scholarly journals Key Metabolite Differences Between Korean Pine (Pinus koraiensis) Seeds With Primary Physiological Dormancy and No-Dormancy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Song ◽  
Xiaoye Gao ◽  
Yunjie Wu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Seed Dormancy ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Pinus Koraiensis ◽  
Physiological Dormancy

Pinus Koraiensis seeds have physiological dormancy. Cold stratification releases seed dormancy. The changes in metabolite profiles of dormant seeds and cold stratified seeds during shorter incubation time in a favorable condition for seed germination have been studied. However, a more-long-term detection of the changes in metabolites in dormant seeds can identify the real metabolic pathways responsible for dormancy. Metabolite composition was investigated in embryo and megagametophyte of primary physiological dormant seeds (DS) of P. Koraiensis collected at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks of incubation and of non-primary physiological dormant seeds (NDS) sampled at 0 and 1 week of incubation, seed coat rupture stage, and radicle protrusion stage. Embryos contained higher levels of most metabolites than megagametophyte. Strong accumulation of most metabolites in DS occurred at 1 and 4 weeks of incubation. A larger reduction in the relative levels of most phosphorylated sugars and amino acids in NDS was found between 1-week-incubation and seed coat rupture stage. The relative levels of metabolites involved in carbohydrate metabolism, especially the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, were higher in the embryos of 4-week-incubated DS, but the relative contents of intermediate metabolites of most amino acid metabolism were lower compared to 1-week-incubated NDS. We suggested that the disturbed carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism in the embryos of DS after 4 weeks of incubation maybe related to primary dormancy. Our study provides information for a better understanding of the mechanism of seed dormancy.

scholarly journals Effect of Huangqin Tang on Urine Metabolic Profile in Rats with Ulcerative Colitis Based on UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Dunfang Wang ◽  
Xuran Ma ◽  
Shanshan Guo ◽  
Yanli Wang ◽  
Tao Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Q Exactive ◽  
Therapeutic Mechanisms

As a classic prescription, Huangqin Tang (HQT) has been widely applied to treat ulcerative colitis (UC), although its pharmacological mechanisms are not clear. In this study, urine metabolomics was first analysed to explore the therapeutic mechanisms of HQT in UC rats induced by TNBS. We identified 28 potential biomarkers affected by HQT that might cause changes in urine metabolism in UC rats, mapped the network of metabolic pathways, and revealed how HQT affects metabolism of UC rats. The results showed that UC affects amino acid metabolism and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and impairs the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle). UC induced inflammatory and gastrointestinal reactions by inhibiting the transport of fatty acids and disrupting amino acid metabolism. HQT plays key roles via regulating the level of biomarkers in the metabolism of amino acids, lipids, and so on, normalizing metabolic disorders. In addition, histopathology and other bioinformatics analysis further confirm that HQT altered UC rat physiology and pathology, ultimately affecting metabolic function of UC rats.

scholarly journals Disruption of the TCA cycle reveals an ATF4-dependent integration of redox and amino acid metabolism

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan Gerard Ryan ◽  
Ming Yang ◽  
Hiran A Prag ◽  
Giovanny Rodriguez Blanco ◽  
Efterpi Nikitopoulou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Fumarate Hydratase ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Redox Biology ◽  
The Tca Cycle

The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) cycle is arguably the most critical metabolic cycle in physiology and exists as an essential interface coordinating cellular metabolism, bioenergetics, and redox homeostasis. Despite decades of research, a comprehensive investigation into the consequences of TCA cycle dysfunction remains elusive. Here, we targeted two TCA cycle enzymes, fumarate hydratase (FH) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and combined metabolomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics analyses to fully appraise the consequences of TCA cycle inhibition (TCAi) in murine kidney epithelial cells. Our comparative approach shows that TCAi elicits a convergent rewiring of redox and amino acid metabolism dependent on the activation of ATF4 and the integrated stress response (ISR). Furthermore, we also uncover a divergent metabolic response, whereby acute FHi, but not SDHi, can maintain asparagine levels via reductive carboxylation and maintenance of cytosolic aspartate synthesis. Our work highlights an important interplay between the TCA cycle, redox biology and amino acid homeostasis.

