractive therapeutic targets and biomarkers for personalized therapy and precision diagnostics. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge of the lncRNAs that have been implicated in brain cancer pathogenesis, particularly in gliomas and medulloblastomas. We discuss their epigenetic regulation as well as the prospects of using lncRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in patients with brain tumors.

scholarly journals KSHV-Encoded MicroRNAs: Lessons for Viral Cancer Pathogenesis and Emerging Concepts

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiqiang Qin ◽  
Andrew Jakymiw ◽  
Victoria Findlay ◽  
Chris Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Molecular Signatures ◽  
Mirna Regulation ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Human Mirnas ◽  
Cancer Pathogenesis ◽  
Promote Disease Progression

The human genome contains microRNAs (miRNAs), small noncoding RNAs that orchestrate a number of physiologic processes through regulation of gene expression. Burgeoning evidence suggests that dysregulation of miRNAs may promote disease progression and cancer pathogenesis. Virus-encoded miRNAs, exhibiting unique molecular signatures and functions, have been increasingly recognized as contributors to viral cancer pathogenesis. A large segment of the existing knowledge in this area has been generated through characterization of miRNAs encoded by the human gamma-herpesviruses, including the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Recent studies focusing on KSHV miRNAs have led to a better understanding of viral miRNA expression in human tumors, the identification of novel pathologic check points regulated by viral miRNAs, and new insights for viral miRNA interactions with cellular (“human”) miRNAs. Elucidating the functional effects of inhibiting KSHV miRNAs has also provided a foundation for further translational efforts and consideration of clinical applications. This paper summarizes recent literature outlining mechanisms for KSHV miRNA regulation of cellular function and cancer-associated pathogenesis, as well as implications for interactions between KSHV and human miRNAs that may facilitate cancer progression. Finally, insights are offered for the clinical feasibility of targeting miRNAs as a therapeutic approach for viral cancers.

scholarly journals Circular RNA circ_0014717 Suppresses Hepatocellular Carcinoma Tumorigenesis Through Regulating miR-668-3p/BTG2 Axis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongxi Ma ◽  
Chunchun Huang ◽  
Qiuhuan Huang ◽  
Guangzhi Li ◽  
Jun Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Circular Rna ◽  
Migration And Invasion ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
Direct Binding ◽  
Hep3b Cells

Recent studies have reported a close association between circRNAs and cancer development. CircRNAs have been recognized to be involved in various biological processes. Up to now, the function of circRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still poorly known. qRT-PCR was used to test circ_0014717 expression in HCC tissue samples and cells was determined. It was shown that circ_0014717 was significantly decreased in HCC. Then, we observed overexpression of circ_0014717 obviously repressed HCC cell growth, migration and invasion. Next, we predicted circ_0014717 acted as a sponge of miR-668-3p. miR-668-3p has been reported to participate in several diseases. In our work, it was shown miR-668-3p was greatly increased in HCC and the direct binding sites between circ_0014717 and miR-668-3p were validated. In addition, B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) is closely involved in cellular carcinogenic processes. BTG2 was predicted as a target for miR-668-3p. By performing rescue assays, we demonstrated that circ_0014717 repressed HCC progression via inhibiting BTG2 expression and sponging miR-668-3p. It was manifested loss of circ_0014717 induced HCC progression, which was reversed by BTG2 in Hep3B cells. In conclusion, our findings illustrated a novel circ_0014717/miR-668-3p/BTG2 regulatory signaling pathway in HCC.

scholarly journals RNA Deregulation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: The Noncoding Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 10285
Author(s):  
Pietro Laneve ◽  
Paolo Tollis ◽  
Elisa Caffarelli
Keyword(s):  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Rna Metabolism ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarkers ◽  
Defective Rna ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

RNA metabolism is central to cellular physiopathology. Almost all the molecular pathways underpinning biological processes are affected by the events governing the RNA life cycle, ranging from transcription to degradation. The deregulation of these processes contributes to the onset and progression of human diseases. In recent decades, considerable efforts have been devoted to the characterization of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and to the study of their role in the homeostasis of the nervous system (NS), where they are highly enriched. Acting as major regulators of gene expression, ncRNAs orchestrate all the steps of the differentiation programs, participate in the mechanisms underlying neural functions, and are crucially implicated in the development of neuronal pathologies, among which are neurodegenerative diseases. This review aims to explore the link between ncRNA dysregulation and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the most frequent motoneuron (MN) disorder in adults. Notably, defective RNA metabolism is known to be largely associated with this pathology, which is often regarded as an RNA disease. We also discuss the potential role that these transcripts may play as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

scholarly journals Dangerous Duplicity: The Dual Functions of Casein Kinase 1in Parasite Biology and Host Subversion

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najma Rachidi ◽  
Uwe Knippschild ◽  
Gerald F. Späth
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Casein Kinase ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Casein Kinase 1 ◽  
Parasite Survival ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Parasite Biology ◽  
Antimicrobial Interventions

Casein Kinase 1 (CK1) family members are serine/threonine protein kinases that are involved in many biological processes and highly conserved in eukaryotes from protozoan to humans. Even though pathogens exploit host CK1 signaling pathways to survive, the role of CK1 in infectious diseases and host/pathogen interaction is less well characterized compared to other diseases, such as cancer or neurodegenerative diseases. Here we present the current knowledge on CK1 in protozoan parasites highlighting their essential role for parasite survival and their importance for host-pathogen interactions. We also discuss how the dual requirement of CK1 family members for parasite biological processes and host subversion could be exploited to identify novel antimicrobial interventions.

scholarly journals The Expression and Function of Circadian Rhythm Genes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Yanan Jiang ◽  
Xiuyun Shen ◽  
Moyondafoluwa Blessing Fasae ◽  
Fengnan Zhi ◽  
Lu Chai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Pathogenic Mechanism ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
And Function ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the most common and lethal form of cancer worldwide. However, its diagnosis and treatment are still dissatisfactory, due to limitations in the understanding of its pathogenic mechanism. Therefore, it is important to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and identify novel therapeutic targets for HCC. Circadian rhythm-related genes control a variety of biological processes. These genes play pivotal roles in the initiation and progression of HCC and are potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. This review gives an update on the research progress of circadian rhythms, their effects on the initiation, progression, and prognosis of HCC, in a bid to provide new insights for the research and treatment of HCC.

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