Effect of continuous photoperiod on growth and development of lodgepole pine seedlings and grafts

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Family Environment ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Plus Tree ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Accelerated Growth ◽  
And Control

Wind-pollinated seed and ramets from lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl.) plus tree selections in British Columbia were established and maintained under 24-h photoperiods for 6 months. Subsequently, these trees were outplanted in the nursery and periodically assessed for height, diameter, and dry weight. Seedlings and grafts developed considerably faster than normal nursery-grown controls during the treatment period, and they maintained an accelerated growth rate during the two growing seasons following outplanting. Root growth was particularly enhanced, as evidenced by the sharply reduced shoot:root ratio of treated seedlings relative to controls. Large differences in growth response existed among wind-pollinated families but family × environment (greenhouse vs. nursery) interaction confounded interpretation. Family performances for treated and control seedlings of the same families were not well correlated (r = 0.24) after two growing seasons. The rapid growth and development of seedlings and grafts under continuous photoperiod can undoubtedly benefit tree improvement programs by ultimately reducing the establishment time of seedling and clonal seed orchards, particularly for slowly growing species such as lodgepole pine.

Effect of accelerating growth on flowering in lodgepole pine seedlings and grafts

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. C. Wheeler ◽  
C. C. Ying ◽  
J. C. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Plus Tree ◽  
Accelerated Growth ◽  
Rapid Generation ◽  
Pollen Cone

Seedlings and grafts from lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta var. latifolia Dougl.) plus-tree selections in British Columbia were established and maintained in the greenhouse under 24-h photoperiod for 6 months. Subsequently, seedlings were outplanted in the nursery and grafts in a breeding orchard at Red Rock Research Centre. In the 5th year from seed (1980), the proportion of flowering trees and the average number of seed cones per flowering tree were roughly six times greater for accelerated growth seedlings (81%, 18 flowers/tree) than for controls (12%, 3.6 flowers/tree). Differences in pollen cone production were of similar magnitude. Flower enhancement in seedlings carried over into the next year. Grafted trees were considerably less productive than seedlings. At age 5 a mean of four female strobili were produced on 77% of treated grafts compared with 1.6 strobili on 36% of untreated controls. These values decreased slightly in 1981. Pollen production was yet to be observed on grafted materials. While the superiority in height of accelerated seedlings relative to controls has steadily decreased since time of establishment, large differences in number of branches per tree and biomass remain. Root systems of accelerated seedlings generally were excessively pot-bound, resulting in considerable root grafting after outplanting. The possible causes of increased flower production in accelerated growth trees are briefly discussed. The production of both pollen and seed cones in numebrs large enough to support a modest breeding scheme greatly increases the opportunity for rapid generation turnover in forest trees such as lodgepole pine and permits greater flexibility in planning a long-term tree improvement program.

Early growth of lodgepole pine after establishment of alsike clover–Rhizobium nitrogen-fixing symbiosis

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 1089-1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Trowbridge ◽  
F.B. Holl
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Foliar Nitrogen ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Needle Mass

An overdense lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. ex Loud.) stand was knocked down and the site was prepared by broadcast burn, windrow burn, or mechanical forest floor removal. Inoculated alsike clover (Trifoliumhybridum L.) was seeded at 0, 10, 20, and 30 kg/ha for the three different site preparation treatments to determine the effects of (i) site preparation on infection and effectiveness of the clover–Rhizobium symbiosis and clover percent cover and (ii) the clover–Rhizobium N2-fixing symbiosis on survival, early growth, and foliar nitrogen concentration of lodgepole pine seedlings. The N2-fixing symbiosis established well in all treatments. Clover percent cover increased with increasing rate of seeding, although by relatively few percent in the clover seeded plots. Broadcast burning, windrow burning, and mechanical forest floor removal did not affect the establishment of the N2-fixing symbiosis or clover percent cover. Lodgepole pine survival was not affected by the seeding treatments in any year, nor were height measurements during the first three growing seasons. Seedling height was slightly less in clover-seeded plots compared with controls in the fourth growing season. Lodgepole pine seedlings on clover-seeded plots had decreased diameter growth compared with controls during the first three growing seasons, but incremental diameter growth no longer showed this effect by the fourth growing season. Needle mass (g/100 needles) was less in clover-seeded plots at the end of the second growing season, but this effect was reversed by the fourth growing season, when both needle mass and foliar nitrogen concentration in lodgepole pine foliage were greater in clover-seeded plots.

