Regulation of oosporogenesis by Lagenidium giganteum; promotion of sexual reproduction by unsaturated fatty acids and sterol availability

1986 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 294-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Kerwin ◽  
Robert K. Washino
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Spore Wall ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Nucleotide Metabolism ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Lagenidium Giganteum ◽  
Exogenous Lipid ◽  
Media Supplements

Induction and maturation of the sexual oospores of the facultative mosquito parasite Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) are influenced by exogenous lipid media supplements. Sterols structurally related to cholesterol are necessary for induction of sexual reproduction and possibly have at least a structural role in oospore maturation following spore wall formation. Sterols also enhance uptake of certain exogenous fatty acids from growth media. Palmitoleic, oleic, and linoleic acids, especially when added to media as triacylglycerols, enhance oospore induction and maturation. It is hypothesized that enrichment of the fatty acyl compounds of the fungus with unsaturated moieties affects cyclic nucleotide metabolism and promotes cellular and vesicular fusion events associated with oosporogenesis by regulating (increasing) membrane fluidity. Results are discussed in relation to mediation of fusion events in a number of diverse model membrane and biological systems by fatty acids and sterols.

scholarly journals THE BIOGENESIS OF MITOCHONDRIA

1968 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Jollow ◽  
G. M. Kellerman ◽  
Anthony W. Linnane
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Phospholipid ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Large Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Growth Media

The growth conditions known to influence the occurrence of mitochondrial profiles and other cell membrane systems in anaerobic cells of S. cerevisiae have been examined, and the effect of the several growth media on the lipid composition of the organism has been determined. The anaerobic cell type containing neither detectable mitochondrial profiles nor the large cell vacuole may be obtained by the culture of the organism on growth-limiting levels of the lipids, ergosterol, and unsaturated fatty acids. Under these conditions, the organism has a high content of short-chain saturated fatty acids (10:0, 12:0), phosphatidyl choline, and squalene, compared with aerobically grown cells, and it is especially low in phosphatidyl ethanolamine and the glycerol phosphatides (phosphatidyl glycerol + cardiolipin). The high levels of unsaturated fatty acids normally found in the phospholipids of the aerobic cells are largely replaced by the short-chain saturated acids, even though the phospholipid fraction contains virtually all of the small amounts of unsaturated fatty acid present in the anaerobic cells. Such anaerobic cells may contain as little as 0.12 mg of ergosterol per g dry weight of cells while the aerobic cells contain about 6 mg of ergosterol per g dry weight. Anaerobic cell types containing mitochondrial profiles can be obtained by the culture of the organism in the presence of excess quantities of ergosterol and unsaturated fatty acids. Such cells have increased levels of total phospholipid, ergosterol, and unsaturated fatty acids, although these compounds do not reach the levels found in aerobic cells. The level of ergosterol in anaerobic cells is markedly influenced by the nature of the carbohydrate in the medium; those cells grown on galactose media supplemented with ergosterol and unsaturated fatty acids have well defined mitochondrial profiles and an ergosterol content (2 mg per g dry weight of cells) three times that of equivalent glucose-grown cells which have poorly defined organelle profiles. Anaerobic cells which are low in ergosterol synthesize increased amounts of squalene.

Independent development of heat resistance and ascospores of Hansenula anomala

1985 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanfang Su ◽  
L. R. Beuchat ◽  
R. E. Worthington
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Heat Resistance ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Chitin Content ◽  
Hansenula Anomala ◽  
Triglyceride Content

The development of ascospores and heat resistance was determined in McClary's acetate broth in the presence of two sporulation inhibitors, ethanol and erythromycin. The inhibitors delayed sporulation without preventing development of heat resistance. The presence of ethanol in growth media caused cells to have increased heat resistance. The fatty acid and chitin contents of sporulating Hansenula anomala cells were determined. Highest triglyceride content of cells was associated with the initiation of sporulation. This phenomenon was not observed for phospholipid. As the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids in triglycerides increased, so did the heat resistance. However, the chitin content of cells was not correlated with heat resistance.

Chemotaxonomic and ultrastructural studies on three species of Tilletia occurring on wheat

1968 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 1149-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Laseter ◽  
W. M. Hess ◽  
J. D. Weete ◽  
D. L. Stocks ◽  
D. J. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
External Surface ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Spore Wall ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Hydrocarbon Content ◽  
Spore Walls ◽  
Reverse Situation

Electron microscopic investigations and chemical analyses were made on the spores of three species of Tilletia. Frozen-etched preparations examined in the electron microscope revealed that the spore walls of both T. foetida (smooth external surface) and T. caries (reticulate surface with some hair-like projections) contain two layers. The spore wall of T. controversa (complex reticulate surface with many hair-like projections) contains three layers. The outer layer in T. controversa has granular regions which form a reticulated pattern on the surface. The hydrocarbon content of the three Tilletia species was essentially the same. The compounds in benzene and the methanol (free fatty acids) fractions gave distinct gas chromatographic patterns for each of the three species. T. foetida was the highest in saturated fatty acids with T. controversa second followed by T. caries. The reverse situation existed with respect to the unsaturated fatty acids.

