Effect of volatile inhibitors from natural and amended soils on germination of sclerotia of Macrophomina phaseolina

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 1034-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Papavizas
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Natural Soils ◽  
Amended Soils ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Soil Fungistasis ◽  
Volatile Inhibitors ◽  
Amended Soil

Studies on volatile soil fungistasis showed that sclerotia of Macrophomina phaseolina are not sensitive to volatiles liberated by natural soils with varying pH values. Soil amended with alfalfa hay (1%, w/w) liberated volatiles fungistatic to sclerotia only when the assay was performed 2 weeks or less after amendment. Chitin-amended soils liberated fungistatic volatiles from 1 to 3 weeks after amendment. Indirect evidence indicated that ammonia may be the active volatile in amended soil. It was concluded that fungistatic volatiles may not play an important role in the survival of sclerotia in nature.

Redox Chemistry and Nutrient Release from Organic Amended Terrace Soil under Anaerobic Incubation

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Sumaya Sharmin ◽  
Md. Abdul Kader ◽  
Md. Rezwanul Islam ◽  
Muhiuddin Faruquee
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Nutrient Release ◽  
Redox Chemistry ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Anaerobic Incubation ◽  
Amended Soils ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Incubation Study ◽  
Amended Soil

Aims: To examine the changes in pH and Eh values of terrace soils during anaerobic incubation when amended with different organic materials, and to study N, P and S release from different manure and bio-slurry in terrace soil under anaerobic condition. Study Design: The experiment was carried out following Complete randomized design (CRD) with two replications. Place and Duration of Study: A laboratory incubation study was conducted in Soil Science Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh in December 2014 for 98 days. Methodology: The surface (0-15 cm) soil sample was collected from rice growing field of a selected area of Bhaluka, Mymensingh. The incubation study was carried out using four different sources of organic manures with two replications and five treatment combinations. The changes in soil pH, Eh and release pattern of N, P, and S from some organic materials in terrace soil under anaerobic incubation were investigated during December 2014 to April 2015. The soil was amended with all the treatments at 2g 100 g-1 (air dry basis) soil and incubated for 14 weeks at 25° C. The N, P and S release were determined by the measurement of NH4-N, phosphate P and SO4-S on destructive sampling at every two weeks. Results: The pH values increased at initial stage but gradually decreased over time to neutral and the soil became reduced with the advancement of incubation, it varies (1-3 weeks) depending on the quality of organic matter used. The reduction potential showed a significant variation among the treatments. Overall, when the pH values were averaged over the weeks, the highest pH value was measured in poultry bio-slurry (PB) amended soil followed by poultry manure (PM), cow dung bio-slurry (CDB) and cow dung (CD) amended soils and the lowest was in control. In case of Eh, the most negative (-133.08) Eh value was measured in PM amended soil followed by poultry bio-slurry (PB), CD and CDB amended soils. Control soil had comparatively positive Eh value. At the end of incubation, the highest amount of NH4-N found in CDB followed by CD, PM, PB and the lowest was in control; the highest amount of phosphate P found in PB followed by PM, control, CDB and CD; the highest amount of SO4-S found in PB followed by PM, CD, CDB and the lowest was in control. Conclusion: PB is the best source of organic amendment with respect to release of P and S, whereas CDB showed the best performance in release of N. Nutrient release and availability in reduced environment in terrace soil are a function of soil redox chemistry which is influenced by the quality and quantity of organic matter.

scholarly journals Effects of pyrolysis temperature, feedstock type and compaction on water retention of biochar amended soil

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
He Huang ◽  
Narala Gangadhara Reddy ◽  
Xilong Huang ◽  
Peinan Chen ◽  
Peiying Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Retention ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Soil Water Retention ◽  
Amended Soils ◽  
Retention Behaviour ◽  
Water Retention Behaviour ◽  
Amended Soil

