Butt rot incidence, causal fungi, and related yield loss in Picea abies stands of Latvia

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 2337-2345 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Arhipova ◽  
T. Gaitnieks ◽  
J. Donis ◽  
J. Stenlid ◽  
R. Vasaitis
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Butt Rot ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Site Types

Root and butt rot is the most destructive disease of conifers in the Northern Hemisphere, but little is known about the dynamics of yield loss in stands of different ages, site types, and species composition. This study aimed to estimate butt rot incidence, causal fungi, and related wood yield loss in Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. stands in Latvia. A total of 24 745 stumps were examined on 318 forest sites, and 21.8% of them contained rot. There was a positive correlation between stand age and butt rot frequency. Proportion of other tree species in a stand had no influence on incidence of the rot, but significant differences were observed among different forest site types. The length of decay columns in 114 stems analysed was 6.6 ± 2.6 m on average. Based on the observed butt rot frequencies in Latvian P. abies stands of different age classes, volumes of decay-degraded wood in a fully stocked stand would comprise about 19.7 m3·ha–1 at the age of 40 years, 57.4 m3·ha–1 at 60 years, 54.9 m3·ha–1 at 80 years, 63.1 m3·ha–1 at 100 years, and 91.8 m3·ha–1 at 120 years, corresponding to 6%–16% of a total standing volume.

scholarly journals Variation of conducting area in stems of European larch (Larix deciduas) growing in fresh mixed coniferous forest and fresh mixed forest sites

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 18-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Nawrot ◽  
M. Jakubowski ◽  
W. Pazdrowski ◽  
K. Kaźmierczak ◽  
M. Szymański
Keyword(s):  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Main Crop ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
The Social ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Site Types

The paper presents an attempt to determine conducting area (CA), relative conducting area (CA.k<sup>–1</sup>) and mean ring conducting area (CAar) on discs cut at breast height from stems of larch trees growing in fresh mixed coniferous forest and fresh mixed forest sites, representing four age classes and the main crop according to Kraft’s classification. The value of CA increases with an improvement of the social class of tree position in the community, while no such dependences were found for the value of (CA.k<sup>–1</sup>). The parameter CAar, except for one case in age class IV in the fresh mixed coniferous forest site, increases with an improvement of the position a tree takes in the community and differentiates more markedly under the conditions of fresh mixed forest sites. Relative conducting area (CA.k<sup>–1</sup>) decreases markedly with an increase in the age of trees, which is confirmed by high values of the coefficient of determination. Moreover, the significance of differences between individual trees in the main crop according to Kraft and forest site types was tested in terms of the values of CAar. Calculated values may be used to describe the relationships between conducting area and the size of the assimilating organ more precisely than the total sapwood zone.

scholarly journals The composition and diversity of natural regeneration of tree species in gaps under different intensities of forest disturbance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maame Esi Hammond ◽  
Radek Pokorný ◽  
Daniel Okae-Anti ◽  
Augustine Gyedu ◽  
Irene Otwuwa Obeng
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Forest Disturbance ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Gap Formation ◽  
Tree Species Composition ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Shade Tolerant Species ◽  
Disturbed Forest

AbstractThe positive ecological interaction between gap formation and natural regeneration has been examined but little research has been carried out on the effects of gaps on natural regeneration in forests under different intensities of disturbance. This study evaluates the composition, diversity, regeneration density and abundance of natural regeneration of tree species in gaps in undisturbed, intermittently disturbed, and disturbed forest sites. Bia Tano Forest Reserve in Ghana was the study area and three gaps each were selected in the three forest site categories. Ten circular subsampling areas of 1 m2 were delineated at 2 m spacing along north, south, east, and west transects within individual gaps. Data on natural regeneration < 350 cm height were gathered. The results show that the intensity of disturbance was disproportional to gap size. Species diversity differed significantly between undisturbed and disturbed sites and, also between intermittently disturbed and disturbed sites for Simpson’s (1-D), Equitability (J), and Berger–Parker (B–P) indices. However, there was no significant difference among forest sites for Shannon diversity (H) and Margalef richness (MI) indices. Tree species composition on the sites differed. Regeneration density on the disturbed site was significantly higher than on the two other sites. Greater abundance and density of shade-dependent species on all sites identified them as opportunistic replacements of gap-dependent pioneers. Pioneer species giving way to shade tolerant species is a natural process, thus make them worst variant in gap regeneration.

scholarly journals Stand Structure, Productivity and Carbon Sequestration Potential of Oak Dominated Forests in Kumaun Himalaya