The growth of lodgepole pine seedlings raised under clear polythene cloches at five seedbed densities

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 426-428
Author(s):  
S. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Foliage Weight

The components of shoot growth and dry matter production in 1 + 0 lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. ex Loud. spp. contorta) seedlings raised under clear polythene cloches for 12 weeks at five seedbed densities (180–720 plants/m2) were studied. The greater plant height found at the highest seedbed density was the result of increased stem unit length, not increased number of stem units. The increase in plant dry weight as seedbed density decreased was largely due to greater dry weight of roots, branchwood, and branch foliage, and not to increases in stemwood and stem foliage weight. Seedbed densities of less than 460 seedlings/m2 are required to produce yields of suitably sturdy seedlings in excess of 50% of the crop.

The use of ectomycorrhizal conifer seedlings in the revegetation of a high-elevation mine site

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 354-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven C. Grossnickle ◽  
C. P. P. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Mine Waste ◽  
Wood Chip ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Deep Mine ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
And Control

Three conifer species, Pinnscontorta Dougl., Pinusflexilis James, and Piceaengelmannii Parry, were inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungi Pisolithustinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch, Suillusgranulatus (L. ex Fr.) Kuntze, and Cenococcumgeophilum Fr. These, plus noninoculated control seedlings, were grown in a greenhouse for 8 months to assess mycorrhizal formation and seedling response. For all conifer species, top height, diameter, and seedling total dry weight were greater in the S. granulatus and control ("wild" fungus) treatments as compared with P. tinctorius and C. geophilum.In the 2nd year of the study, greenhouse container-grown conifers with ectomycorrhizae formed by the above three fungi and an unknown fungus were planted under four fertilizer treatments on a high-elevation (3200 m) molybdenum tailing pond covered with deep mine waste rock.After 4 years in the field, height growth of the seedlings (all tree species combined) inoculated with S. granulatus were greater than seedlings inoculated with P. tinctorius, C. geophilum, or control ("wild" fungus). Through four growing seasons, a sewage sludge and wood-chip treatment resulted in greater height growth than the three treatments of combined inorganic N and P, P alone, and no fertilization. The combined survival for all species and all treatments was 58% after four growing seasons.

Performance After Planting of Four Types of Container-grown Lodgepole Pine Seedlings

1973 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Endean ◽  
D. Hocking
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Environment Experiment

Four types of container-grown lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) seedlings differing in age and rearing regime were transplanted into a controlled laboratory environment and into the field. After 12 weeks, seedlings were excavated and stem length and dry weight of shoot and roots were measured, these and derived parameters were compared with values obtained at the time of planting. Survival was uniformly high, the largest seedlings prior to planting performed best under all conditions. In the controlled environment experiment, initial shoot weight, total weight, and ratio of shoot weight/shoot length were significantly correlated with final root weight, an important factor in initial establishment; in addition shoot and total weight increment were significantly and positively correlated with initial shoot/root ratio. In the field no overall significant correlations were obtained. Shoot/root ratio decreased slightly in the controlled environment and significantly in the field after outplanting. Results suggest that the largest plant which can be grown and planted economically shows largest increment and achieves largest final total dry weight and root dry weight in the first growing season after outplanting. The need for a physiological rather than morphological grading of seedlings is stressed.

Maltol protects against infection of lodgepole pine seedlings by western gall rust

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 1658-1660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter V. Blenis ◽  
Kathleen L. Wiggins ◽  
James E. Cunningham ◽  
Michael A. Pickard
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Split Plot ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Seedling Infection ◽  
Plot Design

Uptake and translocation of maltol into 6-week-old Pinusconforta (Engelm.) var. latifolia seedlings was followed by means of gas chromatography. Maltol concentrations of 6.0–7.3 mg/g seedling dry weight (46–55 μg/seedling) were observed over the first 3 days following a single application of 50 mg maltol/seedling. A split-plot design was used to determine if maltol could reduce seedling infection by Endocronartiumharknessii. Whole plots consisted of two inoculum levels (7 or 30 mg of spores per tray of seedlings) and subplots consisted of four levels of maltol (0, 2, 10, or 40 mg/mL) applied 2 days before inoculation to one-half tray of seedlings at the rate of 5 mL/cavity. The highest concentration consistently and significantly reduced seedling infection relative to the untreated control, although it also caused some phytotoxicity.

