Adaptations to nitrogen form: comparing inorganic nitrogen and amino acid availability and uptake by four temperate forest plants

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1626-1637 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Metcalfe ◽  
J. Nault ◽  
B.J. Hawkins
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Temperate Forest ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Shrub Species ◽  
Dry Biomass

There are few examinations of the relative availability and plant uptake of inorganic N and amino acid N in temperate forest regions. We determined the availability of amino acid N and inorganic N in soils under two shrub species ( Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm. versus Rubus spectabilis Pursh) on three sites near Jordan River, British Columbia, over a growing season. We compared biomass production of the two shrubs and two conifers ( Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii) when given inorganic N (20:80 or 80:20 NH4+–NO3–) or organic N (glycine and glutamic acid) and assessed short-term uptake (24 h) of 15N-labelled NH4+, NO3–, glycine, or glutamic acid by the four species. Water-extracted soil concentrations of NH4+ were up to 1.5 times greater than NO3– averaged across sites. Concentrations of amino acid N and inorganic N were similar on soils under Rubus , but the amino acid N to inorganic N ratio was up to 2.4:1 in soils under Vaccinium . Soils dominated by Rubus had up to twice the NO3–-N and two thirds the amino acid N concentrations of soils dominated by Vaccinium, averaged across sites and Rubus had relatively high short-term 15NO3– uptake. The dry biomass of conifers was approximately four times greater when supplied mainly with NH4+ compared with NO3–, but biomass of the two shrub species was similar in both inorganic N treatments. All plants had comparable rates of short-term 15N uptake from amino acids and inorganic N, suggesting that amino acids could contribute to the N nutrition of these temperate species; however, dry biomass of all four species grown with amino acids was less than one half that of plants grown with inorganic N.

scholarly journals Co-occurrence of organic and inorganic N sources influences asparagine uptake and internal amino acid profiles in white clover

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weronika Czaban ◽  
Jim Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Uptake Rate ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Amino Acid Profiles ◽  
N Status

AbstractDirect plant uptake of organic nitrogen (N) is important for plant N nutrition, but we lack knowledge of how the concentration of external N forms (organic and inorganic) -influence organic N uptake and plant N status. We investigated the uptake of the amino acid asparagine (Asn) in white clover in the presence of different nitrate (NO3-), Asn, and total N concentrations. White clover seedlings were for one week exposed to combinations of NO3-(3-30 µmol N kg-1sand DW) and Asn (3-30 µmol N kg-1sand DW), where after the Asn uptake rate was determined by addition of13C4-Asn. Shoot and root Asn content and amino acid profiles were also analyzed. Increasing external NO3-and total N concentrations decreased13C4-Asn uptake rates and internal clover Asn content. Furthermore, total N affected clover amino acid profiles from non-essential amino acids at low N doses to the dominance of essential amino acids at increasing N doses. Asn uptake rate in white clover is reduced by increasing inorganic N, but not by increasing organic N concentrations. Furthermore, plant amino acid profiles are likely to be a more sensitive indicator of N supply and descriptor of the N status.

Short-Term Starvation Alters the Free Amino Acid Content of the Human Intestinal Mucosa

1994 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 653-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
BO Ahlman ◽  
Kerstin Andersson ◽  
Carl-Eric Leijonmarck ◽  
Olle Ljungqvist ◽  
Lennart Hedenborg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Starvation Period ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations

1. The effects of short-term starvation and refeeding on the free amino acid concentrations of the intestinal mucosa were characterized in male subjects (n = 6), using endoscopically obtained biopsy specimens from the duodenum and from all four segments of the colon. 2. The alterations in the amino acid concentrations in response to short-term starvation were overall uniform in both duodenal and colonic mucosa as well as in plasma. Most amino acids decreased, whereas branched-chain amino acids increased. 3. In the colon, glutamic acid and glutamine decreased during the starvation period, whereas they remained unaltered in the duodenum. This was the major difference in response to short-term starvation between the amino acid concentrations in the intestinal mucosa of the duodenum and colon. 4. Refeeding for 3 days normalized the amino acid concentrations except for glutamic acid, asparagine and histidine, which remained low in the colon, and threonine, which showed an overshoot in both parts of the intestine. 5. The changes in mucosal amino acid concentrations seen in response to starvation and refeeding were uniform in the four segments of the colon. This suggests that sampling from the rectum/sigmoid colon will give representative values for the free amino acid concentrations of the entire large intestine.

