Translation types and niche translations: Comparing five Afrikaans translations

Before the introduction of the dynamic-equivalent translation method by Eugene Nida, most Bible translations, in terms of translation type, were literal and formal correspondence translations. With the expansion of Bible translation globally over the past 60 years, alternative translation types started to appear – sometimes claiming uniqueness and even superiority. That, in turn, led to a reverse situation where ‘literal only’ or ‘literal-superiority’ claims were made. This has been a cause for significant debate and controversy. The purpose of this comparison of translation types is to indicate how translations differ from each other on a continuum and to determine if some versions in Afrikaans align with translation typology. The method followed in this article is to classify translation types in two main groupings: more literal and more dynamic; and four subtypes: corresponding translations, resembling translations, clarifying translations, and simplifying translations. In light of this classification, five publications of the Bible in Afrikaans are compared to Bible publications in English and Dutch. This study has found that each of the five Afrikaans translations does fit under one of the four types for which the criteria were laid out. The finding was that the typology applied to Bible versions in English, Dutch and Afrikaans. This typology implies that translations from different types are not necessarily in competition with each other, but that they complement each other. Each version in Afrikaans has then been compared to each other in terms of an end-user market niche and, based on that, there seems to be a continuing need for versions in all the different types. Translations do improve over time as translation theory and source-language scholarship evolve, but the validity of each type and publications in each type argue for versions of several types to endure.Contribution: This article is not the first attempt to describe translation types. Several translators, as well as some functionalist translation studies did important scientific work in this regard. However, this article’s principal contribution to translation studies is to propose a simplified yet adequate model of four translation types with new terminology, terms which do not overlap but are descriptive of function. And then secondly, to align each type with scripture engagement and the translation niche.

Financial Balance Analysis of Geothermal Companies in Poland Based on Managerial Cash Flows

The use of geothermal energy to produce heat and electricity has become increasingly important in recent years. This is mainly due to environmental issues and the need to ensure energy security. The aim of the article was to analyse and compare the ability to maintain cash balance of selected geothermal companies in Poland. The following were taken for verification: Przedsiębiorstwo Energetyki Cieplnej PEC Geotermia Podhalańska S.A., Geotermia Poddębice Sp. z o.o., Geotermia Mazowiecka S.A., Geotermia Pyrzyce Sp. z o.o. and Geotermia Czarnków Sp. z o.o. The adopted research methodology, combining accrual and cash recognition, allowed the analysis of the ability to create cash flows and maintain cash stability in 2016–2019. The study used financial data from the financial statements of the analysed companies. The analysis shows that the highest cash flows from assets defined as Free Cash Flow to Firm FCFF (over PLN 11,318 thousand) and the highest cash flows for owners Free Cash Flow to Equity FCFE (over PLN 10,005 thousand) are generated by Geotermia Mazowiecka S.A. At the same time, the balance between cash flows meeting the inequality FCFF ≥ FCFE + FCD, where FCD Free Cash Flow to Debt, determines the ability of assets to generate cash covering the current distribution of capital for its donors. Consequently, there is an increase in the value of cash resources identified in investments in the management balance sheet. Such a situation occurred in the case of Geotermia Poddębice Sp. z o.o. and Geotermia Mazowiecka S.A. The reverse situation, i.e., FCFF < FCFE + FCD is characteristic for cash imbalance. In such conditions there is a decrease in cash resources identified in the management balance. This occurred in PEC Geotermia Podhalańska S.A., Geotermia Pyrzyce Sp. z o.o. and Geotermia Czarnków Sp. z o.o.

The impact of the gender composition of the Board of Directors on the company's performance: the experience of Germany, Austria and Switzerland

The article examines the changes in corporate governance bodies connected with financial performance dynamics in German, Austrian and Swiss companies. The main objective of the study is to trace the causal links between financial indicators and Board’s gender composition. The paper uses the reports of European companies to determine the Board composition and financial outcomes. Using a sample of 177 corporations and data on their Board and management composition along with financial performance indicators in 2014-2019, the authors apply regressions to determine statistically relevant relations between Board compositions and financial results. The findings show no negative effect of female representation in the Board on corporate financial performance. The study identifies a visible positive correlation between an increasing female representation in the Board and financial outcomes in real estate and manufacturing sector. Austria shows negative dependence of financial outcomes on increasing female representation in the Board, with a reverse situation in Switzerland. The results also show no correlation between the number of female directors and female managers.

