A DEFINED MEDIUM FOR GROWTH AND PIGMENT SYNTHESIS OF MICROCOCCUS ROSEUS

1966 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Cooney ◽  
O. C. Thierry
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Minimal Medium ◽  
Mevalonic Acid ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Pigment Content ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Pigment Synthesis ◽  
Culture Development ◽  
Micrococcus Roseus

A defined medium has been developed which supports good growth and pigment synthesis of Micrococcus roseus ATCC 516. The medium contains fructose, adenine, alanine, arginine, glutamic acid, glycine, isoleucine, methionine, proline, serine, and inorganic salts. The medium is not a minimal medium, but omission of any component decreases growth or pigment content, or both. Pigment synthesis parallels culture development. Addition of leucine or mevalonic acid decreases pigment content. Diphenylamine (10−7 M) decreases pigment content 27%, suggesting that the carotenoids are principally xanthophylls. Absorption spectra of extracted pigments differ when glucose or fructose is the carbon source, and when fructose-containing medium is supplemented with mevalonic acid.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING GROWTH AND PIGMENT SYNTHESIS BY MICROCOCCUS ROSEUS

1966 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 691-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. C. Thierry ◽  
J. J. Cooney
Keyword(s):  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Visible Light ◽  
Action Spectrum ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Pigment Content ◽  
Pigment Synthesis ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Environmental Variations ◽  
Micrococcus Roseus

Growth of and carotenoid synthesis by Micrococcus roseus are optimum at pH 6.8 and pH 7.5 in a defined medium. Maximum growth and pigment content were obtained in aerobic cultures at 25 C. Supplementing the medium with more than 0.2% NaCl resulted in less growth and decreased pigment content per unit mass of cells. At pH 7.5 the absence of visible light had no effect on growth or pigment content, but at pH 6.8 both were decreased in dark-grown cultures. Biotin did not reverse inhibition of growth in the dark. Dark inhibition was reversed by exposure of lag or early log phase cultures to visible light for 30 min, but late log or stationary phase cultures grown in the dark did not respond. Stationary phase dark-grown cultures resumed growth and pigment synthesis during a 24-h period in light. Serial culture in the dark did not result in a further decrease in growth or pigment synthesis; and when cells from serial cultures grown in darkness were used as inoculum for cultures grown in the light, maximum growth and pigment synthesis occurred. These data suggest that light is required for induction of maximum growth and pigment synthesis. A crude action spectrum was determined and suggests that light in the range from 625 to 700 mμ may be responsible for photoinduction.None of the environmental variations altered the absorption spectrum of pigment extracts. Conditions which were optimum for growth were also optimum for pigment synthesis.

Morphological Characterization of Mycobacteriophage R1

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 254-255
Author(s):  
B. L. Soloff ◽  
T. A. Rado
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Minimal Medium ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Logarithmic Growth Phase ◽  
Complete Lysis ◽  
Lysogenic Culture ◽  
Logarithmic Growth

Mycobacteriophage R1 was originally isolated from a lysogenic culture of M. butyricum. The virus was propagated on a leucine-requiring derivative of M. smegmatis, 607 leu−, isolated by nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis of typestrain ATCC 607. Growth was accomplished in a minimal medium containing glycerol and glucose as carbon source and enriched by the addition of 80 μg/ ml L-leucine. Bacteria in early logarithmic growth phase were infected with virus at a multiplicity of 5, and incubated with aeration for 8 hours. The partially lysed suspension was diluted 1:10 in growth medium and incubated for a further 8 hours. This permitted stationary phase cells to re-enter logarithmic growth and resulted in complete lysis of the culture.

scholarly journals The growth of Paracoccus halodenitrificans in a defined medium

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 837-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence I. Hochstein ◽  
Geraldine A. Tomlinson
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Anaerobic Growth ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Aerobic Growth ◽  
Methionine Biosynthesis ◽  
Dependent Pathway

A synthetic medium, consisting of inorganic salts and any of a number of carbon sources, supported the aerobic growth of Paracoccus halodenitrificans when supplemented with thiamine. The same medium plus an appropriate nitrogenous oxide supported anaerobic growth when additionally supplemented with methionine. The observation that vitamin B12 or betaine replaced methionine suggested that P. halodenitrificans had a defect in the cobalamin-dependent pathway for methionine biosynthesis, as well as the inability to synthesize betaine when growing anaerobically.