Effect of Intraduodenal Starch Infusion on Net Portal Absorption of Amino Acids in Growing steers Fed Lucerne

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 28-28
Author(s):  
C.J. Seal ◽  
D.S. Parker ◽  
J.C. MacRae ◽  
G.E. Lobley
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Portal Blood ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Net Uptake ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Glucose Availability

Amino acid requirements for energy metabolism and protein turnover within the gastrointestinal tract are substantial and may be met from luminal and arterial pools of amino acids. Several studies have demonstrated that the quantity of amino acids appearing in the portal blood does not balance apparent disappearance from the intestinal lumen and that changing diet or the availability of energy-yielding substrates to the gut tissues may influence the uptake of amino acids into the portal blood (Seal & Reynolds, 1993). For example, increased net absorption of amino acids was observed in animals receiving exogenous intraruminal propionate (Seal & Parker, 1991) and this was accompanied by changes in glucose utilisation by the gut tissues. In contrast, there was no apparent change in net uptake of [l-13C]-leucine into the portal vein of sheep receiving short term intraduodenal infusions of glucose (Piccioli Cappelli et al, 1993). This experiment was designed to further investigate the effects on amino acid absorption of changing glucose availability to the gut with short term (seven hours) or prolonged (three days) exposure to starch infused directly into the duodenum.

The uptake of amino acids by mouse cells (strain LS) during growth in batch culture and chemostat culture: the influence of cell growth rate

1967 ◽  
Vol 168 (1013) ◽  
pp. 421-438 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Cell Growth ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Batch Culture ◽  
Amino Acid Uptake ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Yields ◽  
Acid Uptake

The uptake of thirteen essential amino acids by mouse LS cells in suspension culture was determined by bacteriological assay methods. Chemostat continuous-flow cultures were used to determine the effect of different cell growth rates on the quantitative amino acid requirements for growth. The growth yields of the cells ( Y = g cell dry weight produced/g amino acid utilized) were calculated for each of the essential amino acids. A mixture of the non-essential amino acids, serine, alanine and glycine increased the cell yield from the essential amino acids. The growth yields from nearly all the essential amino acids in batch culture were increased when glutamic acid was substituted for the glutamine in the medium. The growth yields from the amino acids in batch culture were much less at the beginning than at the end of the culture. The highest efficiencies of conversion of amino acids to cell material were obtained by chemostat culture. When glutamic acid largely replaced the glutamine in the medium the conversion of amino acid nitrogen to cell nitrogen was 100 % efficient (that is, the theoretical yield was obtained) at the optimum growth rate (cell doubling time, 43 h). The maximum population density a given amino acid mixture will support can be calculated from the data. It is concluded that in several routinely used tissue culture media the cell growth is limited by the amino acid supply. In batch culture glutamine was wasted by (1) its spontaneous decomposition to pyrrolidone carboxylic acid and ammonia, and (2) its enzymic breakdown to glutamic acid and ammonia, but also glutamine was used less efficiently than glutamic acid. Study of the influence of cell growth rate on amino acid uptake rates per unit mass of cells indicated that a marked change in amino acid metabolism occurred at a specific growth rate of 0.4 day -1 (cell doubling time, 43 h). With decrease in specific growth rate below 0.4 day -1 there was a marked stimulation of amino acid uptake rate per cell and essential amino acids were consumed increasingly for functions other than synthesis of cell material.

scholarly journals Amino Acid Composition of Milk from Cow, Sheep and Goat Raised in Ailano and Valle Agricola, Two Localities of ‘Alto Casertano’ (Campania Region)

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2431
Author(s):  
Nicola Landi ◽  
Sara Ragucci ◽  
Antimo Di Maro
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Campania Region