AbstractRecent studies on water retention behaviour of biochar amended soil rarely considers the effect of pyrolysis temperature and also feedstock type into account. It is well known that pyrolysis temperature and feedstock type influences the physical and chemical properties of biochar due to stagewise decomposition of structure and chemical bonds. Further, soil density, which is in a loose state (in agricultural applications) and dense (in geo-environmental engineering applications) can also influence water retention behaviour of biochar amended soils. The major objective of this study is to investigate the water retention properties of soil amended with three different biochars in both loose and dense state. The biochars, i.e. water hyacinth biochar (WHB), chicken manure biochar (CMB) and wood biochar (WB) were produced in-house at different pyrolysis temperature. After then, biochars at 5% and 10% (w/w%) were amended to the soil. Water retention behaviour (soil suction and gravimetric water content) was studied under drying and wetting cycle simulated by varying relative humidity (RH, 50–90%). Results show that 10% WHB produced at 300 °C were found to possess highest water retention. CMB is found to possess higher water retention than WB for 10% amendment ratio. In general, the addition of three biochars (at both 300 °C and 600 °C) at 10% (w/w) significantly improved the water retention at all suction ranges in both loose and dense compaction state as compared to that of the bare soil. The adsorption (wetting) and desorption (drying) capacity of biochar amended soils is constant at corresponding RH.

scholarly journals Influence of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Arachis hypogea Rhizosphere Microbial Community

2020 ◽  
pp. 88-100
Author(s):  
Progress Oghenerume ◽  
Samuel Eduok ◽  
Basil Ita ◽  
Ofonime John ◽  
Inemesit Bassey
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Soil Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Amended Soils ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Amended Soil

We evaluated the effect of 4000 mg zinc oxide (ZnO, 99%, 30 nm) nanoparticle on the physicochemical and microbiological properties of organic manure amended ultisol and loam soil cultivated with Arachis hypogaea using standard methods. The results indicate varying effects on the physicochemical properties in relation to the soil type. The pH of the control ultisol at 7.85 ± 0.17 and 8.3 ± 0.12 in the amended ultisol whereas, the control loam was 7.15 ± 0.17 and 7.41 ± 0.11 in the amended soil indicating 1.06- and 1.04-times higher difference than the controls respectively.  Phosphorus concentration at 57.82 ± 0.54%, 50.81 ± 0.22% and 55.97 ± 0.04%, 59.97 ± 0.02% was 1.14 times lower in the ZnO amended ultisol and 1.07 times higher in amended loam soil compared to the respective controls. The organic matter content in the control and amended ultisol was 2.28 ± 0.32% and 0.91 ± 0.02%, 3.68 ± 0.36% and 0.36 ± 0.02% in the control and amended loam soil. The concentration of nitrate in the control ultisol was 0.05 ± 0.01% and 0.03 ± 0.01% in the amended soil. The nitrate in the control loam soil was 0.08 ± 0.01% relative to 0.02 ± 0.01% in the treated soil and these differences were significant at p = 0.05. The concentration of nutritive salts was reduced and in contrast iron, copper, exchangeable acids, exchange capacity, clay and silt increased in the amended soils. Further to this, heterotrophic ammonia and nitrate-oxidizing bacterial population were inhibited in the amended soils and denitrifying organisms were stimulated. The organisms were members of the genera Pseudomonas, Xanthobacter, Enterobacter, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Citrobacter, Nitrosomonas, Agromyces and Rhizobium. ZnO nanoparticles altered the soil physicochemical properties which exacerbated the negative effect on microbial abundance and varied with the soil type.

scholarly journals Regulating soil bacterial diversity, community structure and enzyme activity using residues from golden apple snails

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaxin Wang ◽  
Xuening Lu ◽  
Jiaen Zhang ◽  
Guangchang Wei ◽  
Yue Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Soil Nutrients ◽  
Pomacea Canaliculata ◽  
Soil Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Amended Soils ◽  
Soil Bacterial ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Amended Soil