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 466-476
Author(s):  
Bijendra Lal ◽  
L.S. Lodhiyal
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Sequestration Potential ◽  
Oak Tree ◽  
Quercus Leucotrichophora

Present study deals with stand structure, biomass, productivity and carbon sequestration in oak dominated forests mixed with other broad leaved tree species. The sites of studied forests were located in Nainital region between 29058’ N lat. and 79028’ E long at 1500-2150 m elevation. Tree density of forests ranged from 980-1100 ind.ha-1. Of this, oak trees shared 69-97%. The basal area of trees was 31.81 to 63.93 m2 ha-1. R. arboreum and Q. floribunda shared maximum basal area 16.45 and 16.32 m2 ha-1, respectively in forest site-1 and 2 while Quercus leucotrichophora shared maximum (35.69 m2 ha-1) in site-3. The biomass and primary productivity of tree species ranged from 481-569 t ha-1 and 16.9-20.9 t ha-1yr-1, respectively. Of this, biomass and primary productivity of oak tree species accounted for 81 to 95 and 78 to 98%, respectively. Carbon stock and carbon sequestration ranged from 228 to 270 t ha-1 and 8.0 to 9.9 t ha-1yr-1, respectively. The share of oak tree species ranged from 81 to 94.7 and 79 to 97%, respectively. The diversity of tree species ranged from 0.03 to 0.16 in forest sites-1, 2 and 3. The diversity of oak species was 0.08-0.16 in all the forest sites. Thus it is concluded that among the oak tree species, Quercus floribunda and Quercus leucotrichophora were highly dominated in the studied forests. The climax form of oak dominated trees in the studied forest sites depicted slightly lower richness and diversity of tree species compared to the forests in the region and elsewhere. As far as dry matter and carbon of forests is concerned, these estimates are close to the earlier reports of forests in the region. Therefore, studied forests have the potential to increase the diversity, productivity and carbon sequestration of forest tree species by providing the adequate scientific conservation and management inputs.

Modelling the incidence of butt rot in plantations of Piceaabies in Denmark

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 1887-1896 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Vollbrecht ◽  
B. Bilde Jørgensen
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Sodium Nitrite ◽  
Hardwood Forest ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Butt Rot ◽  
Silvicultural Treatments ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
The Impact

An empirical model is presented to forecast the incidence of butt rot at the stand level. In addition, the impact of different thinning regimes and stump treatment on the incidence of butt rot was evaluated. The model is based on data from 166 permanent forest yield research plots of pure even-aged Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) plantations in Denmark, within which the incidence of butt rot at stump height in thinned trees has been recorded after each thinning since 1947. In total, 79 000 stumps from 895 thinnings were studied. Regression analyses were carried out with the incidence of butt rot at a given point of time as the dependent variable and variables describing site, stand, and silvicultural treatments as the independent variables. Predictions carried out with the model imply that Norway spruce planted on old hardwood forest sites show the fastest development of butt rot and that the more heavily or more often a stand is thinned, the faster will be the development of butt rot. Furthermore, stump treatment with urea or sodium nitrite and thinnings carried out during January–March reduce the rot development.

scholarly journals Forest site types and soil cover in the Roztocze National Park – the current state of knowledge

2015 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Jacek Koba ◽  
Tadeusz Miśta
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Soil Sampling ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Upland Forest ◽  
Current State ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Site Types

The forest sites and soil survey conducted by the Bureau for Forest Management and Geodesy, Branch in Lublin in the years 2009–2010 involved all of the Roztocze National Park (RNP). The studied area was 8335.31 ha. Throughout the Park, 417 soil sampling plots (open pits) and 2,400 auxiliary soil sampling plots (soil boreholes) were established. A total of 28 soil subtypes, subsumed under 14 soil types, were identified, with the most abundant soil type being rendzina. Furthermore, 17 forest site types were described, including 12 lowland and 5 upland forest site types. Two upland forest types (upland broadleaved forest and upland mixed broadleaved forest), were found to be predominant in the National Park.