Cow, sheep and goat raw milk raised in Ailano and Valle Agricola territories (‘Alto Casertano’, Italy) were characterized (raw proteins, free and total amino acids content) to assess milk quality. Raw milk with the highest total protein content is sheep milk followed by goat and cow milk from both localities. Total amino acid content in cow, goat and sheep raw milk is 4.58, 4.81 and 6.62 g per 100 g, respectively, in which the most abundant amino acid is glutamic acid (~20.36 g per 100 g of proteins). Vice versa, the free amino acids content characteristic profiles are different for each species. In particular, the most abundant free amino acid in cow, sheep and goat raw milk is glutamic acid (9.07 mg per 100 g), tyrosine (4.72 mg per 100 g) and glycine (4.54 mg per 100 g), respectively. In addition, goat raw milk is a source of taurine (14.92 mg per 100 g), retrieved in low amount in cow (1.38 mg per 100 g) and sheep (2.10 mg per 100 g) raw milk. Overall, raw milk from ‘Alto Casertano’ show a high total protein content and are a good source of essential amino acids.

scholarly journals Effect of Different Edaphic Crop Conditions on the Free Amino Acid Profile of PH-16 Dry Cacao Beans

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1637
Author(s):  
Quintino Reis de Araujo ◽  
Guilherme Amorim Homem de Abreu Loureiro ◽  
Cid Edson Mendonça Póvoas ◽  
Douglas Steinmacher ◽  
Stephane Sacramento de Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Significant Difference

Free amino acids in cacao beans are important precursors to the aroma and flavor of chocolate. In this research, we used inferential and explanatory statistical techniques to verify the effect of different edaphic crop conditions on the free amino acid profile of PH-16 dry cacao beans. The decreasing order of free amino acids in PH-16 dry cacao beans is leucine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid, alanine, asparagine, tyrosine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, valine, isoleucine, glutamine, lysine, aspartic acid, serine, tryptophan, threonine, glycine. With the exception of lysine, no other free amino acid showed a significant difference between means of different edaphic conditions under the ANOVA F-test. The hydrophobic free amino acids provided the largest contribution to the explained variance with 58.01% of the first dimension of the principal component analysis. Glutamic acid stands out in the second dimension with 13.09%. Due to the stability of the biochemical profile of free amino acids in this clonal variety, it is recommended that cacao producers consider the genotype as the primary source of variation in the quality of cacao beans and ultimately the chocolate to be produced.

Changes in amino acid compounds of wheat plants during ensiling and aerobic exposure: the influence of propionic acid and urea phosphate-calcium propionate

1984 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 667-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Ashbell ◽  
H. H. Theune ◽  
D. Sklan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Butyric Acid ◽  
Urea Phosphate ◽  
Fresh Material ◽  
Calcium Propionate

SummaryChanges in distribution of amino acid nitrogen of chopped wheat plants ensiled at shooting and flowering when wilted, and at the milk and dough stages as fresh material, were determined as affected by addition of 0·8% propionic acid (PrA) or 2·2% urea phosphate-calcium propionate (UP-CaPr). Analyses were carried out after an ensiling period of 90 days and after a further aerobic exposure period (AE) of 7 days.Total amino acid (TAA) contents in the dry matter (D.M.) during the fermentation period and in the AE were stable in untreated material (UM) and treated material. Concentration of essential amino acids decreased during fermentation, this decrease being higher in the UM. The free amino acids were low in the fresh material (18·6% of TAA) but increased in the ensiled material to ca. 71 % of the TAA in the silage. In the AE this level was 63% in UM and 69% in treated material. The ammonia-N contents increased during fermentation in UM and especially in the UP-CaPr treatments, while the opposite occurred in the PrA treatments.The concentrations of and changes in 21 amino acids (AAs) are given. The highest AA concentrations recorded in the fresh material were those of arginine, lysine, glutamic acid, alanine, leucine, proline and glycine. The most marked increments in AAs as a result of fermentation were those of ornithine, γ-amino butyric acid, threonine and methionine. Marked decreases were observed in glutamine, arginine and glutamic acid. PrA increased mainly arginine, asparagine and glutamine, whereas γ-amino butyric acid decreased; UP-CaPr increased arginine, asparagine, lysine and glutamic acid (in silage only) and reduced γ-amino butyric acid and glutamine (in AE only).