scholarly journals Disruption of the TCA cycle reveals an ATF4-dependent integration of redox and amino acid metabolism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan Gerard Ryan ◽  
Ming Yang ◽  
Hiran A Prag ◽  
Giovanny Rodriguez Blanco ◽  
Efterpi Nikitopoulou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Fumarate Hydratase ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Redox Biology ◽  
The Tca Cycle

The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) cycle is arguably the most critical metabolic cycle in physiology and exists as an essential interface coordinating cellular metabolism, bioenergetics, and redox homeostasis. Despite decades of research, a comprehensive investigation into the consequences of TCA cycle dysfunction remains elusive. Here, we targeted two TCA cycle enzymes, fumarate hydratase (FH) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and combined metabolomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics analyses to fully appraise the consequences of TCA cycle inhibition (TCAi) in kidney epithelial cells. Our comparative approach shows that TCAi elicits a convergent rewiring of redox and amino acid metabolism dependent on the activation of ATF4 and the integrated stress response (ISR). Furthermore, we also uncover a divergent metabolic response, whereby acute FHi, but not SDHi, can maintain asparagine levels via reductive carboxylation and maintenance of cytosolic aspartate synthesis. Our work highlights an important interplay between the TCA cycle, redox biology and amino acid homeostasis.

Effect of thyroid hormones on metabolism. II. The effect of adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy on responses of rat liver enzyme activity to L-thyroxine injection

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Freedland ◽  
E. H. Avery ◽  
A. R. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Marked Effect ◽  
Intact Animal ◽  
Liver Enzyme Activity ◽  
Enzyme Systems ◽  
Adrenalectomized Rats

Many enzyme activities which were increased by hydrocortisone were decreased by adrenalectomy. This effect was more apparent with enzymes related to amino acid metabolism than those related to carbohydrate metabolism. The latter, although significantly increased by hydrocortisone, did not show marked decreases after adrenalectomy. Hypophysectomy decreased the activities of many enzyme systems associated with carbohydrate metabolism more drastically than did adrenalectomy. The results with the enzymes related to amino acid metabolism were not as clear. Several of these were decreased to a greater degree after hypophysectomy than after adrenalectomy. In contrast, several enzymes were also increased above the control values after hypophysectomy. Adrenalectomy was particularly efficient in decreasing the activities of several transaminases, and hypophysectomy had a marked effect upon decreasing TPN+-linked enzyme systems.The response of several enzymes to L-thyroxine injections was decreased in magnitude or eliminated after adrenalectomy. This was particularly true for enzymes associated with carbohydrate metabolism. Several enzymes increased by L-thyroxine in intact animals were actually decreased in adrenalectomized rats after this treatment. This was particularly true for serine dehydrase and glutamic–pyruvic transaminase. These results are strongly suggestive of a thyroxine–adrenal interaction in the intact animal. Hypophysectomy had a similar effect on enzyme responses to L-thyroxine, with the exception of glutaminase. Therefore, many of the effects of hypophysectomy may actually be related to a lack of adrenal function. It was observed that the removal of the adrenal had similar effects on responses of enzyme activity after thyroxine treatment, as did pituitary removal. Certain of the enzymes were decreased to a greater extent by hypophysectomy, and others were actually increased in activity after removal of the pituitary. It therefore appears that in many enzyme systems there is a complete requirement for the pituitary and (or) adrenals for a L-thyroxine effect on enzyme activity. In other enzyme systems the dependence appears to occur but does not appear to be complete.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic Responses Induced in Muscle and Adipose Tissues of Growing Pigs by Intravenous Infusion of Sodium Butyrate

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 559
Author(s):  
He Zhang ◽  
Erdu Ren ◽  
Rongying Xu ◽  
Yong Su
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Sodium Butyrate ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Growing Pigs

