FAT PRODUCTION FROM CANE MOLASSES BY PENICILLIUM SPINULOSUM: A STUDY ON SUBSTANCES IN CANE MOLASSES INTERFERING WITH FAT PRODUCTION

1961 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 895-899 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Khan ◽  
T. K. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Defined Medium ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Cane Molasses

Production of fat by Penicillium spinulosum in cane molasses was poorer than in a defined medium containing sucrose and inorganic salts. The fat content of dry felt obtained in defined medium was 63.8% and the fat coefficient 16.1. In molasses medium the fat content of felt dropped to 24.4% and the fat coefficient to 6.2. Removal of inorganic materials from the molasses increased fat yields substantially, and the addition of molasses ash to the defined medium reduced yields to about the same level as in untreated molasses.

scholarly journals The growth of Paracoccus halodenitrificans in a defined medium

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 837-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence I. Hochstein ◽  
Geraldine A. Tomlinson
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Anaerobic Growth ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Aerobic Growth ◽  
Methionine Biosynthesis ◽  
Dependent Pathway

A synthetic medium, consisting of inorganic salts and any of a number of carbon sources, supported the aerobic growth of Paracoccus halodenitrificans when supplemented with thiamine. The same medium plus an appropriate nitrogenous oxide supported anaerobic growth when additionally supplemented with methionine. The observation that vitamin B12 or betaine replaced methionine suggested that P. halodenitrificans had a defect in the cobalamin-dependent pathway for methionine biosynthesis, as well as the inability to synthesize betaine when growing anaerobically.

Preliminary Experiments with a Defined Culture Medium for Larval Fasciola hepatica

1973 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. V. Pullin
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Final Maturation ◽  
Defined Culture ◽  
Stock Solutions

A defined medium is described as a basis for in vitro culture work with larval Fasciola hepatica. This medium, termed BCM, can be quickly made up by using a system of stock solutions. BCM contains inorganic salts, glucose, amino acids, vitamins and antibiotics, but no lipid or proteins. Rediae can be dissected from infected snails for culture, but many appear to be contaminated with bacteria. Large rediae cannot survive in BCM but free immature cercariae can complete their final maturation in vitro. This final maturation, from the 30th to the 35th day after miracidial penetration of donor snails, includes tail growth and appearance of body pigmentation. Cercariae matured in vitro encyst successfully when transferred from BCM to water. Small rediae survive in BCM for 5 days, but show no growth or development measured as dry weight and total nitrogen.

Growth of Legionella pneumophila in defined media: requirement for magnesium and potassium

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (9) ◽  
pp. 1055-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha J. Tesh ◽  
Richard D. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Chemically Defined Medium ◽  
Optimum Growth ◽  
Defined Media

The inorganic ions magnesium and potassium were required for optimal growth of Legionella pneumophila in a chemically defined medium composed of amino acids and inorganic salts. Optimum growth was obtained at concentrations of approximately 20 μg/mL (80 μM) MgSO4∙7H2O and 150 μg/mL (2 mM) KCl. Comparable results were obtained with all six serogroups of L. pneumophila as well as with both laboratory-adapted and animal-passed strains.

A CHEMICALLY DEFINED MEDIUM FOR HALOBACTERIUM SALINARIUM STRAIN 1

1963 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian D. Dundas ◽  
V. R. Srinivasan ◽  
H. Orin Halvorson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Chemically Defined Medium ◽  
Halobacterium Salinarium ◽  
Complex Media ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine

A chemically defined medium has been composed for Halobacterium salinarium strain 1. The medium consists of inorganic salts, 10 amino acids (lysine, arginine, proline, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and glutamine) and cytidylic acid. The amino acids valine, methionine, isoleucine, and leucine are found to be essential for growth in this medium. Growth rates in the synthetic medium are not as high as those obtained in complex media. The medium allows growth of several halophilic organisms.

Inorganic salts and the growth of spiroplasmas

1986 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 861-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Defined Medium ◽  
Optimal Concentration ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Chemically Defined Medium ◽  
Potassium Salts ◽  
Limited Growth ◽  
Spiroplasma Melliferum