Citrus Residues Isolates Improve Astaxanthin Production by Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

2010 ◽  
Vol 65 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 594-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Wu ◽  
Mingbo Lu ◽  
Longjiang Yu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Minimal Medium ◽  
Wild Strain ◽  
Xanthophyllomyces Dendrorhous ◽  
Citrus Juice ◽  
Astaxanthin Production ◽  
Mutant Strains

The wild strain and two astaxanthin-overproducing mutant strains, W618 and GNG274, of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous were analyzed in order to assess their ability to grow and synthesize astaxanthin in a minimal medium containing (per liter): 2 g KH2PO4, 0.5 g MgSO4, 2 g KNO3, and 1 g yeast extract, and supplemented with citrus residues isolates as a carbon source (citrus medium). The selected strain W618 was evaluated under various contents of citrus juice. At the content of 20% (v/v), the highest astaxanthin production reached 22.63 mg L-1, which was two-fold more than that observed in yeast malt medium. Addition of 8% (v/v) n-hexadecane to the citrus medium was found to be optimal, increasing the astaxanthin yield by 21.7%.

FAT PRODUCTION FROM CANE MOLASSES BY PENICILLIUM SPINULOSUM: A STUDY ON SUBSTANCES IN CANE MOLASSES INTERFERING WITH FAT PRODUCTION

1961 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 895-899 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Khan ◽  
T. K. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Defined Medium ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Cane Molasses

Production of fat by Penicillium spinulosum in cane molasses was poorer than in a defined medium containing sucrose and inorganic salts. The fat content of dry felt obtained in defined medium was 63.8% and the fat coefficient 16.1. In molasses medium the fat content of felt dropped to 24.4% and the fat coefficient to 6.2. Removal of inorganic materials from the molasses increased fat yields substantially, and the addition of molasses ash to the defined medium reduced yields to about the same level as in untreated molasses.

USE OF KANAMYCIN FOR THE ISOLATION OF AUXOTROPHIC MUTANTS OF ACTINOBACILLUS MALLEI

1966 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nitrous Acid ◽  
Minimal Medium ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Chemically Defined Medium ◽  
Auxotrophic Mutants ◽  
Viable Cells ◽  
Minimal Media

Growth of Actinobacillus mallei was inhibited by kanamycin; the minimal inhibitory concentration in a complex medium was 1.25 μg/ml and in a chemically defined medium 5 μg/ml. Higher concentrations of kanamycin had a pronounced bactericidal effect. When a suspension of cells containing 5 × 107 viable cells/ml was incubated in the presence of 20 μg/ml of kanamycin in a chemically defined medium, complete sterilization resulted after 6 hours. Cells irradiated with ultraviolet light were grown in complex or supplemental minimal media, washed, and exposed to 20 μg/ml of kanamycin in minimal medium for 4 hours. Auxotrophic mutants with requirements for tryptophane, phenylalanine, proline, and uracil were detected among the survivors of kanamycin treatment. After treatment with 0.01 M nitrous acid and growth in minimal medium supplemented with amino acids, cells were washed and then exposed to kanamycin in minimal medium. The proportion of autotrophs among the survivors varied from 1.3 to 75%. Mutants with requirements for each of the following amino acids were identified: methionine, methionine or cystine, arginine, leucine, tryptophane, histidme, and proline, with methionine-requiring mutants predominating. Exposure of mixtures of prototrophs and uracil-dependent and methionine-dependent auxotrophs to 20 μg/ml of kanamycin for 4 hours resulted in approximately 700- and 300-fold increases, respectively, in the ratio of auxotrophs to prototrophs.

A defined growth medium for the production of chloroperoxidase by Caldariomyces fumago

1981 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 1298-1305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Pickard
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Growth Medium ◽  
Enzyme Production ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Caldariomyces Fumago ◽  
High Enzyme ◽  
Extract Medium ◽  
Malt Extract Medium

Ten strains of Caldariomyces fumago and related fungi were found to produce extracellular chloroperoxidase when grown on a glucose – malt extract medium. High enzyme levels and pigment production were observed for C. fumago ATCC 16373 and C. fumago CMI 89362. Removal of malt extract from the medium and the replacement of glucose by fructose as the carbon source provided a defined medium which, by comparison with the complex medium, produced the following results with both fungal strains. Chloroperoxidase was produced to similar levels, with maximum production after 6 days rather than 12 days of growth; pigmentation of the medium was reduced by 90% and the pH of the medium remained constant, thus stabilizing enzyme activity. Addition of urea or proline as a nitrogen supplement to nitrate enhanced enzyme production by strain CMI 89362. Comparison of the two strains indicated that CMI 89362 produced higher levels of chloroperoxidase than ATCC 16373.

