Distribution and diversity of tree species with respect to soil electrical characteristics in Finnish Lapland

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 1158-1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Sutinen ◽  
A Teirilä ◽  
M Pänttäjä ◽  
M -L Sutinen
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Solute Concentration ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Electrical Characteristics ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Finnish Lapland ◽  
Downy Birch

Soil dielectric permittivity (ε), which is dependent on soil water content (θv), and electrical conductivity (σ), which is dependent on soil solute concentration, were measured in the immediate vicinity of 7596 mature trees naturally established on glacial deposits across granitoid and greenstone assemblages in Finnish Lapland (67°30' N-68°40' N). The proportions of the main timber species Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), and downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) or the diversity of tree species were not affected by the temperature sum (between 750 and 600 degree-days), but the occurrences were strongly influenced by the soil's electrical characteristics. Scots pine and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) were found to only occupy dry soils (fixed effect estimates ε(p) = 8.5 and ε(sb) = 8.3) with low solute concentration (σ(p) = 0.64 mS·m-1 and σ(sb) = 0.56 mS·m-1), while Norway spruce, downy birch, aspen (Populus tremula L.) and sallow (Salix caprea L.) occupied sites with higher soil moisture (ε(s) = 17.0, ε(db) = 14.7, ε(a) = 16.7, and ε(sa) = 16.7) and solute concentration (σ(s) = 0.96 mS·m-1, σ(db) = 0.90 mS·m-1, σ(a) = 1.07 mS·m-1, and σ(sa) = 0.93 mS·m-1). Species diversity was found to be at its highest with the following soil parameters: 12 < ε < 15 and 0.8 < σ < 1.2 mS·m-1. Scots pine was concentrated on tills derived from granitoid rocks. Norway spruce dominated sites on tills particularly derived from the mafic metavolcanic rocks of the Greenstone Belt but did not occur on tills derived from granulite. The edaphic constraint for pine appeared to be θv > 0.27 cm3·cm-3 (ε > 15) and for spruce σ < 0.5 mS·m-1, respectively.

scholarly journals Annual net nitrogen mineralization and litter flux in well-drained downy birch, Norway spruce and Scots pine forest ecosystems

Silva Fennica ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hardo Becker ◽  
Jürgen Aosaar ◽  
Mats Varik ◽  
Gunnar Morozov ◽  
Kristiina Aun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Nitrogen Mineralization ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Net Nitrogen Mineralization ◽  
N Input ◽  
Downy Birch ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Study Sites

The main aim of the current study was to estimate the annual net nitrogen mineralization (NNM) flux in stands of different tree species growing on drained peatlands, as well as to clarify the effect of tree species, soil properties and litter on annual NNM dynamics. Three study sites were set up in May 2014: a downy birch ( Ehrh.) stand and a Norway spruce ( (L.) Karst.) stand in full-drained swamp (ODS) and a Scots pine ( L.) stand in full-drained swamp (MDS). The NNM flux was estimated using the method with incubated polyethylene bags. The highest value of NNM was found in stands that were growing on fertile ODS: 127.5 kg N ha yr and 87.7 kg N ha yr, in the downy birch stand and in the Norway spruce stand, respectively. A significantly lower annual NNM flux (11.8 kg N ha yr) occurred in the Scots pine stand growing in MDS. Nitrification was highest at fertile ODS sites and ammonification was the highest at the low fertility MDS site. For all study sites, positive correlation was found between soil temperature and NNM intensity. The difference in annual NNM between the downy birch stand and the Norway spruce stand growing on similar drained fertile peatlands was due to litter quality. The annual N input into the soil through leaf litter was the highest at the downy birch site where also the C/N ratio of litter was the lowest. The second highest N input into the soil was found in the spruce stand and the lowest in the pine stand.Betula pubescensPicea abiesOxalisPinus sylvestrisMyrtillusin situ–1–1–1–1–1–1

scholarly journals Over- and Underyielding in Time and Space in Experiments with Mixed Stands of Scots Pine and Norway Spruce

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Drössler ◽  
Eric Agestam ◽  
Kamil Bielak ◽  
Małgorzata Dudzinska ◽  
Julia Koricheva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Mixing Effect ◽  
Individual Site ◽  
Study Sites