On the insect fauna of dead wood at the early stage of decay

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.Э. Хумала ◽  
М.Ю. Мандельштам ◽  
Н.Б. Никитский ◽  
А.В. Полевой
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Populus Tremula ◽  
Trophic Relationships ◽  
Insect Fauna ◽  
Trunk Diameter

Мертвая древесина является основным местообитанием для огромного числа лесных видов насекомых, которые используют ее как пищу, субстрат для развития или временное убежище, одновременно участвуя в ее разложении. Видовой состав комплекса насекомых-разрушителей древесины в бореальной зоне довольно хорошо изучен, но до сих пор значительная часть типичных лесных групп представлена видами, биология и пищевая специализация которых изучены недостаточно. В 2015 г. нами исследована фауна насекомых на валеже текущего года трех пород деревьев: береза (Betula pendula), осина (Populus tremula) и ель (Picea abies x fennica). Исследования проводились в заповеднике «Кивач» (Республика Карелия) с использованием специализированных ловушек – стволовых эклекторов. В сборах идентифицировано 107 видов насекомых из 34 семейств отрядов Coleoptera, Hymenoptera и Diptera. Видовое разнообразие сильно варьировало на различных стволах, не зависело от породы и типа отпада (ветровал/бурелом), но имело тенденцию к росту с увеличением диаметра ствола. Видовой состав был довольно специфичен на всех породах, но достоверно отличался только на ели. Анализ распределения видов насекомых на стволах выявил несколько их ассоциаций как на березе, так и на ели, что позволяет говорить о совместной встречаемости некоторых видов (не связанных друг с другом прямыми трофическими связями), а возможно и о существовании более тесных связей между ними. Отмечен ряд видов, редко встречающихся в Фенноскандии, а также ранее не регистрировавшихся в Карелии. Приводится список видов, для которых удалось выявить не известные ранее особенности биологии, а также видов, находки которых интересны в фаунистическом плане. Dead wood is the main habitat for a large number of forest-dwelling insects that use it as a food source, development substrate, or temporary shelter, simultaneously contributing to its disintegration. Species composition of wood-inhabiting insects is well studied in the boreal zone, however a significant part of the typical forest-living groups is represented by species with poorly studied biology and trophic relationships. In 2015, we studied insect fauna on freshly fallen trees of birch (Betula pendula), aspen (Populus tremula) and spruce (Picea abies x fennica). The studies were conducted in the Nature Reserve Kivach (Republic of Karelia) using specially designed trunk emergence traps. Altogether, 107 species, representing 34 families of Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera were identified. Species diversity varied significantly on different trunks. It did not depend on the tree species or a type of strap (windfall/windbreak), but tended to increase with increasing trunk diameter. The species composition of insects was quite distinctive on different tree species, but differed significantly only on spruce. Analysis of the species distribution revealed several associations on birch and spruce, which suggests at least co-occurrence of some insect species (not assuming direct trophic link) and possibly existence of a closer relationships between them. The range remarkable of species has been observed, including rare representatives of Fennoscandian fauna and species not registered before in the Republic of Karelia. We provide a selective list of species with notes on previously unknown ecological peculiarities, as well as species that represent valuable faunistic findings.

Impact of stand structure on surface fire ignition potential in Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris forests in southern Finland

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 410-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Tanskanen ◽  
Ari Venäläinen ◽  
Pasi Puttonen ◽  
Anders Granström
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Fire Weather Index ◽  
Fire Ignition

Forest fire ignition potential was investigated in Picea abies (L.) Karst. (Norway spruce) and Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) dominated stands of 0, 15, 30–45, and 40–60 years of age. A series of small-scale (<0.5 m2) ignition tests were carried out in experimental plots on 61 different days in June, July, and August. Ignition success percentages were analyzed in relation to stand structural properties, preclassified stand types, and the output of the Canadian Fire Weather Index system. In addition, the number of average stand-type-specific fire days was estimated based on weather data (June–August) for southern Finland for the years 1991–2002. Factors in stand structure that significantly correlated with the ignition success percentage were canopy depth and leaf area index, the correlation coefficients being –0.575 (p < 0.005) and –0.582 (p < 0.005), respectively. In Pinus sylvestris dominated stands, ignition tests produced self-sustained surface fires in 32.0%, 24.0%, and 19.3% of cases in 0-, 15-, and 30- to 45-year age classes, respectively. In Picea abies dominated sites conditions were favorable for fire in 12.0% and 4.6% of trials in the 0- and 40- to 60-year age classes, respectively. The output of the FWI-system correlated well with the ignition success in June and July but poorly in August. Based on the 12-year time series analysis, there were on average per year 27, 18, and 14 potential fire days in 0-, 15-, and 30- to 45-year-old Pinus sylvestris stands, and 10 and 4 potential fire days in 0- and 40- to 60-year-old Picea abies stands, respectively. We concluded that the dominance of Picea abies or Pinus sylvestris and stand age appear to modify the ignition conditions significantly and should be used as threshold indicators in fire occurrence predictions.