Dominant RP in the Middle While Recessive in Both the N- and C-Terminals Due to RP1 Truncations: Confirmation, Refinement, and Questions

RP1 truncation variants, including frameshift, nonsense, and splicing, are a common cause of retinitis pigmentosa (RP). RP1 is a unique gene where truncations cause either autosomal dominant RP (adRP) or autosomal recessive RP (arRP) depending on the location of the variants. This study aims to clarify the boundaries between adRP and arRP caused by RP1 truncation variants based on a systemic analysis of 165 RP1 variants from our in-house exome-sequencing data of 7,092 individuals as well as a thorough review of 185 RP1 variants from published literature. In our cohort, potential pathogenic variants were detected in 16 families, including 11 new and five previously described families. Of the 16, seven families with adRP had heterozygous truncations in the middle portion, while nine families with either arRP (eight) or macular degeneration had biallelic variants in the N- and C-terminals, involving 10 known and seven novel variants. In the literature, 147 truncations in RP1 were reported to be responsible for either arRP (85) or adRP (58) or both (four). An overall evaluation of RP1 causative variants suggested three separate regions, i.e., the N-terminal from c.1 (p.1) to c.1837 (p.613), the middle portion from c.1981 (p.661) to c.2749 (p.917), and the C-terminal from c.2816 (p.939) to c.6471 (p.2157), where truncations in the middle portion were associated with adRP, while those in the N- and C-terminals were responsible for arRP. Heterozygous truncations alone in the N- and C- terminals were unlikely pathogenic. However, conflict reports with reverse situation were present for 13 variants, suggesting a complicated pathogenicity awaiting to be further elucidated. In addition, pathogenicity for homozygous truncations around c.5797 and thereafter might also need to be further clarified, so as for missense variants and for truncations located in the two gaps. Our data not only confirmed and refined the boundaries between dominant and recessive RP1 truncations but also revealed unsolved questions valuable for further investigation. These findings remind us that great care is needed in interpreting the results of RP1 variants in clinical gene testing as well as similar features may also be present in some other genes.

DYNAMIC SURFACE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The article examines the interaction of subjects of a two-level hierarchical system. An industrial enterprise discharges wastewater into the river as a result of its work. To prevent the ingress of a large amount of pollutants, water treatment facilities have been installed, the operation of which is regulated by the level of technical support. The state allocates funds to support the activities of the enterprise and regulates the standards for the discharge of pollutants. The interests of both subjects are to maximize their target functional. The article is devoted to the problem of finding optimal control in a mathematical model of water quality management in a dynamic system. Examples of calculations for specific parameters are given. Based on the examples given, we can draw conclusions about the influence of parameters on the system. The type of the emitted substance has the greatest influence on the system, namely the values of such parameters as the initial concentration and the coefficient of non-conservativeness. With long-term interaction, the speed of self-cleaning of the river plays a significant role. At a low level of self-purification of the river, the concentration of substances in the river almost reaches the maximum permissible level. The deterioration of the environmental situation leads to losses on the part of the Host. The reverse situation allows us to continue cooperation in the future, while receiving a greater gain. Also, the winnings of the subjects significantly depend on the volume of investments.

‘External’ Case Law as a Source of Inspiration for the Court of Justice of the European Union

Whilst the other contributions to this book focus on the extent to which the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is taken into account in EU neighbouring countries, notably by the national courts of these countries, this chapter deals with the reverse situation; that is, the extent to which the CJEU pays attention to the case law of both international courts and national courts of third countries. This is done mainly by looking at explicit references to such extraneous sources to be found in CJEU judgments and orders. The main focus is on the case law of the Court of Justice, but some information is also provided concerning the case law of the General Court. In the context of references to the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) case law contained in Court of Justice judgments, some examples are also given of references to CJEU judgments which can be found in the case law of the Human Rights Court.

Comparison of population densities of selected bird species breeding in main urban habitats in southwestern Poland

A simplified version of the territory mapping method was used. Four counts were conducted in a fragment of the city of Wrocław in the spring and early summer 2010. Two main urban habitats were distinguished: a densely built-up area with block buildings and a residential area with flat houses. In total, 44 bird species were recorded as breeding in the whole study area. Five species nested in a density higher than 10 pairs per 100 ha each: Columba palumbus, Pica pica, Streptopelia decaocto, Sylvia atricapilla, and Turdus merula. Whereas in the densely built-up areas Columba palumbus and Streptopelia decaocto were equally common, in the residential area Streptopelia decaocto was almost three times more common than Columba palumbus. Pica pica was about three times more common than Corvus cornix both in the builtup areas and in the residential areas. Although densely built-up areas and residential areas have a similar species composition, many species breed in different densities. This is probably due to a different structure of vegetation. While tall trees are relatively common and shrubs rare in the densely built-up areas, the reverse situation prevails in residential areas.

