scholarly journals Forest ecotone survey by line intersect sampling

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 1776-1783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piermaria Corona ◽  
Gherardo Chirici ◽  
Davide Travaglini
Keyword(s):  
Unit Area ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Classical Approach ◽  
Visual Interpretation ◽  
Landscape Mosaic ◽  
Remotely Sensed Imagery ◽  
Ecological Relevance ◽  
Gis Environment ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Forest Ecotone

Given their ecological relevance, the survey of ecotones is of considerable interest in forest multiresource inventory. To this end, it is useful to set up survey procedures to provide efficient and reliable information about the length of such elements within the landscape mosaic. This note demonstrates a procedure based upon line intersect sampling on remotely sensed imagery. The estimate of ecotone length per unit area is obtained by visual interpretation of the changes from forest to other land use classes along each sampling line. The experimentation carried out in two test areas within forest landscapes of central Italy proves the operative soundness of the proposed procedure, which is more efficient than the classical approach by forest polygon delineation and perimeter mensuration in a GIS environment. Under the examined conditions, samples based on a moderately high number of lines characterized by relatively long length prove to be more efficient than those based on shorter survey units.

Fracture Mechanics of Adhesive Bonds

1974 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 202-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Gent
Keyword(s):  
Adhesive Joint ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Critical Energy ◽  
Thermal Contraction ◽  
Adhesive Bonds ◽  
Adhesive Layers ◽  
Modes Of Failure ◽  
Shear Rupture ◽  
Set Up

Abstract A survey is given of the mechanics of rupture of a simple adhesive joint, comprising two relatively rigid adhering members joined by a layer of a deformable adhesive. Several different modes of failure are treated in terms of a critical energy requirement for growth by unit area of a pre-existing interfacial flaw or debond. They are: (i) Tensile rupture of joints with thick or thin adhesive layers, (ii) Shear rupture, (iii) Separation by stripping apart stiff or flexible adherends, i.e. cleavage. In addition, the stresses set up in joints by shrinkage of the adhesive, for example due to differential thermal contraction, are evaluated. Attention is drawn to probable sites and conditions for failure.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Methods for Determining Forest Composition from High-Spatial-Resolution Remotely Sensed Imagery

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1290
Author(s):  
Benjamin T. Fraser ◽  
Russell G. Congalton
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
High Spatial Resolution ◽  
Remotely Sensed ◽  
Local Scale ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Forest Composition ◽  
Visual Interpretation ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Remotely Sensed Imagery ◽  
Composition Classes

Remotely sensed imagery has been used to support forest ecology and management for decades. In modern times, the propagation of high-spatial-resolution image analysis techniques and automated workflows have further strengthened this synergy, leading to the inquiry into more complex, local-scale, ecosystem characteristics. To appropriately inform decisions in forestry ecology and management, the most reliable and efficient methods should be adopted. For this reason, our research compares visual interpretation to digital (automated) processing for forest plot composition and individual tree identification. During this investigation, we qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated the process of classifying species groups within complex, mixed-species forests in New England. This analysis included a comparison of three high-resolution remotely sensed imagery sources: Google Earth, National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) imagery, and unmanned aerial system (UAS) imagery. We discovered that, although the level of detail afforded by the UAS imagery spatial resolution (3.02 cm average pixel size) improved the visual interpretation results (7.87–9.59%), the highest thematic accuracy was still only 54.44% for the generalized composition groups. Our qualitative analysis of the uncertainty for visually interpreting different composition classes revealed the persistence of mislabeled hardwood compositions (including an early successional class) and an inability to consistently differentiate between ‘pure’ and ‘mixed’ stands. The results of digitally classifying the same forest compositions produced a higher level of accuracy for both detecting individual trees (93.9%) and labeling them (59.62–70.48%) using machine learning algorithms including classification and regression trees, random forest, and support vector machines. These results indicate that digital, automated, classification produced an increase in overall accuracy of 16.04% over visual interpretation for generalized forest composition classes. Other studies, which incorporate multitemporal, multispectral, or data fusion approaches provide evidence for further widening this gap. Further refinement of the methods for individual tree detection, delineation, and classification should be developed for structurally and compositionally complex forests to supplement the critical deficiency in local-scale forest information around the world.