Pine-spruce forests are one of the commonest mixed forest types in Europe and both tree species are very important for wood supply. This study summarized nine European studies with Scots pine and Norway spruce where a mixed-species stand and both monocultures were located in an experimental set-up. Overyielding (where growth of a mixed stand was greater than the average of both monocultures) was relatively common and often ranged between 0% and 30%, but could also be negative at individual study sites. Each individual site demonstrated consistent patterns of the mixing effect over different measurement periods. Transgressive overyielding (where the mixed-species stand was more productive than either of the monocultures) was found at three study sites, while a monoculture was more productive on the other sites. Large variation between study sites indicated that the existing experiments do not fully represent the extensive region where this mixed pine-spruce forest can occur. Pooled increment data displayed a negative influence of latitude and stand age on the mixing effect of those tree species in forests younger than 70 years.

scholarly journals The Effect of Climate on Tree-Ring Chronologies of Native and Nonnative Tree Species Growing Under Homogenous Site Conditions

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (-1) ◽  
pp. 49-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Feliksik ◽  
Sławomir Wilczyński
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Tree Ring ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Diameter Increment

The Effect of Climate on Tree-Ring Chronologies of Native and Nonnative Tree Species Growing Under Homogenous Site ConditionsDendroclimatic studies were carried out in the experimental stands composed of many tree species situated in the Polish part of the Baltic sea-coast. Increment cores were taken from a 100-years old trees of 2 native species: Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.) and 3 nonnative species: Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii(Mirb.) Franco), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis(Bong.) Carr.) and Silver fir (Abies albaMill.). Thirty trees of each species were cored. The relationships between the diameter increment and the thermal and pluvial conditions during the period from 1925 to 2005 were analyzed on the basis of standardized tree-ring chronologies and climatic data. It was found that precipitation and temperature of the growing season and months preceding that season affected the annual diameter increment of all investigated tree species. The current year winter and early spring temperatures as well as February and August precipitation had a similar effect on the variation of diameter increment of trees. On the other hand thermal and pluvial conditions of the current year June differentiated the increment rhythm of individual species. A very strong negative effect on diameter growth of trees was observed in the case of winter and early spring frosts. Norway spruce turned out to be a species most resistant to low temperatures. The investigated tree species, especially Norway spruce, was susceptible to water deficiency in the soil during spring and summer. In the case of Scots pine a high precipitation in June stimulated its growth. The diameter increments of Douglas fir, Sitka spruce, Scots pine, and Silver fir were more strongly connected with air temperature than with precipitation. So called all-species chronology of tree-ring width, constructed during this study, permitted to verify the factors having a similar effect on growth response of the investigated tree species. It reflected the mutual characteristics of diameter increments of trees of various species.

scholarly journals Investigations of mature Scots pine stands in wind-throw areas in Norway spruce forests in Western Rhodopes

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Milan Barna ◽  
Angel Ferezliev ◽  
Hristo Tsakov ◽  
Ivan Mihál
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
Lignicolous Fungi ◽  
Tree Species Composition ◽  
Forest Stand Structure

AbstractWe investigated the current health condition (defoliation), state of natural regeneration, and mycoflora and phytopathogen-caused attacks in Scots pine forests (Pinus sylvestris L.) planted in the 1960s in areas affected by wind disturbances in the West Rhodope Mountains in Bulgaria. Some damage types (resin outflow and anthropogenic damage) were present to a low extent in the research plots (S – Selishte and PK – Pobit Kamak). Some were missing completely (damage by deer and other animals, the presence of lignicolous fungi and abiotic damage). The most important results of this study were the following: i) the occurrence of the bark beetle pest Tomicus minor Hartig (Coleoptera, Scolytinae) was recorded on average in 4.6 (S) and 2.3 (PK) of fallen shoots under the tree crown within 1 m diameter around the stem; ii) significant damage to tree crowns due to the loss of assimilation organs in Scots pine trees (28% – S and 39% – PK, respectively) was several times higher than that recorded in Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) (10%); iii) tree species composition resulting from natural regeneration showed 95–100% proportion of Norway spruce despite the predominance of Scots pine in the maternal stand. These observations might provide evidence of unsuitable environmental conditions in the studied localities for pine forests on the southern range of the natural P. sylvestris occurrence. Forest management in similar ecological and climatic conditions should aim at significant diversification of the forest stand structure by utilizing tree species suitable for the given ecosystems.

scholarly journals INTEGRATED EFFECT OF CLIMATE AND AIR POLLUTANTS ON DIURNAL TREE RING FORMATION OF SCOTS PINE, NORWAY SPRUCE AND SILVER AND DOWNY BIRCH TREES STEM CIRCUMFERENCE

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ainis PIVORAS ◽  
Marius MIKALAJŪNAS ◽  
Diana JUONYTĖ ◽  
Gintaras PIVORAS
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Tree Ring ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Surface Ozone ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Growth Intensity ◽  
Recent Climate ◽  
Birch Trees ◽  
Downy Birch