DETERMINATION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN RAINBOW TROUT, ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS, USING A STABLE ISOTOPE

1994 ◽  
Vol 189 (1) ◽  
pp. 279-284
Author(s):  
C Carter ◽  
S Owen ◽  
Z He ◽  
P Watt ◽  
C Scrimgeour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss

It has been suggested (Houlihan, 1991) that the consumption of 1 g of protein in a variety of species of fish stimulates the synthesis of, approximately, an equal amount of protein. Although synthesis of protein may account for as much as 40 % of the whole-animal oxygen consumption (Lyndon et al. 1992), only about 30 % of the synthesized proteins are retained as growth (Houlihan et al. 1988; Carter et al. 1993a,b). Thus, one focus of attention is the potential advantage gained by fish in allocating a considerable proportion of assimilated energy to protein turnover in contrast to relatively low-cost, low-turnover protein growth (Houlihan et al. 1993). Rates of protein synthesis in several species of fish have been measured using radioactively labelled amino acids, frequently given as a flooding dose (reviewed by Fauconneau, 1985; Houlihan, 1991). These measurements cannot be made for longer than a few hours because of the decline in specific radioactivity in the amino acid free pool. However, as protein synthesis rates vary during the course of a day as a result of the post-prandial stimulation, and since radiolabelled amino acid methodology is invasive, short-term and terminal, it has been difficult to be certain of the relationship between protein growth measured in the long term and protein synthesis rates measured in the short term. This paper addresses these problems by developing a method using 15N in orally administered protein to measure protein synthesis rates in fish over relatively long periods, the aim being to use procedures that are as non-invasive and repeatable as possible. The use of stable isotopes to measure protein metabolism is well established in terrestrial mammals (see Rennie et al. 1991; Wolfe, 1992), but to our knowledge the only published data for aquatic ectotherms are on the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) (Hawkins, 1985). In the present study, rates of protein synthesis of individual rainbow trout [Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)] were calculated from the enrichment of excreted ammonia with 15N over the 48 h following the feeding of a single meal (dose) containing protein uniformly labelled with 15N by use of an end-point stochastic model (Waterlow et al. 1978; Wolfe, 1992). Application of this type of modelling would appear to be ideal for measuring ammonotelic fish nitrogen metabolism since, unlike the situation in mammals, the catabolic flux of amino acids through urea is very small. Further, ammonia is excreted directly into the surrounding water via the gills and is not stored for any length of time, in contrast to the situation in mammals, so the rate of tracer appearance is easily measurable.

Sorption of α-amino-acids by copper montmorillonite

Clay Minerals ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Bodenheimer ◽  
L. Heller
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Complex Formation ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Acid Complex ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ray Methods

AbstractSorption of an acidic, amphoteric, sulphur containing and basic α-amino-acid (glutamic acid, glycine, methionine and lysine) by copper montmorillonite was studied by chemical and X-ray methods. With glutamic acid complex formation occurs only in solution but increasing basicity of the aminoacid favours complex formation in the clay interlayers.

scholarly journals The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 313-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Pikosz ◽  
Joanna Czerwik-Marcinkowska ◽  
Beata Messyasz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Chemical Stress ◽  
Cladophora Glomerata ◽  
Adaptation To Stress ◽  
Filamentous Green Algae

AbstractFilamentous green algae (FGA) frequently forms dense mats which can be either mono- or polyspecies. While various defense mechanisms of competition in algae are known, little is known about the interactions between different species of FGA. An experiment in controlled laboratory conditions was conducted to gather data on the changes in amino acids (AA) concentrations in FGA species in the presence of exudates from different other species. The aim of the present study was to identify the AA whose concentrations showed significant changes and to assess if the changes could be adaptation to stress conditions. The major constituents of the AA pool in Cladophora glomerata, C. fracta and Rhizoclonium sp. were Glutamic acid (Glu), Aspartic acid (Asp) and Leucine (Leu). In response to chemical stress, that is the increasing presence of exudates, a significant increase in the concentrations Proline (Pro) and Tryptophan (Trp) was noted. The increase in Proline levels was observed in C. fracta and Rhizoclonium in response to chemical stress induced by C. glomerata exudates. As the concentration of exudates increased in the medium, there was a progressive shift in the pattern of AA group in FGA.

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