scholarly journals HBIM-GIS Integration: From IFC to CityGML Standard for Damaged Cultural Heritage in a Multiscale 3D GIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Colucci ◽  
Valeria De Ruvo ◽  
Andrea Lingua ◽  
Francesca Matrone ◽  
Gloria Rizzo
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Information Modeling ◽  
3D Gis ◽  
San Lorenzo ◽  
Geography Markup Language ◽  
Levels Of Detail ◽  
Gis Integration ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Gis Environment

This study describes the technical-systemic and conceptual-informative interoperability tests for the integration of a Historic Building Information Modeling (HBIM) model in a 3D Geographic Information System (GIS) environment aimed to provide complete and useful documentation for multiscale analyses on cultural heritage particularly exposed to risks. The case study of the San Lorenzo Church in Norcia (Italy) has been chosen given the urgent need to update the existing documentation for its protection and conservation issues, due to the extensive damage suffered after the series of earthquakes that occurred in central Italy starting from summer 2016. Different tests to evaluate two levels of conceptual interoperability (technical and semantic) when importing the HBIM model into a GIS environment were performed, whether with commercial software or with open source ones (ArcGIS Pro and QGIS, respectively). A data integration platform (Feature Manipulation Engine, FME) has been used for converting the IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) data format into the GML (Geography Markup Language) format, in order to obtain a unique and unified model and vocabulary for the 3D GIS project, structured with different levels of detail, according to CityGML standard. Finally, as HBIM-GIS integration is considered, the loss of geometric and informative data has been taken into account and evaluated.

Experimental study on municipal and industrial reclaimed wastewater refinement for agricultural reuse

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Gori ◽  
C. Caretti
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Combined Process ◽  
Industrial Wastewaters ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Ornamental Shrubs ◽  
Selection Of

The present study is aimed at verifying the possibility of reusing municipal and industrial reclaimed wastewaters for the irrigation of container-grown ornamental shrubs, paying attention to the refinery treatment. The research has been carried out in the district of Pistoia (Central Italy), which represents one of the main nursery areas in Europe. Two experimental sites, each consisting of a refinery treatment pilot plant (filtration and disinfection) and an agronomic area, were set-up. In this paper the attention is focused on the selection of the refinery treatment. The combined process of peracetic acid (PAA) and ultraviolet irradiation (UV) chosen for the disinfection treatment proved to be very effective for the inactivation of microorganisms for both municipal and industrial wastewaters. The high efficiency is recognised as being brought about by the formation of free radicals due to the photolysis of the PAA when in the presence of the UV rays. A preliminary cost analysis has been carried out in order to highlight the most economically advantageous solution which guarantees the compliance to the Italian limits for wastewater reuse in agriculture (Escherichia Coli 10 CFU/100 mL).

scholarly journals Insights into Seismogenetic Areas in Central Italy from Combined Absolute Gravity and GNSS Measurements

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 4649
Author(s):  
Filippo Greco ◽  
Federica Riguzzi ◽  
Giovanna Berrino
Keyword(s):  
Ground Deformation ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Gravity Data ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Absolute Gravity ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Gnss Network ◽  
Gnss Measurements

In this study we present and discuss gravity and ground deformation variations, at different time scales, observed in a wide mesh absolute gravity and GNSS network set up in central Italy. The network was installed in the area affected by the 2009 (L’Aquila; Mw 6.1) and 2016 (Amatrice-Norcia; Mw 6.0 and 6.5) seismic activity, in order to verify if gravity and ground deformation variations could be related to seismic effects. The new network includes 5 stations distributed between the Lazio, Umbria, and Abruzzo regions. From 2018 to 2020 three campaigns were carried out using the transportable Micro-g LaCoste FG5#238 and the portable Micro-g LaCoste A10#39 absolute gravimeters and completed with two simultaneous GNSS measurements. Topographic instruments, measurement and analysis techniques enabling accurate measurements in the positioning of the stations and to control their variations over time were applied. The high reliability and accuracy of the absolute gravity data gathered, after being corrected for known effects, showed a negative short-term (2018–2020) pattern throughout the area, up to −30 µGal. Since some stations of the new network coincided with benchmarks already measured in the past, an analysis of long-term gravity changes was carried out and a fair degree of stability was observed in two stations, while positive large variations, of approximately 70 and 157 µGal, were recorded in the other two stations in the time intervals 1954–2020 and 2005–2010, respectively. On the other hand, variations highlighted by GNSS height measurements were all below 3 cm. Here, the first long-lasting gravity measurements carried out with absolute gravimeters in a seismic area in Italy are presented, providing meaningful geophysical information. The obtained results, in terms of availability of a combined absolute gravity and GNSS network, definition of data acquisition and analysis procedures, as well as creation of a high quality data archive, lay the foundations for a multidisciplinary approach towards improving the knowledge of this seismogenetic area of Italy.