Butyrate has a central function in the regulation of energy metabolism as a metabolite of bacterial fermentation. This study evaluated the effects of intravenous sodium butyrate (SB) administration on the transcriptome of muscle and adipose tissue of pigs. Twelve crossbred barrows (Duroc × Landrace × Large White) were fitted with a medical polyethylene cannula via the internal jugular vein and were daily infused with 10 mL SB (200 mmol/L) or the same volume of physiological saline. Muscle transcriptome showed 11 DEGs related to carbohydrate metabolism, 28 DEGs related to lipid metabolism, and 10 DEGs related to amino acid metabolism. Among these, carbohydrate catabolic process-related genes (PPP1R3B, PRPS2, ALDOC), fatty acid synthase (FASN), and lipolysis-related genes (PLIN1) were upregulated, while the carbohydrate biosynthetic process-related genes (PCK1) and most amino acid metabolism-related genes were downregulated. Adipose transcriptome showed 12 DEGs related to carbohydrate metabolism, 27 DEGs related to lipid metabolism, and 10 DEGs related to amino acid metabolism. Among these, carbohydrate metabolism-related genes (IGF1, LEP, SLC2A4) and lipolysis-related genes (LPL) were upregulated, while lipolysis-related genes (ANGPTL4) and most amino acid metabolism-related genes were downregulated. The results suggest that short-term intravenous SB infusion could modulate the muscle and adipose tissue metabolism at the transcriptional level by decreasing amino acid metabolism pathways. Additionally, intravenous SB increased the glucose catabolism in muscle tissue and decreased the glucose utilization in adipose tissue. Intravenous SB increased the fatty acid synthesis, decreased the lipolysis in muscle tissue, and increased the lipolysis in adipose tissue. This suggests that systemic butyrate may display discriminative metabolic regulation in different tissues of barrows.

scholarly journals Metabolomics reveals the defense mechanism of different rice under space flight stress

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deyong Zeng ◽  
Jie Cui ◽  
Yishu Yin ◽  
Yi Xiong ◽  
Mengyao Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Space Flight ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Mutation Breeding ◽  
Space Environment ◽  
Cycle Rate ◽  
The Tca Cycle

Abstract BackgroundSpace flight is a special abiotic stress condition. Due to the development of space technology, its potential value has received widespread attention. Space mutation breeding is one of the important methods for human beings to solve food security. However, the molecular mechanism of space mutagenesis is still not very clear.ResultIn this study, two kinds of rice, Dongnong423 (DN3) and Dongnong416 (DN6), were carried on the SJ-10 retractable satellite for 12.5 days in orbit, returned to the ground and planted in the field until the three-leaf (TLP) and tillering stage (TS). The results of antioxidant enzyme activity, soluble sugar, and electron leakage rate revealed that the space environment caused the stress response of rice. The TLP and TS of DN3 identified 113 and 58 different metabolites, respectively. The TLP and TS of DN6 identified 107 and 77 different metabolites, respectively. These metabolites include amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, organic acids and secondary metabolites. We used qRT-PCR technology to explore the changes of enzyme genes in the TCA cycle and amino acid metabolism pathway. Combined with the results of metabolomics, we determined that during the TLP, the TCA cycle rate of DN3 was inhibited and amino acid metabolism was activated, while the TCA cycle rate of DN6 was activated and amino acid metabolism was inhibited. In TS, the TCA cycle rate of DN3 was inhibited, and amino acid metabolism was not significantly changed, while the TCA cycle rate of DN6 was activated and amino acid metabolism was inhibited. These results suggest that the space environment has different stress response mechanisms to the two rice varieties, and these differences may be reflected in energy consumption and compound biosynthesis.ConclusionsThis research uses metabolomics for the first time to explore the effects of space flight team rice. This research provides new insights for further exploring the effects of space biology and space mutation breeding.

scholarly journals Involvement of enzymes of amino acid metabolism and tricarboxylic acid cycle in bovine oocyte maturation in vitro

Reproduction ◽  
2003 ◽  
pp. 753-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Cetica ◽  
L Pintos ◽  
G Dalvit ◽  
M Beconi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Cumulus Cells ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid ◽  
Maturation In Vitro