Four Trypanosoma brucei fatty acyl-CoA synthetases: fatty acid specificity of the recombinant proteins

2001 ◽  
Vol 358 (3) ◽  
pp. 757-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. JIANG ◽  
Paul T. ENGLUND
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Recombinant Proteins ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Fatty Acid Chain ◽  
Nickel Chelate ◽  
Esherichia Coli

As part of our investigation of fatty acid metabolism in Trypanosoma brucei, we have expressed four acyl-CoA synthetase (TbACS) genes in Esherichia coli. The recombinant proteins, with His-tags on their C-termini, were purified to near homogeneity using nickel-chelate affinity chromatography. Although these enzymes are highly homologous, they have distinct specificities for fatty acid chain length. TbACS1 prefers saturated fatty acids in the range C11:0 to C14:0 and TbACS2 prefers shorter fatty acids, mainly C10:0. TbACS3 and 4, which have 95% sequence identity, have similar specificities, favouring fatty acids between C14:0 and C17:0. In addition, TbACS1, 3 and 4 function well with a variety of unsaturated fatty acids.

scholarly journals Comparison of albumin-mediated release of lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine from cultured rat hepatocytes

1989 ◽  
Vol 264 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
B S Robinson ◽  
D J Baisted ◽  
D E Vance
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Rat Hepatocytes ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Detectable Change ◽  
Cultured Rat Hepatocytes

We have investigated the albumin-stimulated release from cultured rat hepatocytes of lysophosphatidylcholine derived from methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine and of lysophosphatidylethanolamine. In the absence [corrected] of albumin, neither lysophosphatidylethanolamine nor lysophosphatidylcholine was released into the culture medium. Albumin stimulated the accumulation of both phospholipids in the medium. After 2 h, 14.1 nmol of lysophosphatidylcholine and 2.0 nmol of lysophosphatidylethanolamine per 3 x 10(6) cells had accumulated in the medium. The rate of release of [3H]ethanolamine-labelled lysophosphatidylethanolamine was rapid in the first 2 h and then was decreased, whereas there was a 1 h lag in the release of [3H]ethanolamine-labelled lysophosphatidylcholine. This apparent lag probably reflected the time necessary for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine from phosphatidylethanolamine in the cells. Albumin caused a decrease in labelled cellular lysophosphatidylethanolamine and lysophosphatidylcholine which only partially accounted for the accumulation of the labelled phospholipids in the medium. Albumin also stimulated the release of labelled phosphatidylethanolamine (almost 3-fold) and phosphatidylcholine (2-fold) into the medium. There was no detectable change in the labelling of the cellular pools of these phospholipids, most likely owing to the large amounts in the cells compared with the medium. The labelled lysophospholipids did not arise from catabolism of the parent phospholipid in the medium. Analysis of the fatty acids of the secreted lysophospholipids showed a preferential release of unsaturated fatty acyl species of lysophosphatidylcholine, whereas lysophosphatidylethanolamine contained similar amounts of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

scholarly journals Anaerobic growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CEN.PK113-7D does not depend on synthesis or supplementation of unsaturated fatty acids

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wijb J C Dekker ◽  
Sanne J Wiersma ◽  
Jonna Bouwknegt ◽  
Christiaan Mooiman ◽  
Jack T Pronk
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Laboratory Strain ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Batch Cultivation ◽  
Anaerobic Growth ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Yeast Viability

ABSTRACT In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, acyl-coenzyme A desaturation by Ole1 requires molecular oxygen. Tween 80, a poly-ethoxylated sorbitan-oleate ester, is therefore routinely included in anaerobic growth media as a source of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). During optimization of protocols for anaerobic bioreactor cultivation of this yeast, we consistently observed growth of the laboratory strain S. cerevisiae CEN.PK113-7D in media that contained the anaerobic growth factor ergosterol, but lacked UFAs. To minimize oxygen contamination, additional experiments were performed in an anaerobic chamber. After anaerobic precultivation without ergosterol and Tween 80, strain CEN.PK113-7D and a congenic ole1Δ strain both grew during three consecutive batch-cultivation cycles on medium that contained ergosterol, but not Tween 80. During these three cycles, no UFAs were detected in biomass of cultures grown without Tween 80, while contents of C10 to C14 saturated fatty acids were higher than in biomass from Tween 80-supplemented cultures. In contrast to its UFA-independent anaerobic growth, aerobic growth of the ole1Δ strain strictly depended on Tween 80 supplementation. This study shows that the requirement of anaerobic cultures of S. cerevisiae for UFA supplementation is not absolute and provides a basis for further research on the effects of lipid composition on yeast viability and robustness.

scholarly journals Targeted mutagenesis of ∆5 and ∆6 fatty acyl desaturases induce dysregulation of lipid metabolism in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