scholarly journals From photo-geology to 3D geological models. An open source approach

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Santangelo ◽  
Ivan Marchesini ◽  
Francesco Mirabella ◽  
Francesco Bucci ◽  
Mauro Cardinali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Three Dimensional Modeling ◽  
Dimensional Modeling ◽  
Geological Models ◽  
Open Source Gis ◽  
Gis Environment

Three-dimensional modeling of geological bodies is a useful tool for multiple applications. Such tasks are usually accomplished starting from field-collected data, which typically suffer from intrinsic limitations such as accessibility constraints and punctuality of data collected. In this work, we explore the reliability of photo-geological analyses starting from aerial photo-interpretation in providing data useful to build up 3D geological models, and validate them using exploration wells data in a lignite rich area in Umbria, central Italy. The procedure that produces 3D models from photo-geological data is a three-step open source GIS procedure developed using python in GRASS GIS environment and GNU-Linux OS. We maintain that this procedure can have potential broad applications in Earth Sciences, including geological and structural analyses, up to the preliminary evaluation of potential reservoirs.

scholarly journals Pea Grain Protein Content Across Italian Environments: Genetic Relationship With Grain Yield, and Opportunities for Genome-Enabled Selection for Protein Yield

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margherita Crosta ◽  
Nelson Nazzicari ◽  
Barbara Ferrari ◽  
Luciano Pecetti ◽  
Luigi Russi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Model Construction ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Polygenic Control ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Ril Population

Wider pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivation has great interest for European agriculture, owing to its favorable environmental impact and provision of high-protein feedstuff. This work aimed to investigate the extent of genotype × environment interaction (GEI), genetically based trade-offs and polygenic control for crude protein content and grain yield of pea targeted to Italian environments, and to assess the efficiency of genomic selection (GS) as an alternative to phenotypic selection (PS) to increase protein yield per unit area. Some 306 genotypes belonging to three connected recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations derived from paired crosses between elite cultivars were genotyped through genotyping-by-sequencing and phenotyped for grain yield and protein content on a dry matter basis in three autumn-sown environments of northern or central Italy. Line variation for mean protein content ranged from 21.7 to 26.6%. Purely genetic effects, compared with GEI effects, were over two-fold larger for protein content, and over 2-fold smaller for grain and protein yield per unit area. Grain yield and protein content exhibited no inverse genetic correlation. A genome-wide association study revealed a definite polygenic control not only for grain yield but also for protein content, with small amounts of trait variation accounted for by individual loci. On average, the GS predictive ability for individual RIL populations based on the rrBLUP model (which was selected out of four tested models) using by turns two environments for selection and one for validation was moderately high for protein content (0.53) and moderate for grain yield (0.40) and protein yield (0.41). These values were about halved for inter-environment, inter-population predictions using one RIL population for model construction to predict data of the other populations. The comparison between GS and PS for protein yield based on predicted gains per unit time and similar evaluation costs indicated an advantage of GS for model construction including the target RIL population and, in case of multi-year PS, even for model training based on data of a non-target population. In conclusion, protein content is less challenging than grain yield for phenotypic or genome-enabled improvement, and GS is promising for the simultaneous improvement of both traits.

scholarly journals Regional hydrogeology for groundwater resource management policies. The Latium volcanic domain (central Italy)

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Mazza ◽  
Lucia Mastrorillo
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Environmental Remediation ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Hydrogeological Model ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Regional Hydrogeology ◽  
Conceptual Hydrogeological Model ◽  
Set Up