A chemically defined medium (CC-494M) was used to study the effect of inorganic salts on the growth of three spiroplasmas representing three distinct serogroups: Spiroplasma melliferum (AS 576), Spiroplasma floricola (23–6), and SR 3 spiroplasma. KH2PO4 or NaH2PO4∙H2O was required. KH2PO4 supported faster growth and higher yield for spiroplasmas than NaH2PO4∙H2O. The optimal concentration of KH2PO4 for S. melliferum, S. floricola, and SR 3 spiroplasma was 0.5, 0.5, and 0.25 mM, respectively, whereas that of NaH2PO4∙H2O was 0.5, 0.05, and 2.5 mM. When supplemented with NaH2PO4∙H2O, KCl promoted growth comparable with that obtained from KH2PO4-supplemented medium and RbCl supported limited growth, whereas NaCl, LiCl, CsCl, CaCl2, and MgSO4∙7H2O were inhibitory. Spiroplasma growth decreased as the concentration of LiCl and CsCl increased. At 200 mM LiCl totally inhibited the growth of S. melliferum and SR 3 spiroplasma, whereas limited growth was obtained for S. floricola. CsCl at 150 mM totally inhibited the growth of S. floricola, while limited growth was observed for S. melliferum and SR 3 spiroplasma. RbCl supported limited growth when supplemented with NaH2PO4∙H2O, whereas it was inhibitory when added in KH2PO4-supplemented medium. All the 10 potassium salts (KCH2COOH, KBr, K2CO3, KHSO4, KCl, KOH, Kl, KNO3, KH2PO4, and K2HPO4) at concentrations of 20 mM promoted growth when supplemented with NaH2PO4∙H2O.

A DEFINED MEDIUM FOR GROWTH AND PIGMENT SYNTHESIS OF MICROCOCCUS ROSEUS

1966 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Cooney ◽  
O. C. Thierry
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Minimal Medium ◽  
Mevalonic Acid ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Pigment Content ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Pigment Synthesis ◽  
Culture Development ◽  
Micrococcus Roseus

A defined medium has been developed which supports good growth and pigment synthesis of Micrococcus roseus ATCC 516. The medium contains fructose, adenine, alanine, arginine, glutamic acid, glycine, isoleucine, methionine, proline, serine, and inorganic salts. The medium is not a minimal medium, but omission of any component decreases growth or pigment content, or both. Pigment synthesis parallels culture development. Addition of leucine or mevalonic acid decreases pigment content. Diphenylamine (10−7 M) decreases pigment content 27%, suggesting that the carotenoids are principally xanthophylls. Absorption spectra of extracted pigments differ when glucose or fructose is the carbon source, and when fructose-containing medium is supplemented with mevalonic acid.

A STUDY OF THE NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND TOXIN PRODUCTION OF CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM TYPE F

1965 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1009-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lillian V. Holdeman ◽  
Louis Ds. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Chemically Defined Medium ◽  
Aminobenzoic Acid ◽  
Botulinum Type

Clostridium botulinum type F was grown in a chemically defined medium containing 17 amino acids, 11 vitamins, glucose, and inorganic salts. The nutritional requirements were determined using single-omission test media. Arginine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, biotin, thiamin, and possibly methionine were essential nutrients. Growth was stimulated by glycine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and para-aminobenzoic acid. Toxin was present in supernatant fluids from all synthetic medium cultures in which there was marked growth. In general, toxicity of synthetic medium cultures was about 1/10 that of complex medium cultures.Toxin and precursor appear to be formed intracellularly, for both were released by rupturing young cells with sonic vibration. Protoxin could be activated by treatment with trypsin.

Limits for high-resolution electron microscopy of inorganic materials?

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 4-5
Author(s):  
David J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Spherical Aberration ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Resolution Limit ◽  
Contrast Transfer Function ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Electron Microscopes

The era of atomic-resolution electron microscopy has finally arrived. In virtually all inorganic materials, including oxides, metals, semiconductors and ceramics, it is possible to image individual atomic columns in low-index zone-axis projections. A whole host of important materials’ problems involving defects and departures from nonstoichiometry on the atomic scale are waiting to be tackled by the new generation of intermediate voltage (300-400keV) electron microscopes. In this review, some existing problems and limitations associated with imaging inorganic materials are briefly discussed. The more immediate problems encountered with organic and biological materials are considered elsewhere.Microscope resolution. It is less than a decade since the state-of-the-art, commercially available TEM was a 200kV instrument with a spherical aberration coefficient of 1.2mm, and an interpretable resolution limit (ie. first zero crossover of the contrast transfer function) of 2.5A.

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) of DNA and RNA

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 34-35
Author(s):  
Patricia G. Arscott ◽  
Gil Lee ◽  
Victor A. Bloomfield ◽  
D. Fennell Evans
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Calf Thymus ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

STM is one of the most promising techniques available for visualizing the fine details of biomolecular structure. It has been used to map the surface topography of inorganic materials in atomic dimensions, and thus has the resolving power not only to determine the conformation of small molecules but to distinguish site-specific features within a molecule. That level of detail is of critical importance in understanding the relationship between form and function in biological systems. The size, shape, and accessibility of molecular structures can be determined much more accurately by STM than by electron microscopy since no staining, shadowing or labeling with heavy metals is required, and there is no exposure to damaging radiation by electrons. Crystallography and most other physical techniques do not give information about individual molecules.We have obtained striking images of DNA and RNA, using calf thymus DNA and two synthetic polynucleotides, poly(dG-me5dC)·poly(dG-me5dC) and poly(rA)·poly(rU).

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