Abstract It has been shown that the golden apple snail (GAS, Pomacea canaliculata), which is a serious agricultural pest in Southeast Asia, can provide a soil amendment for the reversal of soil acidification and degradation. However, the impact of GAS residue (i.e., crushed, whole GAS) on soil bacterial diversity and community structure remains largely unknown. Here, a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted and 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to measure bacterial abundance and community structure in soils amended with GAS residue and lime. The results suggest that adding GAS residue resulted in a significant variation in soil pH and nutrients (all P < 0.05), and resulted in a slightly alkaline (pH = 7.28–7.75) and nutrient-enriched soil, with amendment of 2.5–100 g kg−1 GAS residue. Soil nutrients (i.e., NO3-N and TN) and TOC contents were increased (by 132–912%), and some soil exocellular enzyme activities were enhanced (by 2–98%) in GAS residue amended soil, with amendment of 1.0–100 g kg−1 GAS residue. Bacterial OTU richness was 19% greater at the 2.5 g kg−1 GAS residue treatment than the control, while it was 40% and 53% lower at 100 g kg−1 of GAS residue and 50 g kg−1 of lime amended soils, respectively. Firmicutes (15–35%) was the most abundant phylum while Bacterioidetes (1–6%) was the lowest abundant one in GAS residue amended soils. RDA results suggest that the contents of soil nutrients (i.e., NO3-N and TN) and soil TOC explained much more of the variations of bacterial community than pH in GAS residue amended soil. Overuse of GAS residue would induce an anaerobic soil environment and reduce bacterial OTU richness. Soil nutrients and TOC rather than pH might be the main factors that are responsible for the changes of bacterial OTU richness and bacterial community structure in GAS residue amended soil.

THE EFFECT OF CELLULOSE ADDITIONS AND MOISTURE LEVEL ON MYCOFLORA OF SOIL

1963 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zofia Maciejowska ◽  
E. B. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Fungus Flora ◽  
Amended Soils ◽  
Cellulose Decomposition ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Neutral Ph ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Water Holding

The fungus flora developing in cellulose-amended and non-amended soils of neutral pH at moisture levels of 60, 70, and 80% water-holding capacity (WHC) was investigated. A distinct, successive development of three species, Staphylotrichum coccosporum, Coccospora agricola, and Sependonium sp., was observed in soil held at 60% WHC. More species developed in soil held at 70% WHC, and they could effectively coexist during cellulose decomposition. S. coccosporum developed in smaller numbers at 80% WHC than at 60 and 70% WHC. Sepedonium sp. was associated with cellulose decomposition only at 80% WHC. Species of Trichoderma, Monilia, and Fusarium developed better at high moisture levels. It was concluded that available inoculum and the moisture of soils of similar pH values are major factors in determining composition of the microflora of cellulose-amended soil.

scholarly journals Azithromycin and Ciprofloxacin can Promote Antibiotic Resistance in Biosolids and Biosolids-amended Soils

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harmanpreet Sidhu ◽  
Hee-Sung Bae ◽  
Andrew Ogram ◽  
George O’Connor ◽  
Fahong Yu
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Mobile Elements ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Amended Soils ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Amended Soil

Spread of biosolids-borne antibiotic resistance is a growing public and environmental health concern. Herein we conducted incubation experiments involving biosolids, derived from sewage treatment plants, and biosolids-amended soil. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) was employed to assess responses of select antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile elements to environmentally relevant concentrations of two biosolids-borne antibiotics, azithromycin (AZ) and ciprofloxacin (CIP). Additionally, we examined sequence distribution of gyrA (encoding DNA gyrase; site of action of CIP) to assess potential shifts in genotype. Increasing antibiotic concentrations generally increased the transcriptional activities of qnrS (encoding CIP resistance) and ermB and mefE (encoding AZ resistance). The transcriptional activity of intl1 , a marker of Class 1 integrons, was unaffected by CIP or AZ concentrations, but biosolids amendment increased intl1 activity in the soil by 4 to 5 times which persisted throughout incubation. While the dominant gyrA sequences found herein were unrelated to known CIP-resistant genotypes, the increasing CIP concentrations significantly decreased the diversity of genes encoding gyrA , suggesting changes in microbial community structures. This study suggests that biosolids harbor transcriptionally active ARGs and mobile elements that could survive and spread in biosolids-amended soils. However, more research is warranted to investigate these trends under field conditions. IMPORTANCE Although previous studies have indicated that biosolids may be important spreaders of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in environments, the potential activities of ARGs or their responses to environmental parameters have been understudied. This study highlights that certain biosolids-borne antibiotics can induce transcriptional activities of ARGs and mobile genetic elements in biosolids and biosolids-amended soil, even when present at environmentally relevant concentrations. Furthermore, these antibiotics can alter the structure of microbial population expressing ARGs. Our findings indicate the bioavailability of the antibiotics in biosolids and provide evidence that biosolids can promote the activities and dissemination of ARGs and mobile genes in biosolids and soils that receive contaminated biosolids; thus, underscoring the importance of investigating anthropogenically-induced antibiotic resistance in the environment under real-world scenarios.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Biochar-Silty Clay Interaction Using In-House Fabricated Cyclic Loading Apparatus: A Case Study of Coastal Clay and Novel Peach Biochar from the Qingdao Region of China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junwei Liu ◽  
Suriya Prakash Ganesan ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Ankit Garg ◽  
Aman Singhal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Loading ◽  
Shear Modulus ◽  
Dynamic Behavior ◽  
Void Ratio ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Damping Ratio ◽  
Cyclic Strength ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Amended Soils ◽  
Amended Soil

