Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ruminal or fecal contents incubated with corn or wheat dried distillers’ grains with solubles

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (11) ◽  
pp. 890-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.E. Yang ◽  
W.Z. Yang ◽  
J.J. McKinnon ◽  
T.W. Alexander ◽  
Y.L. Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽  
The Media ◽  
Distillers Grain ◽  
Dried Distillers Grain ◽  
Corn Ddgs

Dried distillers’ grain with solubles (DDGS) is a by-product of ethanol production, and its use as cattle feed has increased as a result of the expansion of the fuel ethanol industry. However, the inclusion of corn DDGS into feedlot diets may increase the shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7. This study investigated whether corn or wheat DDGS at 2 concentrations (20% or 40% vs. 100% barley grain) affected the survival of E. coli O157:H7 in incubations of ruminal digesta and feces. Neither the type nor the level of DDGS had any effect on fermentation or the survival of E. coli O157:H7 in ruminal digesta. However, there was a time by DDGS interaction (p < 0.05), where the numbers of E. coli O157:H7 in feces did not differ after 4 or 12 h of incubation but were greater after 24 h in both 40% wheat and 40% corn DDGS as compared with other treatments. Additionally, after 24 h, the numbers of E. coli O157:H7 were greater in fecal incubations with corn DDGS than with wheat DDGS (p < 0.05). The differences in the numbers of E. coli O157:H7 were not attributable to changes in pH or in concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the media. These results suggest that the inclusion of high levels of corn or wheat DDGS in feedlot diets of cattle may encourage the survival of E. coli O157:H7 in feces.

Fecal Shedding in Cattle Inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Fed Corn or Wheat Distillers' Dried Grain with Solubles

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. HALLEWELL ◽  
L. R. BARBIERI ◽  
J. E. THOMAS ◽  
K. STANFORD ◽  
T. A. McALLISTER
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
Immunomagnetic Bead ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Distillers Grain ◽  
Dried Distillers Grain ◽  
Feeding Diets ◽  
The Impact

Feeding corn dried distillers' grain with solubles (DDGS) has been linked to increased fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle. A study was conducted to compare the impact of three diets containing (dry matter basis) 40% corn DDGS, 40% wheat DDGS, or 20% corn and 20% wheat mixed DDGS to a standard barley grain finishing diet on fecal shedding in cattle challenged with a 1010 CFU mixture of four nalidixic acid–resistant E. coli O157:H7 strains. Rectal grab samples (n = 544) were collected over 70 days and screened for E. coli O157:H7 by direct plating and immunomagnetic bead separation. Feeding diets containing DDGS had no effect (P &gt; 0.05) on the intensity or duration of fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 compared with the standard barley grain finishing diet.

Effect of backgrounding and transition diets on fecal concentration and strain types of commensalEscherichia coliin beef cattle

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Su ◽  
K. Munns ◽  
K. A. Beauchemin ◽  
K. Schwartzkopf-Genswein ◽  
L. Jin-Quan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Transition Phase ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Strain Characterization ◽  
Distillers Grain ◽  
Dried Distillers Grain ◽  
Concentrate Inclusion