BMC Genomics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Jin ◽  
Alex K. Datsomor ◽  
Rolf E. Olsen ◽  
Jon Olav Vik ◽  
Jacob S. Torgersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Targeted Mutagenesis ◽  
Plant Oil ◽  
Farmed Salmon

Abstract Background With declining wild fish populations, farmed salmon has gained popularity as a source for healthy long-chain highly unsaturated fatty acids (LC-HUFA). However, the introduction of plant oil in farmed salmon feeds has reduced the content of these beneficial LC-HUFA. The synthetic capability for LC-HUFAs depends upon the dietary precursor fatty acids and the genetic potential, thus there is a need for in-depth understanding of LC-HUFA synthetic genes and their interactions with other genes involved in lipid metabolism. Several key genes of LC-HUFA synthesis in salmon belong to the fatty acid desaturases 2 (fads2) family. The present study applied whole transcriptome analysis on two CRISPR-mutated salmon strains (crispants), 1) Δ6abc/5Mt with mutations in Δ5fads2, Δ6fads2-a, Δ6fads2-b and Δ6fads2-c genes, and 2) Δ6bcMt with mutations in Δ6fads2-b and Δ6fads2-c genes. Our purpose is to evaluate the genetic effect fads2 mutations have on other lipid metabolism pathways in fish, as well as to investigate mosaicism in a commercial species with a very long embryonal period. Results Both Δ6abc/5Mt and Δ6bcMt crispants demonstrated high percentage of indels within all intended target genes, though different indel types and percentage were observed between individuals. The Δ6abc/5Mt fish displayed several disruptive indels which resulted in over 100 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) enriched in lipid metabolism pathways in liver. This includes up-regulation of srebp1 genes which are known key transcription regulators of lipid metabolism as well as a number of down-stream genes involved in fatty acid de-novo synthesis, fatty acid β-oxidation and lipogenesis. Both elovl5 and elovl2 genes were not changed, suggesting that the genes were not targeted by Srebp1. The mutation of Δ6bcMt surprisingly resulted in over 3000 DEGs which were enriched in factors encoding genes involved in mRNA regulation and stability. Conclusions CRISPR-Cas9 can efficiently mutate multiple fads2 genes simultaneously in salmon. The results of the present study have provided new information on the transcriptional regulations of lipid metabolism genes after reduction of LC-HUFA synthesis pathways in salmon.

scholarly journals Evidence for a single non-arachidonic acid-specific fatty acyl-CoA synthetase in heart which is regulated by Mg2+

1996 ◽  
Vol 313 (3) ◽  
pp. 849-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine SAUNDERS ◽  
Jeffrey M. VOIGT ◽  
Margaret T. WEIS
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Rabbit Heart ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Synthetase Activity ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Rate Limiting

Previous reports indicated that arachidonic acid is incorporated into the isolated perfused rabbit heart in preference to other fatty acids, and that incorporation of arachidonic acid, but not other fatty acids, is inhibited during Mg2+ depletion. In this study, we have not been able to demonstrate an arachidonic acid-specific fatty acyl-CoA synthetase in rat or rabbit heart by hydroxyapatite chromatography. Kinetic evidence was consistent with a single enzyme, as the slopes of pseudo-Hill plots were not significantly different from -1. The single fatty acyl-CoA synthetase present appears to prefer C18:0 unsaturated fatty acids to arachidonate, and had about the same affinity for C10:0–C14:0 saturated fatty acids as for arachidonate. At 35 μM arachidonate, enzyme velocity increased as the total Mg2+ was increased from 3 to 80 mM. Calculated [MgATP] indicated that the MgATP complex was not rate-limiting. At low concentrations, Mn2+ and Ni2+ supported activity, but Cu2+ and Zn2+ did not. Low Ca2+ concentrations activated only oleic acid conversion. Kinetic analysis indicated that the Vmax of the enzyme was increased with increasing concentrations of ionized Mg2+ for both oleic acid and arachidonic acid. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that Mg2+ has a direct effect on fatty acyl-CoA synthetase activity, and suggest that preference for oleic acid and arachidonic acid can be influenced by the ionic milieu.

Phospholipids of Cladosporium resinae cultured on glucose and on n-alkanes

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 1205-1210
Author(s):  
Claudia M. L. Kan ◽  
J. J. Cooney
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Growth Substrate

Cladosporium resinae was grown on glucose, on n-dodecane, and on n-hexadecane. Total lipid was greatest in dodecane-grown cells and least in hexadecane-grown cells, while glucose-grown cells contained the most phospholipid and hexadecane-grown cells contained the least. Cells from all three media contained phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine as their major phospholipids, with lesser amounts of phosphatidylserine and traces of a cardiolipin-like compound. The major fatty acids associated with each phospholipid were palmitic acid and one or more 18-carbon unsaturated fatty acids. There was no correlation between n-alkane growth substrate and fatty acyl components of cellular phospholipids.

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