Distribution of 14C-labeled metabolites in mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal lodgepole pine seedlings

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 1029-1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Ahrens ◽  
C. P. P. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Axenic Culture ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Radioactivity ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels ◽  
Soluble Fractions

Four days after 14CO2 assimilation, the distribution of 14C-labeled metabolites in mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal pine seedlings was investigated by use of autoradiography, thin-layer chromatography, and liquid scintillation techniques. Mycorrhizal formation was accomplished by growing the lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) seedlings in axenic culture with the fungal symbionts Thelephora terrestris (Ehrh.) Fr., Cenococcum graniforme (Sow.) Ferd. and Winge, and Rhizopogon vinicolor A. H. Smith.Although no significant differences between ectomycorrhizal and uninfected pines were found in the distribution of 14C-labeled metabolites after seedling harvest, important trends were noted in both seedling types with respect to the 14C distribution. Total radioactivity within both mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal seedlings was highly correlated with shoot dry weight. Most activity was present in ethanol-soluble fractions. The percentage of activity in ethanol-soluble fractions was greater in roots than shoots. Sugars formed the greatest percentage of the labeled, ethanol-soluble fractions, with sucrose the most common. The roots of all plants analyzed had higher percentages of sucrose and lower percentages of hexoses than did the shoots. Of the hexoses, glucose was more prominent in the shoots and fructose more prominent in the roots of both types of seedlings. Greater quantities of 14C-labeled organic acids and amino acids were found in the shoots than in roots. Both mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants had similar mean 14C activities in root exudate fractions collected in distilled water. This activity was not correlated with root dry weight or 14C activity within the plant.There was no evidence to support the hypothesis that mycorrhizal development promotes increased translocation of assimilates to the roots or results in increased soluble carbohydrate levels.

The Effect of Rooting Volume on the Early Growth of Lodgepole Pine Seedlings

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Endean ◽  
L. W. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Pronounced Effect ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Pine Seedlings

Lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) seedlings were germinated and grown for 20 weeks in containers with volumes ranging from 10 to 524 cm3 (0.6 to 32.0 in.3). Containers for four of seven volumes were constructed in three different ratios of height:diameter (1:1,3:1, and 6:1), with the remaining three volumes at 3:1. Rooting volume had a pronounced effect on dry weight and shoot length between 8 and 20 weeks. Rooting intensity was inversely correlated with shoot dry weight and a restricting intensity of about 0.45 mg/cm3 is suggested. Configuration of the container had no effect on dry weight or shoot length.

Response of Poinsettia Growth and Development to Ratio of Radiant to Thermal Energy

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 508e-508
Author(s):  
Bin Liu ◽  
Royal D. Heins
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Daily Light Integral ◽  
Highly Correlated

A concept of ratio of radiant to thermal energy (RRT) has been developed to deal with the interactive effect of light and temperature on plant growth and development. This study further confirms that RRT is a useful parameter for plant growth, development, and quality control. Based on greenhouse experiments conducted with 27 treatment combinations of temperature, light, and plant spacing, a model for poinsettia plant growth and development was constructed using the computer program STELLA II. Results from the model simulation with different levels of daily light integral, temperature, and plant spacing showed that the RRT significantly affects leaf unfolding rate when RRT is lower than 0.025 mol/degree-day per plant. Plant dry weight is highly correlated with RRT; it increases linearly as RRT increases.

scholarly journals Role of Suillus placidus in Improving the Drought Tolerance of Masson Pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) Seedlings

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 332
Author(s):  
Min Li ◽  
Haoyun Wang ◽  
Xizhou Zhao ◽  
Zhongke Lu ◽  
Xueguang Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pinus Massoniana ◽  
Photosynthetic Performance ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Masson Pine ◽  
Pine Seedlings

Masson pine is an important afforestation species in southern China, where seasonal drought is common. The present study focused on the effects of Suillus placidus, an ectomycorrhizal fungus, inoculation on the growth and physiological and biochemical performance of masson pine seedlings under four different watering treatments (well-watered, mild drought, moderate drought, and severe drought) to evaluate the symbiotic relationship between S. placidus and masson pine seedlings. Ectomycorrhizal-inoculated (ECM) and non-inoculated (NM) seedlings were grown in pots and maintained for 60 days using the weighing method. Results showed that seedlings’ growth, dry weight, RWC, chlorophyll content, PSII efficiency, and photosynthesis decreased as drought stress intensified in both ECM and NM plants. This suggests that drought stress significantly limits the growth and photosynthetic performance of masson pine seedlings. Nevertheless, increased An/gs and proline contents in both NM and ECM prevented oxidative damage caused by drought stress. In addition, increased peroxidase (POD) activity is an essential defense mechanism of ECM seedling under drought stress. Compared with NM, ECM seedlings showed faster growth, higher RWC, and photosynthetic performance, and lower lipid peroxidation in cell membranes under drought stress, as indicated by higher POD activity and lower proline and malondialdehyde (MDA). Our experiment found that S. placidus inoculation can enhance the drought resistance of masson pine seedlings by increasing antioxidant enzyme activity, water use efficiency, and proline content, thereby enhancing growth under water-deficiency conditions. S. placidus can be used to cultivate high-quality seedlings and improve their survival in regions that experience seasonal droughts.

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