Su, R., Munns, K., Beauchemin, K. A., Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K., Jin-Quan, L., Topp, E. and Sharma, R. 2011. Effect of backgrounding and transition diets on fecal concentration and strain types of commensal Escherichia coli in beef cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 449–458. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of four different backgrounding diets [55% corn silage in combination with 40% of either temper rolled barley-grain, wheat dried distillers' grain, corn dried distillers' grain or millrun (dry matter basis)] and a transition diet containing increasing amount of concentrate (60 to 90%) on fecal Escherichia coli in feedlot heifers. Heifers were fed backgrounding forage based diets for 91 d and then were shifted to a transition diet for an additional 18 d. Strain characterization of E. coli (n=224) was carried out at time time points over 109 d and indicated that heifers fed the barley–grain diet shed higher (P<0.001) total and tetracycline-resistant (Tetr) E. coli in the backgrounding phase. Of the total E. coli examined (n=224), 70.3% showed resistance to one or more of the 14 antimicrobials examined, which increased to 82.3% by day 109. Among the recovered E. coli, 23 phenotypes and 154 pulsed field gel electrophoresis patterns grouped into 38 clusters indicative of extensive E. coli diversity in heifers. Although supplementation of 40% barley-grain was correlated to higher total E. coli shedding in the backgrounding phase, the backgrounding diets did not influence strain clustering. Strains collected during the transition phase clustered more closely than those collected during the backgrounding phase. This increased strain clustering with high concentrate inclusion in the transition diet was observed within 18 d of the transition phase. Our study indicated variations in E. coli shedding rates and strain clustering in relation to time and diet.

Persistence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Total Escherichia coli in Feces and Feedlot Surface Manure from Cattle Fed Diets with and without Corn or Sorghum Wet Distillers Grains with Solubles

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (8) ◽  
pp. 1317-1327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine D. Berry ◽  
James E. Wells ◽  
Vincent H. Varel ◽  
Kristin E. Hales ◽  
Norasak Kalchayanand
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽  
Wet Distillers Grains ◽  
High Moisture Corn

ABSTRACT Feeding corn wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) to cattle can increase the load of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feces and on hides, but the mechanisms are not fully understood. The objective of these experiments was to examine a role for the persistence of E. coli O157:H7 in the feces and feedlot pen surfaces of cattle fed WDGS. In the first study, feces from steers fed 0, 20, 40, or 60% corn WDGS were inoculated with E. coli O157:H7. The E. coli O157:H7 numbers in feces from cattle fed 0% corn WDGS rapidly decreased (P &lt; 0.05), from 6.28 to 2.48 log CFU/g of feces by day 14. In contrast, the E. coli O157:H7 numbers in feces from cattle fed 20, 40, and 60% corn WDGS were 4.21, 5.59, and 6.13 log CFU/g of feces, respectively, on day 14. A second study evaluated the survival of E. coli O157:H7 in feces from cattle fed 0 and 40% corn WDGS. Feces were collected before and 28 days after the dietary corn was switched from high-moisture corn to dry-rolled corn. Within dietary corn source, the pathogen persisted at higher concentrations (P &lt; 0.05) in 40% corn WDGS feces at day 7 than in 0% WDGS. For 40% corn WDGS feces, E. coli O157:H7 persisted at higher concentrations (P &lt; 0.05) at day 7 in feces from cattle fed high-moisture corn (5.36 log CFU/g) than from those fed dry-rolled corn (4.27 log CFU/g). The percentage of WDGS had no effect on the E. coli O157:H7 counts in feces from cattle fed steam-flaked corn-based diets containing 0, 15, and 30% sorghum WDGS. Greater persistence of E. coli O157:H7 on the pen surfaces of animals fed corn WDGS was not demonstrated, although these pens had a higher prevalence of the pathogen in the feedlot surface manure after the cattle were removed. Both or either the greater persistence and higher numbers of E. coli O157:H7 in the environment of cattle fed WDGS may play a part in the increased prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle by increasing the transmission risk.

scholarly journals Effects of Dried Distillers’ Grain on Fecal Prevalence and Growth of Escherichia coli O157 in Batch Culture Fermentations from Cattle

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Jacob ◽  
J. T. Fox ◽  
J. S. Drouillard ◽  
D. G. Renter ◽  
T. G. Nagaraja
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Batch Culture ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Dried Distillers Grains ◽  
Distillers Grain ◽  
Dried Distillers Grain