Processing symbolic magnitude information conveyed by number words and by scalar adjectives

Humans not only process and compare magnitude information such as size, duration, and number perceptually, but they also communicate about these properties using language. In this respect, a relevant class of lexical items are so-called scalar adjectives like ‘big’, ‘long’, ‘loud’, etc. which refer to magnitude information. It has been proposed that humans use an amodal and abstract representation format shared by different dimensions, called the generalized magnitude system (GMS). In this paper, we test the hypothesis that scalar adjectives are symbolic references to GMS representations, and, therefore, GMS gets involved in processing their meaning. Previously, a parallel hypothesis on the relation between number symbols and GMS representations has been tested with the size congruity paradigm. The results of these experiments showed interference between the processing of number symbols and the processing of physical (font-) size. In the first three experiments of the present study (total N=150), we used the size congruity paradigm and the same/different task to look at the potential interaction between physical size magnitude and numerical magnitude expressed by number words. In the subsequent three experiments (total N=149), we looked at a parallel potential interaction between physical size magnitude and scalar adjective meaning. In the size congruity paradigm we observed interference between the processing of the numerical value of number words and the meaning of scalar adjectives, on the one hand, and physical (font-) size, on the other had, when participants had to judge the number words or the adjectives (while ignoring physical size). No interference was obtained for the reverse situation, i.e. when participants judged the physical font size (while ignoring numerical value or meaning). The results of the same/different task for both number words and scalar adjectives strongly suggested that the interference that was observed in the size congruity paradigm was likely due to a response conflict at the decision stage of processing rather than due to the recruitment of GMS representations. Taken together, it can be concluded that the size congruity paradigm does not provide evidence in support the hypothesis that GMS representations are used in the processing of number words or scalar adjectives. Nonetheless, the hypothesis we put forward about scalar adjectives is still is a promising potential line of research. We make a number of suggestions for how this hypothesis can be explored in future studies.

Conventional and Inverse Magnetocaloric Effect in Ni-Rich Ni-Mn-Ga and Ni-Mn-Sn Heusler Alloy: A Comparison

Magnetic and magnetocaloric effect of Ni-rich Ni52Mn34Sn14 (Ni-Mn-Sn) and Ni54Mn17Ga29 (Ni-Mn-Ga) Heusler alloys have been investigated up to a magnetic field of 5T and within a temperature range of 4.2 – 325 K. In this study, we report a systematic comparison between Ni-rich Ni52Mn34Sn14 and Ni54Mn17Ga29 alloys in the light of their magnetocaloric effect (MCE). In both the samples, a large magnetic entropy change was observed (~96 J kg-1 K-1 for Ni-Mn-Ga), but for the alloy Ni-Mn-Sn the MCE becomes negative/inverse. From various magnetic measurements it have been observed that in Ni-Mn-Sn alloy the martensite to austenite transition accompanied by lower to higher magnetization whereas for Ni-Mn-Ga alloy reverse situation occurred. The different type of magnetocaloric effect, i.e. inverse and direct can be explained by considering magneto-crystalline anisotropy and different state of magnetization of the martensite and austenite phase of the alloys.

PUBLIC PROCUREMENT AS A TOOL OF MACROECONOMIC POLICY (BASED ON THE MODEL OF «AGGREGATE DEMAND – INFLATIONARY ADJUSTMENT» AD-IA)

The article considers the application of the Keynesian model of aggregate demand – inflationary adjustment on the example of data analysis of changes in the macroeconomic parameters of the economic development of the Russian Federation. It describes and proves the relationship between the level of gross domestic product, total domestic consumption, investment and net exports due to changes in the amount of public procurement in different periods. The theoretical justifications for the model’s action due to changes in the inflationary setting are revealed, and the assumption about changes in inflation due to changes in the gross domestic product is expressed and verified (the reverse situation). The theoretical conclusions are supported by appropriate graphical methods of presenting information for greater clarity.