Few studies demonstrate at a biochemical level the metabolic profile of both cumulus cells and the oocyte during maturation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the differential participation of enzymatic activity in cumulus cells and in the oocyte during in vitro maturation (IVM) by studying the activity of enzymes involved in the control of amino acid metabolism, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST); and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH). No NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD-IDH) activity was recorded in cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs). ALT, AST, NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP-IDH) and MDH enzymatic units remained constant in cumulus cells and oocytes during IVM. Specific activities increased in oocytes and decreased in cumulus cells as a result of IVM (P<0.05). Similar activity of both transaminases was detected in cumulus cells, unlike in the oocyte, in which activity of AST was 4.4 times greater than that of ALT (P<0.05). High NADP-IDH and MDH activity was detected in the oocyte. Addition of alanine, aspartate, isocitrate + NADP, oxaloacetate or malate + NAD to maturation media increased the percentage of denuded oocytes reaching maturation (P<0.05), in contrast to COCs in which differences were not observed by addition of these substrates and co-enzymes. The activity of studied enzymes and the use of oxidative substrates denotes a major participation of transaminations and the TCA cycle in the process of gamete maturation. The oocyte thus seems versatile in the use of several oxidative substrates depending on the redox state.

scholarly journals Effects of Different Short-Term UV-B Radiation Intensities on Metabolic Characteristics of Porphyra haitanensis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 2180
Author(s):  
Shimei Fu ◽  
Song Xue ◽  
Jun Chen ◽  
Shuai Shang ◽  
Hui Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Glutathione Metabolism ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Growth Physiology ◽  
Porphyra Haitanensis

The effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, particularly UV-B on algae, have become an important issue as human-caused depletion of the protecting ozone layer has been reported. In this study, the effects of different short-term UV-B radiation on the growth, physiology, and metabolism of Porphyra haitanensis were examined. The growth of P. haitanensis decreased, and the bleaching phenomenon occurred in the thalli. The contents of total amino acids, soluble sugar, total protein, and mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) increased under different UV-B radiation intensities. The metabolic profiles of P. haitanensis differed between the control and UV-B radiation-treated groups. Most of the differential metabolites in P. haitanensis were significantly upregulated under UV-B exposure. Short-term enhanced UV-B irradiation significantly affected amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and phenylpropane biosynthesis. The contents of phenylalanine, tyrosine, threonine, and serine were increased, suggesting that amino acid metabolism can promote the synthesis of UV-absorbing substances (such as phenols and MAAs) by providing precursor substances. The contents of sucrose, D-glucose-6-phosphate, and beta-D-fructose-6-phosphate were increased, suggesting that carbohydrate metabolism contributes to maintain energy supply for metabolic activity in response to UV-B exposure. Meanwhile, dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) was also significantly upregulated, denoting effective activation of the antioxidant system. To some extent, these results provide metabolic insights into the adaptive response mechanism of P. haitanensis to short-term enhanced UV-B radiation.

scholarly journals CsrA Regulates Swarming Motility and Carbohydrate and Amino Acid Metabolism in Vibrio alginolyticus

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2383
Author(s):  
Bing Liu ◽  
Qian Gao ◽  
Xin Zhang ◽  
Huizhen Chen ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Flux ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Rna Binding ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Vibrio Alginolyticus ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen

Vibrio alginolyticus, like other vibrio species, is a widely distributed marine bacterium that is able to outcompete other species in variable niches where diverse organic matters are supplied. However, it remains unclear how these cells sense and adjust metabolic flux in response to the changing environment. CsrA is a conserved RNA-binding protein that modulates critical cellular processes such as growth ability, central metabolism, virulence, and the stress response in gamma-proteobacteria. Here, we first characterize the csrA homolog in V. alginolyticus. The results show that CsrA activates swarming but not swimming motility, possibly by enhancing the expression of lateral flagellar associated genes. It is also revealed that CsrA modulates the carbon and nitrogen metabolism of V. alginolyticus, as evidenced by a change in the growth kinetics of various carbon and nitrogen sources when CsrA is altered. Quantitative RT-PCR shows that the transcripts of the genes encoding key enzymes involved in the TCA cycle and amino acid metabolism change significantly, which is probably due to the variation in mRNA stability given by CsrA binding. This may suggest that CsrA plays an important role in sensing and responding to environmental changes.

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