PERIODATE–PERMANGANATE OXIDATIONS: II. DETERMINATION OF TERMINAL METHYLENE GROUPS

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (11) ◽  
pp. 1710-1713 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. U. Lemieux ◽  
E. Von Rudloff
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Yield ◽  
Permanganate Oxidation ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Methylene Groups ◽  
Methylene Group

The periodate–permanganate oxidation of a terminal methylene group can be made to produce formaldehyde in high although not quantitative yield. Since the yields compare favorably with those obtained by ozonolysis, the reagent can serve as the basis for a convenient micromethod for the estimation of terminal methylene groups. The less than theoretical yields of formaldehyde are believed mainly due to the conversion of the olefin in part to α-hydroxyaldehyde in the initial stage of the reaction.

PERIODATE–PERMANGANATE OXIDATIONS: III. DETERMINATION OF ISOPROPYLIDENE GROUPS

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (11) ◽  
pp. 1714-1719 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Von Rudloff
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Quantitative Yield ◽  
Simultaneous Estimation ◽  
Colorimetric Determination ◽  
Double Bonds ◽  
Methylene Groups ◽  
Insoluble Compounds

The reaction of the periodate–permanganate reagent with olefinic double bonds was applied to the determination of isopropylidene groups. The oxidation of compounds containing such groups gave a quantitative yield of acetone which could be readily determined by known iodometric and colorimetric procedures. Use of aqueous solutions of pyridine or dioxane as solvent permitted analysis of water-insoluble compounds. The colorimetric determination of acetone was then preferred. This method also allowed a simultaneous estimation of terminal methylene groups. The content of isopropylidene groups of commercial samples of three terpenes of the geraniol type was determined.

scholarly journals The use of classical methods and neural networks in deformation studies of hydrotechnical objects

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 718-725
Author(s):  
Maria Mrówczyńska ◽  
Jacek Sztubecki ◽  
Małgorzata Sztubecka ◽  
Izabela Skrzypczak
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Artificial Neural Networks ◽  
Cylinder Surface ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Steel Cylinder ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
Set Of Points

Abstract Objects’ measurements often boil down to the determination of changes due to external factors affecting on their structure. The estimation of changes in a tested object, in addition to proper measuring equipment, requires the use of appropriate measuring methods and experimental data result processing methods. This study presents a statement of results of geometrical measurements of a steel cylinder that constitutes the main structural component of the historical weir Czersko Polskie in Bydgoszcz. In the initial stage, the estimation of reliable changes taking place in the cylinder structure involved the selection of measuring points essential for mapping its geometry. Due to the continuous operation of the weir, the points covered only about one-third of the cylinder area. The set of points allowed us to determine the position of the cylinder axis as well as skews and deformations of the cylinder surface. In the next stage, the use of methods based on artificial neural networks allowed us to predict the changes in the tested object. Artificial neural networks have proved to be useful in determining displacements of building structures, particularly hydro-technical objects. The above-mentioned methods supplement classical measurements that create the opportunity for carrying out additional analyses of changes in a spatial position of such structures. The purpose of the tests is to confirm the suitability of artificial neural networks for predicting displacements of building structures, particularly hydro-technical objects.

scholarly journals Mediterranean Studies in the modern socio-humanistic knowledge

2020 ◽  
pp. 55-63
Author(s):  
Elizaveta Kravchenko
Keyword(s):  
Russian Science ◽  
Mediterranean Studies ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Analytical Work ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Sociocultural Processes ◽  
Humanistic Knowledge

Sociocultural processes, political situation and cultural contacts in the Mediterranean countries substantiate the relevance of development of the humanities section in Mediterranean Studies. The author discusses the problem on the advancement of Mediterranean Studies in Russia and abroad, as well as indicates the key questions faced by the scholars of Mediterranean Studies at the initial stage of analytical work. The object of this research is the establishment methodological framework of Mediterranean Studies in the sphere of humanities. The subject is the concepts of prominent theoreticians in the field of Mediterranean studies (D. Abulafia, R. Clement, S. Stroumsa, N. Bouchard, F. Braudel, H. Pirenne). The goal consists in determination of the relevant problems and approaches toward studying the Mediterranean Region. Due to the fact that in the Russian Science close attention is given to natural scientific vector of Mediterranean Studies, there are virtually no research on the development of Mediterranean Studies in the sphere of humanities, and namely culturology, which defines the scientific novelty of this work. The main conclusion consists in the analytical overview of the state of Mediterranean Studies in Russia, as well as in explication of foreign theories that reveal the concept of the “Mediterranean” and approaches towards its examination. This work can attract the attention of translators to the research bases of foreign centers of the Mediterranean Studies, contribute to scientific communication, as well as designate the topic for international research projects in the area of culturology, history, and international relations in Russia.

scholarly journals ACCOUNTING AND ANALYTICAL PROVISION OF INVENTORY MANAGEMENT

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyudmila Babenko ◽  
◽  
Valentina Vasilyeva ◽  
Еlena Коnovalova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inventory Management ◽  
Cost Allocation ◽  
Initial Cost ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Base Management ◽  
Clear Delineation ◽  
Freight Forwarding ◽  
The Cost