The integrated effect of climatic and other abiotic stress factors including surface ozone on diurnal tree ring width formation of the prevailing in Lithuania tree species as the main response parameter of tree capacity to adapt to and mitigate the recent global changes was investigated. The obtained data revealed that Norway spruce is better adapted to recent climatic conditions in temperate forest than birch trees. Even during the drought episode spruce stem increment exceeded increment of the rest of considered tree species. Silver and Downy birch tree reactions revealed the lowest sensitivity of these tree species not only to unfavorable environmental factors but also to favorable factors which should stimulate tree growth intensity. This is why the growth intensity of this tree species recently has been gradually decreasing. The hypothesis that the coniferous species are more adaptive to recent climate changes was confirmed. The study is based on the results obtained conducting national project supported by Lithuanian Council of Research “FOREstRESS” (SIT- 3/2015).

scholarly journals Landscape-Scale Mixtures of Tree Species are More Effective than Stand-Scale Mixtures for Biodiversity of Vascular Plants, Bryophytes and Lichens

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffi Heinrichs ◽  
Christian Ammer ◽  
Martina Mund ◽  
Steffen Boch ◽  
Sabine Budde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Landscape Scale ◽  
Gamma Diversity ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Scale Mixtures ◽  
Species Mixtures

Tree species diversity can positively affect the multifunctionality of forests. This is why conifer monocultures of Scots pine and Norway spruce, widely promoted in Central Europe since the 18th and 19th century, are currently converted into mixed stands with naturally dominant European beech. Biodiversity is expected to benefit from these mixtures compared to pure conifer stands due to increased abiotic and biotic resource heterogeneity. Evidence for this assumption is, however, largely lacking. Here, we investigated the diversity of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens at the plot (alpha diversity) and at the landscape (gamma diversity) level in pure and mixed stands of European beech and conifer species (Scots pine, Norway spruce, Douglas fir) in four regions in Germany. We aimed to identify compositions of pure and mixed stands in a hypothetical forest landscape that can optimize gamma diversity of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens within regions. Results show that gamma diversity of the investigated groups is highest when a landscape comprises different pure stands rather than tree species mixtures at the stand scale. Species mainly associated with conifers rely on light regimes that are only provided in pure conifer forests, whereas mixtures of beech and conifers are more similar to beech stands. Combining pure beech and pure conifer stands at the landscape scale can increase landscape level biodiversity and conserve species assemblages of both stand types, while landscapes solely composed of stand scale tree species mixtures could lead to a biodiversity reduction of a combination of investigated groups of 7 up to 20%.

scholarly journals OH reactivity from different tree species: Investigating the missing reactivity in a boreal forest

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnaud P. Praplan ◽  
Toni Tykkä ◽  
Simon Schallhart ◽  
Virpi Tarvainen ◽  
Jaana Bäck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Green Leaf Volatiles ◽  
Mass Spectrometers ◽  
Leaf Volatiles ◽  
Downy Birch ◽  
Very High ◽  
Comparative Reactivity

Abstract. In forested area, a large fraction of total hydroxyl radical (OH) reactivity remain unaccounted for. Very few studies have been looking at total OH reactivity from biogenic emissions and its variations. In the present study, we investigate the total OH reactivity from three common boreal tree species (Scots pine, Norway spruce, and Downy birch), by comparing it with the calculated reactivity from the chemically identified emissions. Total OH reactivity was measured using the Comparative Reactivity Method (CRM), and the chemical composition of the emissions was quantified with two gas chromatographs coupled to mass spectrometers (GC-MSs). Dynamic branch enclosures were used and emissions from one branch of a tree at the time were measured by rotating between them periodically. Results show that birch had the highest values of total OH reactivity of the emissions (TOHRE), while pine had the lowest. The main drivers for the known reactivity of pine and spruce were monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. For birch, emissions were dominated by sesquiterpenes, even though monoterpenes and GLVs could be found too. However, calculated reactivity values remained low leading to the highest missing fraction of reactivity (>96 %), while pine and spruce had similar missing reactivity fractions between 56 % and 82 % (higher in the spring and decreasing as the summer proceeded). The high average values were driven by low reactivity periods and the fraction of missing reactivity got smaller for pine and spruce when the TOHRE values increased. Important exceptions were identified for periods when the emission profiles changed from terpenes to Green Leaf Volatiles (GLVs), a family of compounds containing a 6 carbon atoms backbone with various functionalities (e.g. alcohols, aldehydes, esters) that indicate that the plant is suffering from stress. Then, very high TOHRE values were measured and the missing fraction remained high. This study found a different trend in the missing OHRE fraction of Norway spruce from spring to autumn compared to one previous study (Nölscher et al., 2013), which indicates that additional studies are required to fully understand the complexity of biogenic reactive emissions. Future studies of boreal trees in situ should be conducted to confirm the findings presented.