The influence of overstorey Populus on epiphytic lichens in subboreal spruce forests of British Columbia

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyn Campbell ◽  
Gary E. Bradfield ◽  
Cindy E. Prescott ◽  
Arthur L. Fredeen
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
East Central ◽  
Lichen Community ◽  
Unknown Factor ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Manganese Availability ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Site Types

The composition and abundance of lichen communities on conifer saplings beneath five overstorey tree species were compared at three subboreal forest site types in east-central British Columbia. Site-level differences in lichen communities were attributed to different levels of moisture and light limitations in the understorey. At sites with adequate moisture and light, cyanolichens were uniformly abundant and species rich on conifer saplings beneath different understorey species. However, at sites with moisture or light limitations, cyanolichens were more abundant and species rich on conifer saplings beneath overstorey Populus than on saplings beneath other overstorey tree species. Cyanolichen communities also showed greater species richness on conifer saplings beneath the Populus canopy than on the trunk of Populus itself. Differences in calcium, phosphorus, molybdenum, and manganese availability in throughfall precipitation failed to explain much of the variation in lichen community structure. These results suggest that Populus can facilitate cyanolichens under sub optimal moisture or light conditions by providing some, as yet unknown, factor that is critical to their establishment and growth.

scholarly journals Modellierung der Vegetationshöhenstufen und der Areale von Buche und Tanne für die Schweiz

2019 ◽  
Vol 170 (6) ◽  
pp. 326-337
Author(s):  
Barbara Huber ◽  
Päivi Gubelmann ◽  
Andreas Zischg ◽  
Sabine Augustin ◽  
Monika Frehner
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
National Forest Inventory ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
The Future ◽  
Fuzzy Logic Approach ◽  
Altitudinal Belts ◽  
Site Types

Modelling of the vegetation belts and the areas of beech and silver fir for Switzerland The vegetation belts and the distribution area of beech and silver fir in Switzerland are an essential basis for the classification of forest site types with ecograms and therefore for site-specific recommendations of tree species and for forestry. Their limits, which are to a large extend defined by climatic factors, were until now only defined on a qualitative basis. For the future usage of the ecograms for tree species recommendations the limits must be described quantitatively, so that they can be modelled for the future with climate scenarios. With maps in a high spatial resolution of the forest-relevant climate variables and with additional important site parameters, those parameters were selected, which were relevant for the actual limits of the vegetation belts as well as for the beech and silver fir areal. The altitudinal belts were modelled by means of a linear regression between the known position of a representative altitudinal limit and the respective climatic factors at that position. The areal limits were modelled with a fuzzy logic approach. The climatic variables for the time span 2070–2099 were calculated on the basis of the climate (emission) scenario A1B (regional models RegCM3 and CLM), so that the limits of the altitudinal belts and the areas could be modelled for the future. The results of the model approaches are ecologically plausible. This could be shown in a comparison with the forest site types on the sample points of the National Forest Inventory and in an expert evaluation. The developed vegetation and climate maps as well as the modelled projections of the altitudinal belts in the future are the basis for the inclusion of climate change in the recommendation of tree species. They serve as decision support for forest managers and authorities in the forestry planning which is confronted with many uncertainties.

scholarly journals Forest canopy influence on the precision of location with GPS receivers 

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 399-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Tuček ◽  
J. Ligoš
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Location Error ◽  
Tree Species Composition ◽  
Gps Receivers ◽  
Method Of Calculation ◽  
Standard Devia ◽  
Forest District

This article presents the results of a test of three GPS receivers of GIS category (Topcon Turbo G1, Topcon, Magellan ProMark X-CM, Magellan, March II-E, Corvalis Microtechnology) in location under the entire cover of forest canopy. A network of 111 experimental points was established in the territory of Training Forest Enterprise (TFE) of the Technical University Zvolen, Forest District Kováčová, in variable forest and terrain conditions. Location of the points was measured by an exact terrestrial geodetic method and consequently by all receivers. To evaluate the location precision of each receiver we used the method of calculation of individual differences in co-ordinate values for each measurement, and calculation of average differences and their standard devia- tions for groups of measurements. The values of average co-ordinate errors and testing of the presence of systematic error were also calculated. To evaluate the influence of receiver type, stand age, tree species composition and terrain configuration multi-factor analysis of variance was used. General location error was 7.16 m for Topcon, 5.89 m for Magellan and 5.60 m for March. Difference between Topcon and the other two receivers is statistically significant. The influence of forest stand age is also statistically significant. The results of the test of tree species composition and terrain configuration influence are not unambiguous.

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