Utilization of chymotrypsin as a sole carbon and (or) nitrogen source by Escherichia coli

1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 290-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur S. Brecher ◽  
Timothy A. Moehlman ◽  
William D. Hann
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Host Protein ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Sole Nitrogen Source ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrients

α-Chymotrypsin serves as a sole carbon source, sole nitrogen source, and as sole carbon plus nitrogen source for wild-type Escherichia coli in a totally defined medium. Hence, a mammalian host for E. coli may supply the necessary carbon and nitrogen nutrients for the microorganism. Growth is most rapid when chymotrypsin is a sole nitrogen source,and least rapid with chymotrypsin as a carbon source. The approximate doubling times for E. coli utilizing chymotrypsin as a nitrogen source, carbon plus nitrogen source, and carbon source are 1.6, 4.6, and 11.3 h, respectively. The activity of the residual enzyme in the culture supernates falls off asymptotically over the course of time, as followed by cleavage of glutaryl-L-phenylalanine-p-nitroanilide. Chymotrypsin hydrolyzes succinyl-L-ala-L-ala-L-ala-p-nitroanilide, the elastase substrate, to some extent. Peptidases do not appear to be secreted that hydrolyze such model substrates as benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide, the tryptic and cathepsin B substrate, L-leucine-p-nitroanilide, the leucine aminopeptidase substrate, or L-lysine-p-nitroanilide, the aminopeptidase B substrate. Growth of E. coli is generally directly related to the loss of chymotryptic activity in the medium. Hence, autolysis of chymotrypsin, i.e., self-degradation, is an important factor for the availability of degradation products of the enzyme to the bacterium for growth purposes. Accordingly, the degradation of a host protein by autolysis presents an opportunity for E. coli to survive during periods of host nutritional crisis by utilization of the degradation peptides that are produced during autolysis. Key words: chymotrypsin, Escherichia coli, growth, nutrition, peptide source.

scholarly journals Lovastatin Biosynthesis by Aspergillus terreus in a Chemically Defined Medium

2001 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 2596-2602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Hajjaj ◽  
Peter Niederberger ◽  
Philippe Duboc
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Aspergillus Terreus ◽  
Glucose Repression ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Glucose Consumption ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Specific Productivity ◽  
Chemically Defined Medium ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen

ABSTRACT Lovastatin is a secondary metabolite produced by Aspergillus terreus. A chemically defined medium was developed in order to investigate the influence of carbon and nitrogen sources on lovastatin biosynthesis. Among several organic and inorganic defined nitrogen sources metabolized by A. terreus, glutamate and histidine gave the highest lovastatin biosynthesis level. For cultures on glucose and glutamate, lovastatin synthesis initiated when glucose consumption levelled off. When A. terreus was grown on lactose, lovastatin production initiated in the presence of residual lactose. Experimental results showed that carbon source starvation is required in addition to relief of glucose repression, while glutamate did not repress biosynthesis. A threefold-higher specific productivity was found with the defined medium on glucose and glutamate, compared to growth on complex medium with glucose, peptonized milk, and yeast extract.

Microbial interactions in heterotrophic nitrification

1986 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinnque Rho
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Lake Sediment ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Eutrophic Lake ◽  
Nitrogen Transformation ◽  
Heterotrophic Nitrification ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
Ammonium Ion ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Corynebacterium Sp

An Arthrobacter sp. capable of extensive nitrification was isolated from a eutrophic lake sediment employing inorganic salts medium with acetamide as the carbon source. This heterotrophic nitrifier was found to be closely associated with a Corynebacterium sp. both in growth and in nitrification. When the Arthrobacter sp. was jointly cultured with the Corynebacterium sp. in medium containing ammonium ion, acetate, and inorganic salts, the concentrations of nitrification products (nitrite and nitrate) increased approximately 10-fold. This stimulatory interaction was also determined in filter-sterilized sediment water samples amended with ammonium ion and acetate. Although both organisms failed to grow singly in media containing 1 mg/mL of nitrite N and of acetaldoxime N, they grew well in both media when cultured jointly. Nitrification, however, occurred only in the acetaldoxime medium. This is the first reported instance of mutualistic relationships in heterotrophic nitrification arid appears to be significant to our understanding of nitrogen transformation in lacustrine environments.

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