In the course of research it has been stated that the category of «inventories» is not only the object of accounting, but also the object of management, so the identification of inventories in the assets upon receipt at the enterprise is the initial stage of the accounting process. The process of material and technical base management begins at the stage of searching for suppliers, delivery conditions, formation of the logistics component, determination of transport and procurement costs. There is no doubt that the additional costs associated with these processes will affect the formation of the value of purchased inventories. Therefore, the authors emphasize that the methods of estimating inventories at their receipt and disposal play an important role in accounting, as they affect the formation of the cost of finished goods produced from inventories, and hence the overall financial performance of the enterprise. It should also be taken into account that in accordance with the norms of UAS 9, only the amounts of transportation and procurement costs related to the acquisition (receipt) of inventories are subject to inclusion in the initial cost. In practice, the increase in the value of inventories often includes costs incurred in connection with the internal transportation of inventories on the territory of the enterprise or between its structural units; costs arising from the return of inventories to the supplier; costs for loading, transportation, transshipment and insurance of inventories, finished products (goods), freight forwarding and other services related to the sale of products (goods). Such costs do not affect the formation of the initial cost of inventories. Therefore, the authors highlighted the need for a clear delineation of these costs at specific enterprises with the reflection of provisions in the Order (Regulation) on accounting policies. Most scientists discuss the feasibility of search for a method of cost allocation during transportation, because during this process there can be losses of inventories both within the established norms of natural loss, excessive losses and shortages, as well as spoiled inventories found during asset recognition. The authors gave their own view on the possibility of solving this problem. The solving approach has been presented as well as the peculiarities of the reflection of the distributed transport and procurement costs in the system of accounting have been considered. The situation when the company transport both purchased inventories and those, sold to customers, with its own transport has been considered. In such cases, the authors suggest a method of allocating transportation costs with subsequent allocation to transport and procurement costs, which increase the cost of purchased inventories and distribution costs.

scholarly journals Pulsating aurora and cosmic noise absorption associated with growth-phase arcs

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek McKay ◽  
Noora Partamies ◽  
Juha Vierinen
Keyword(s):  
Growth Phase ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Border Region ◽  
Emission Region ◽  
Expansion Phase ◽  
Phase Dynamics ◽  
Noise Absorption ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Cosmic Noise

Abstract. The initial stage of a magnetospheric substorm is the growth phase, which typically lasts 1–2 h. During the growth phase, an equatorward moving, east–west extended, optical auroral arc is observed. This is called a growth-phase arc. This work aims to characterize the optical emission and riometer absorption signatures associated with growth-phase arcs of isolated substorms. This is done using simultaneous all-sky camera and imaging riometer observations. The optical and riometric observations allow determination of the location of the precipitation within growth-phase arcs of low- (<10  keV) and high- (> 10 keV) energy electrons, respectively. The observations indicate that growth-phase arcs have the following characteristics: The peak of the cosmic noise absorption (CNA) arc is equatorward of the optical emission arc. This CNA is contained within the region of diffuse aurora on the equatorward side. Optical pulsating aurora are seen in the border region between the diffuse emission region on the equatorward side and the bright growth-phase arc on the poleward side. CNA is detected in the same region. There is no evidence of pulsations in the CNA. Once the equatorward drift starts, it proceeds at constant speed, with uniform separation between the growth-phase arc and CNA of 40±10 km. Optical pulsating aurora are known to be prominent in the post-onset phase of a substorm. The fact that pulsations are also seen in a fairly localized region during the growth phase shows that the substorm expansion-phase dynamics are not required to closely precede the pulsating aurora. Keywords. Ionosphere (auroral ionosphere)

FLOW INJECTION CHEMILUMINESCENCE DETERMINATION OF ETHAMSYLATE BASED ON PERMANGANATE OXIDATION

2002 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianxiu Du ◽  
Yinhuan Li ◽  
Ying Tang ◽  
Jiuru Lu
Keyword(s):  
Flow Injection ◽  
Permanganate Oxidation ◽  
Flow Injection Chemiluminescence

scholarly journals Pulse Duration and Wavelength Effects of Laser Ablation on the Oxidation, Hydrolysis, and Aging of Aluminum Nanoparticles in Water

Nanomaterials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Zhang ◽  
Dmitry S. Ivanov ◽  
Rashid A. Ganeev ◽  
Ganjaboy S. Boltaev ◽  
Pandiyalackal S. Krishnendu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulse Duration ◽  
Morphological Transformation ◽  
Short Pulses ◽  
Al Nanoparticles ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Stable Stage

We analyzed the formation of the aluminum (Al) nanoparticles (NPs) with triangular shape obtained by ablating Al bulk in liquid using pulses with different durations (5 ns, 200 ps, and 30 fs) and wavelengths (355 nm, 800 nm, and 1064 nm). We report three stages of synthesis and aging of Al NPs: Formation, transformation, and stable stage. The NPs prepared by different pulses are almost identical at the initial stage. The effects of duration and wavelength of the ablation pulses on the aging of NPs are revealed. Pulse duration is determined to be essential for morphological transformation of NPs, while pulse wavelength strongly influences particle sizes. NPs produced by ultra-short pulses have smaller sizes and narrow size distribution. We demonstrate that oxidation and hydrolysis of Al in water are the results of ablation for all pulse durations and wavelengths, which also strongly modify the preferable reaction path of NPs in water, thus affecting the composition and morphology of triangle NPs. The results of modeling of the NPs generation in water due to a 50 ps laser pulse interacting with a thick Al target are presented. Water-based effects in the formation of NPs, their evolution, and solidification are considered from the mechanical and thermophysical points of view. The detailed analysis of the modeling results allowed for determination of the main mechanism responsible for the ablation process followed by the NPs formation.

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