Biochar has been recently investigated as an eco-friendly material in bio-engineered slopes/landfill covers. A majority of recent studies have focused on analyzing water retention behavior while very few have examined dynamic behavior (i.e., cyclic loading due to earthquake, wind, or wave) of biochar amended soil. As far as the authors are aware, there is no study on the dynamic behavior of biochar amended soils. Considering the above mentioned study as a major objective, field excavated soil was collected and mixed with in-house produced biochar from peach endocarps, at three amendment rates (5%, 10%, and 15%). The un-amended bare soil and biochar amended soil were imposed to a cyclic load in a self-designed apparatus and the corresponding stress-strain parameters were measured. Dynamic parameters such as shear modulus and damping ratio were computed and the results were compared between bare and biochar amended soil. Furthermore, the residual cyclic strength of each soil types were correlated with an estimated void ratio to understand the interrelation between dynamic loading responses and biochar amended soils. The major outcomes of this study show that the addition of biochar decreases the void ratio, thereby increasing the shear modulus and residual cyclic strength. However, the modulus and strength values attenuates after 15 cycles due to an increase in pore water pressure. In contrary, at higher amendment rates, Biochar Amended Soils (BAS) forms clay-carbon complex and decreases both shear modulus and residual cyclic strength.

Ethylene-induced volatile inhibitors causing soil fungistasis

Nature ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 259 (5539) ◽  
pp. 112-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. BALIS
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fungistasis ◽  
Volatile Inhibitors

Phosphorus fractions in soil amended with organic and inorganic phosphorus sources

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Abul Kashem ◽  
Olalekan Oluwole Akinremi ◽  
Geza Joseph Racz
Keyword(s):  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Phosphorus Fractions ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
P Fractions ◽  
Amended Soils ◽  
Residual P ◽  
Hog Manure ◽  
Amended Soil

Information on the P fractions in soils treated with different organic amendments is needed to better manage land application of organic amendments to agricultural soils. This study investigated the forms and distribution of P after 1, 4 and 16 wk in a Lakeland silty clay loam soil using a sequential fractionation procedure. Phosphorus was added at rates of 0, 123, 307 and 614 mg P kg-1 in the form of biosolids, hog manure, cattle manure and fertilizer P. The largest difference among the amendments was in the water-extractable P fraction, which was significantly lower in soil amended with biosolids. Regression analysis showed that the slope of P increment in the H2O fraction as a function of P application rate was four times lower for biosolids (0.06) than for hog manure (0.24) and seven times lower than for fertilizer (0.42) amended soils. In the biosolids-amended soil, there was a net increase of H2O-P, NaOH-Pi and HCl-P fractions at the expense of organic P (NaOH-Po) and residual P fractions after 16 wk of incubation, signifying net P mineralization. In hog manure amended soil, H2O-P decreased by 128 mg kg-1 with a corresponding increase in the NaHCO3-P, possibly due to P sorption during the 16 wk of incubation. The results for cattle manure indicated net immobilization of P as the H2O-P and NaHCO3-P declined while the inorganic P (NaOHPi), HCl-P and residual P increased with incubation time. The transformation of P in fertilizer-amended soil was similar to that of hog manure amended soil. The amount of labile P (defined as H2O-P plus NaHCO3-P) in amended soils followed the order of fertilizer P > hog manure > cattle manure > biosolids. Key words: Phosphorus fractions, sequential P extraction, incubation, organic amendments

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