ABSTRACT Distillers’ grains (DG), a by-product of ethanol production, are fed to cattle. Associations between Escherichia coli O157 prevalence and feeding of DG were investigated in feedlot cattle (n = 379) given one of three diets: steam-flaked corn (SFC) and 15% corn silage with 0 or 25% dried distillers’ grains (DDG) or SFC with 5% corn silage and 25% DDG. Ten fecal samples were collected from each pen weekly for 12 weeks to isolate E. coli O157. Cattle fed 25% DDG with 5 or 15% silage had a higher (P = 0.01) prevalence of E. coli O157 than cattle fed a diet without DDG. Batch culture ruminal or fecal microbial fermentations were conducted to evaluate the effect of DDG on E. coli O157 growth. The first study utilized microbial inocula from steers fed SFC or dry-rolled corn with 0 or 25% DDG and included their diet as the substrate. Ruminal microbial fermentations from steers fed DDG had higher E. coli O157 contents than ruminal microbial fermentations from steers fed no DDG (P < 0.05) when no substrate was included. Fecal fermentations showed no DDG effect on E. coli O157 growth. In the second study with DDG as a substrate, ruminal fermentations with 0.5 g DDG had higher (P < 0.01) E. coli O157 concentrations at 24 h than ruminal fermentations with 0, 1, or 2 g DDG. In fecal fermentations, 2 g DDG resulted in a higher concentration (P < 0.05) at 24 h than 0, 0.5, or 1 g DDG. The results indicate that there is a positive association between DDG and E. coli O157 in cattle, and the findings should have important ramifications for food safety.

Factors influencing the persistence ofEscherichia coliO157:H7 lineages in feces from cattle fed grain versus grass hay diets

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 667-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross M.S. Lowe ◽  
Krysty Munns ◽  
L. Brent Selinger ◽  
Linda Kremenik ◽  
Danica Baines ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Hemorrhagic Colitis ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Negative Bacterium ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Uremic Syndrome

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a pathogenic, gram-negative bacterium that causes diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and can lead to fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans. We examined the persistence of E. coli O157:H7 lineages I and II in feces held at 4, 12, and 25 °C, from animals fed either grain or hay diets. Three strains of each lineage I and II were inoculated into grain-fed or hay-fed feces, and their persistence was monitored over 28 days. No significant differences in E. coli O157:H7 survival between the 2 lineages in both fecal types was found at the examined temperatures. Volatile fatty acids were higher in grain-fed than in hay-fed feces, resulting in consistently lower pH in the grain-fed feces at 4, 12 and 25 °C. Regardless of lineage type, E. coli O157:H7 CFUs were significantly higher in grain-fed than in hay-fed feces at 4 and 25 °C. Escherichia coli O157:H7 survival was highest in grain-fed feces at 25 °C up to 14 days. Our results indicate that the 2 lineages of E. coli O157:H7 do not differ in their persistence; however, it appears that temperature and feces type both affect the survival of the pathogen.

Estimation of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 Prevalence and Levels in Naturally Contaminated Rocket and Cucumber Samples by Deterministic and Stochastic Approaches

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
AGNI HADJILOUKA ◽  
KYRIAKI-SOFIA MANTZOURANI ◽  
ANASTASIA KATSAROU ◽  
MARINA CAVAIUOLO ◽  
ANTONIO FERRANTE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Molecular Tests ◽  
The Media ◽  
High Level