Ecological-geographical analysis of vegetation of near-roads zones of transport corridor Lviv–Krakovets

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 14-23
Author(s):  
Y. I. Chykailo ◽  
I. M. Voloshin
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Absorption Coefficients ◽  
Common Beech ◽  
Root Absorption ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
English Oak ◽  
Accumulation Coefficients

In the article, the eco-geochemical analysis of flora on roadside areas of highway M-10 Lviv-Krakovets is made. In the foliage of following tree species Common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.), English oak (Quercus robur L.), Common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), Common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L.), using atomic-absorption methods, there were revealed such heavy metals as Pb, Zn, Co, Cu, Ni, Mo, Cr, Mn, V, Ba, Sr, Zr, Fe, Ti, Sn. The analysis of literary sources by Voloshyn, Sobechko, Bessonova and ours investigations reveals that in different areas the content of heavy metals (HM) in the foliage of tree species differs significantly. In addition, it has been investigated the content of chemicals in the foliage of roadside trees along highway Lviv-Krakovets and compared with world clarke indices. Content of Pb, Zn, Mn, V in the foliage of roadside trees is lower than showing of world clarkes, what is caused by characteristics of parent rocks. Elements that exceed world clarkes are Ba, Cu, Ni, Mo, Sr, Ti, Zr and Cr, their content in foliage of tree species varies from 1,2 to 16,7 mg/kg of dry weight. In the article, the accumulation coefficients are calculated. These coefficients confirm accumulation of car pollutants in roadsides and adjoining areas. There is made an investigation of general biological and discrete (by root surface and foliage surface) absorption of 15 chemical elements and as a result several species, which have the highest accumulation coefficients, are set apart. In the foliage of roadside tree species, the general biological absorption coefficients (GBAC) of technogenic (road) pollutants are counted. It has been determined that the maximum GBAC values immanent to Ni and Ва are 10,1 and 3,5 correspondingly (Common hornbeam), Cu – 7,7, Mn – 2,7 and Мо – 1,4 (English oak) and Sr – 1,4 (Common ash). According to the content and distribution of heavy metals in the foliage of roadside trees, it was build the descending rows according to intensity of HM absorption by different tree species. It has been counted the intensity with what tree species absorb road pollutants, Pb absorbs Common ash, Scots pine, Zn, Co, Cr, Sr – Common ash; Ni, Ba – Common hornbeam; Cu, Mo, Mn, V, Zr – English oak; Fe, Ti – Norway spruce. It has been counted the discrete (areal and root) absorption of HM by tree species. It is known from literary sources that foliage does not accumulate Pb by areal way, that is why the value of this HM is considered as constants and according to certain methodological ways is counted areal and root absorption. The discrete biological absorption coefficients (DBAC) of technogenic (road) pollutants by different tree species in roadsides are different. Deciduous tree species in contrast to pinophyta, by areal way accumulate Mо – 0,33 (Common hornbeam) – 0,95 (English oak), partially V – 0,17 (English oak), Zn – 0,14 (Norway spruce). DBAC Со in foliage of tree species varies from 0,33 (English oak) to 0,73 (Common beech), Cu – 0,52 (Scots pine) – 0,99 (English oak, Common hornbeam), Ni – 0,23 (Scots pine) – 0,99 (Common hornbeam, English oak, Common beech, Norway spruce), Mn – 0,61 (Common ash) – 0,98 (English oak, Norway spruce), Ва – 0,43 (Common hornbeam) – 0,92 (English oak, Norway spruce), Sr – 0,64 (Common hornbeam) – 0,94 (English oak, Norway spruce). The most actively foliage absorbs Cu, Ni, Mn, Со (in 100 % of samples); partially  –  Ba, Sr (80 %); Mo (40 %); V і Zn (20 і 10 %). It has been proposed several tree species for forest plantation, which have the highest biological absorption. The highest intensity of general biological absorption of HM have English oak, Common hornbeam, Common ash, Common beech, Norway spruce, which absorbs Ni, Cu, Ba, Mn, Sr, Mo, Co, Fe, and this considerably reduce pollution in roadsides and adjoining areas.

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