Growing urban areas in the Latium volcanic domain has resulted in the increase of water demand. The uncontrolled increase in water withdrawals cause an inexorable reduction of springs discharges and progressive drawdown of groundwater levels. This emergency needs an urgent rationalization of groundwater management thorough understanding of qualitative and quantitative features of the aquifers. The main aim of this paper is to emphasize the importance of the method of study and the results obtained by researchers belonging to the Laboratory of Quantitative Hydrogeology (University of Roma Tre) to support the use and protection of groundwater resources. Therefore, we propose a summary of methods applied in previous hydrogeology studies that have contributed to legislation on groundwater resources management in the volcanic aquifers. The study area corresponds to the Latium volcanic domain and covers approximately 6500 km2. About 3000 stratigraphic data and about 2600 water points have been collected in order to set up a conceptual hydrogeological model. The conceptual model has been validated by the resolution of the hydrological budget. Detailed evaluation of the water supply is essential for the correct setting of the hydrological budget, in fact it represents the main output of the budget. These analysis highlight the condition of the resource. Critical areas have been identified for reshaping of water supply in order to increase environmental remediation and economic development.

scholarly journals A note on Thom classes in general cohomology

1980 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 69-78
Author(s):  
Ronald Kirk Haas ◽  
Hiroshi Uehara
Keyword(s):  
Direct Approach ◽  
Seventieth Birthday ◽  
Characteristic Classes ◽  
Classical Approach ◽  
Chern Classes ◽  
Kunneth Formula ◽  
Relative Version ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Entire Theory ◽  
General Cohomology

This note is dedicated to the second author’s teacher, Professor Atsuo Komatsu, in celebration of his seventieth birthday.It is well known [4], [7] that the theory of characteristic classes in general cohomology is essentially based upon one theorem, the Leray-Hirsch Theorem. We further claim [8] that the entire theory could be developed merely from the Künneth Formula if under suitable conditions a truly relative version of the Meyer-Vietoris sequence exists in the general cohomology theory. In his lectures delivered at Aarhus in 1968, Dold [6] set up the necessary machinery including the Leray-Hirsch Theorem to define Chern Classes with values in general cohomology. However, he then stated [6, p. 47] that he “found a difficulty here in choosing adequate orientations (Thorn Classes) for the bundles involved”, and proceeded differently, discarding the “classical” approach used in both ordinary cohomology [9] and K-theory [3]. Later, he [7] published a more categorical work, although the approach to Chern Classes was basically unchanged from his previous work. Consequently, the possibility of the classical direct approach to the theory has remained open.

scholarly journals The mineralised springs of the Adriatic region, central Italy

2000 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torquato Nanni ◽  
Paola Vivalda
Keyword(s):  
Central Italy ◽  
Mud Volcanoes ◽  
Marine Waters ◽  
Hydrogeological Characteristics ◽  
Ultra Filtration ◽  
Salt Waters ◽  
Messinian Evaporites ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Terrigenous Sequence ◽  
Adriatic Region

In the Adriatic region of central Italy, there are many mineralised (salt and sulphureous) springs, often used for therapeutic purposes. The hydrogeological characteristics of the springs and their tectonic set-up are examined in this paper. The salt springs generally emerge from the Plio-Pleistocene and Messinian deposits. The waters emerging from the Messinian deposits originate from marine waters subjected to evaporation. This leads to the precipitation of gypsum and formation of brines isolated by clayey deposits. Even the salt waters emerging from the Plio-Pleistocene deposits originate from marine waters trapped in the arenaceous Pliocene deposits. The waters are subjected to an ultra-filtration process through the clayey membrane with the formation of brines. The study reveals that the springs are located in the main thrust fronts, and the springs with higher salinity emerge in the thrusts that squeezed out the brine waters from the post-orogenic Plio-Pleistocene sequence. The sulphureous springs emerge from the Messinian and Plio-Pleistocene deposits and from the Apennine Meso-Cenozoic limestone ridges. The sulphureous springs emerging from the terrigenous sequence are connected with the Messinian evaporites, while the sulphureous springs emerging from the limestone ridges are related to the Messinian and Triassic evaporite deposits of the Umbrian-Marchean sequence. In the emergence zones of the salt waters, typical mud volcanoes or puddles are present due to suspended mud in the waters. Generally, the sulphureous springs emerge along streams whose waters are whitish and emit the typical smell because of sulphur precipitation.

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