The aims of the present study were to determine the prevalence and levels of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in rocket and cucumber samples by deterministic (estimation of a single value) and stochastic (estimation of a range of values) approaches. In parallel, the chromogenic media commonly used for the recovery of these microorganisms were evaluated and compared, and the efficiency of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based protocol was validated. L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 were detected and enumerated using agar Listeria according to Ottaviani and Agosti plus RAPID'L.mono medium and Fluorocult plus sorbitol MacConkey medium with cefixime and tellurite in parallel, respectively. Identity was confirmed with biochemical and molecular tests and the ELISA. Performance indices of the media and the prevalence of both pathogens were estimated using Bayesian inference. In rocket, prevalence of both L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7 was estimated at 7% (7 of 100 samples). In cucumber, prevalence was 6% (6 of 100 samples) and 3% (3 of 100 samples) for L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7, respectively. The levels derived from the presence-absence data using Bayesian modeling were estimated at 0.12 CFU/25 g (0.06 to 0.20) and 0.09 CFU/25 g (0.04 to 0.170) for L. monocytogenes in rocket and cucumber samples, respectively. The corresponding values for E. coli O157:H7 were 0.59 CFU/25 g (0.43 to 0.78) and 1.78 CFU/25 g (1.38 to 2.24), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the culture media differed for rocket and cucumber samples. The ELISA technique had a high level of cross-reactivity. Parallel testing with at least two culture media was required to achieve a reliable result for L. monocytogenes or E. coli O157:H7 prevalence in rocket and cucumber samples.

Shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by Cattle Fed Diets Containing Monensin or Tylosin†

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (9) ◽  
pp. 2075-2083 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. McALLISTER ◽  
S. J. BACH ◽  
K. STANFORD ◽  
T. R. CALLAWAY
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Finishing Steers ◽  
Barley Silage ◽  
Feed Samples

Monensin and tylosin have activity against gram-positive bacteria, and it has been theorized that their effects on the intestinal environment may promote proliferation of gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli. Effects of these antibiotics on the shedding of E. coli O157:H7 were studied in a feedlot environment, using 32 finishing steers. A diet containing 85% barley grain, 10% barley silage, and 5% supplement was amended with 33 ppm monensin, 11 ppm tylosin, both of these additives, or no additives (control). All steers were orally inoculated with 1010 CFU of a mixture of four strains of nalidixic acid–resistant E. coli O157:H7. Fecal (grab), oral (mouth swab) and water, water–water bowl interface, feed, and pen floor fecal pat samples were collected weekly for 12 weeks. Prevalence of E. coli O157:H7–positive fecal grab samples did not differ (P = 0.26) among treatments, nor did the rate (P = 0.81) or duration (P = 0.85) of shedding of the organism. Fecal grab samples were positive for E. coli O157:H7 more frequently (P &lt; 0.001) than were oral swabs. More (P = 0.02) E. coli O157:H7–positive oral swabs were recovered from the tylosin group than from controls. E. coli O157:H7 was not detected in any of 47 water samples, but was present in 1 of 47 water bowl swabs, 7 of 48 feed samples, and 36 of 48 fecal pats. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis suggested that differences existed among inoculated strains in their ability to persist in animals and in the environment. However, this study revealed no evidence that dietary inclusion of monensin or tylosin, alone or in combination, increased fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 or its persistence in the environment.

Inhibition of the Growth of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on Chicken Feed Media by Bacteria Isolated from the Intestinal Microflora of Chickens

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 419-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARTHUR HINTON ◽  
DONALD E. CORRIER ◽  
JOHN R. DELOACH
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
The Media ◽  
Agar Media ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Acid Producing Bacteria

Two lactic acid-producing bacteria, one volatile fatty acid-producing bacterium, and one starch-hydrolyzing bacterium were isolated from the cecal contents of adult chickens. The ability of these bacteria to produce lactic and volatile fatty acids in 5% chicken feed broth media and to inhibit the growth of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli 0157:H7 on a 5% chicken feed agar media was determined. Inhibition of the growth of the enteropathogens was due to bacteriostatic or bactericidal substances that the cecal isolates produced in the media. Depending on which isolates were used, the inhibitory substances were either high concentrations of lactic acid that created an inhibitory pH in the media or inhibitory concentrations of acetic and propionic acids that the isolates produced in the media.

Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes in Strawberry Juice and Acidified Media at Different pH Values and Temperatures†

2004 ◽  
Vol 67 (11) ◽  
pp. 2443-2449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. HAN ◽  
R. H. LINTON
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Bacterial Survival ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
The Media ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Strawberry Juice

Survival and growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes in strawberry juice and acidified media at different pH levels (pH 3.4 to 6.8) and temperatures were studied. Sterile strawberry juice (pH 3.6) and acidified trypticase soy broth (TSB) media (pH 3.4 to 6.8) were inoculated with approximately 6.7 log CFU/ml E. coli O157:H7 or 7.3 log CFU/ml L. monocytogenes, incubated for 3 days at 4 and 37°C. Bacterial levels were determined after 2 h, 1 day, and 3 days using surface plating nonselectively on tryptic soy agar and selectively on sorbitol MacConkey agar for E. coli O157:H7 or modified Oxford agar for L. monocytogenes. A spectrophotometer (660 nm) was also used to study growth inhibition of L. monocytogenes in different TSB and strawberry juice media (pH 3.4 to 7.3). E. coli O157:H7 survived well at pH values of 3.4 to 6.8 at 4°C, but the number of injured cells increased as pH decreased and incubation time increased. At 37°C, E. coli O157:H7 was inactivated at pH of ≤3.6 but could grow at pH 4.7. L. monocytogenes was quickly injured at pH of ≤4.7 within 2 h of storage at 4°C and then was slightly and gradually inactivated as storage time increased. L. monocytogenes survived well at pH 6.8 at 4°C and grew well at 37°C. Growth of L. monocytogenes at 37°C was inhibited in TSB by 1% citric acid and 0.5% malic acids at pH 3.4 or by 50% strawberry juice at pH 4.7. Bacterial injury and inactivation appeared to be induced by the acids in strawberry juice. The acids, pH value, temperature, and time were important factors for bacterial survival, inactivation, and growth in the media tested.

Impact of Reducing the Level of Wet Distillers Grains Fed to Cattle Prior to Harvest on Prevalence and Levels of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Feces and on Hides†

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (10) ◽  
pp. 1611-1617 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. WELLS ◽  
S. D. SHACKELFORD ◽  
E. D. BERRY ◽  
N. KALCHAYANAND ◽  
J. M. BOSILEVAC ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Dietary Switch ◽  
Wet Distillers Grains

Cattle fed finishing diets with wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) have been shown to harbor increased Escherichia coli O157:H7 populations in the feces and on the hides. To determine if feeding a lower level of WDGS at the end of the feeding period reduces E. coli O157:H7 load at harvest, 608 heifers were sorted into one of five treatments and fed 0, 40, or 70% WDGS (dry matter basis). For three of the treatments, WDGS was reduced midway through the study. Treatment 0W0W heifers (positive control) were fed a corn grain–based diet continuously, and 40W40W heifers (negative control) were fed 40% WDGS continuously. Heifers subjected to treatments 40W0W, 40W15W, and 70W15W were fed either 40 or 70% WDGS for the first 56 days and switched to 0 or 15% WDGS, respectively, for the last 56 days. Prior to the switch in diets, animals fed diets with 40 or 70% had higher prevalence and percent enumerable fecal samples for E. coli O157:H7. After the dietary switch, animals fed 40W0W, 40W15W, and 70W15W diets had fecal prevalence and percent enumerable samples (33.4 and 6.3%, 31.0 and 9.7%, and 34.9 and 8.4%, respectively) similar to those of animals fed 0W0W diets (10.2 and 3.2%, respectively; P &gt; 0.05), whereas animals fed 40W40W had the highest fecal prevalence and percent enumerable samples (70.1 and 29.2%, respectively; P &lt; 0.05). Similar relationships between the treatments were observed for hide samples. Time after dietary switch was important, as animals fed lower levels had significantly lower fecal prevalence and percent enumerable samples after 56 days, but not after 28 days. The study indicates that cattle can be switched to lower levels of dietary WDGS (15% or less) 56 days prior to harvest to significantly reduce E. coli O157:H7 in feces and on hides.

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