Photosynthate allocation in Pinustaeda. III. Photosynthate economy: its production, consumption and balance in shoots during the growing season

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsu-Ho Chung ◽  
Robert L. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Biochemical Composition ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Photosynthate Partitioning ◽  
Photosynthate Allocation ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Source And Sink

Using data on CO2 exchange, growth, and biochemical composition, an approach was developed to calculate the seasonal production, consumption, and surplus of photosynthate in shoots of loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.). The amounts of CO2 released and of glucose substrate required in biosynthesis of shoot biomass over the growing season were also calculated. Individual growth flushes of different age-classes, as well as of an entire 1-year-old branch unit, ofPinustaeda were used as bases for calculations.Substrate requirements and CO2 production were relatively constant throughout the growing season. Within the whole 1-year-old branch unit, 63% of the photosynthate production was supplied by the two growth flushes of the previous year. Growth of the current year's shoot represented the major consumption of photosynthate, and this made up 66% of the total photosynthate consumed in the branch unit. Surplus of photosynthate, which would be available for translocation from the branch, was about 38% of the total photosynthate produced. Most of the photosynthate surplus was derived from the growth flushes of the previous year. Source and sink relationships, with regard to photosynthate partitioning in the 1-year-old branch unit over the growing season, were clarified and described.

Photosynthate allocation in Pinustaeda. II. Seasonal aspects of photosynthate allocation to different biochemical fractions in shoots

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsu-Ho Chung ◽  
Robert L. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Dynamic Allocation ◽  
Structural Growth ◽  
Photosynthate Allocation ◽  
Growing Conditions

Research was conducted to study (1) seasonal changes in tissue composition and (2) dynamic allocation of photosynthate to different biochemical fractions in growing shoots of the current and previous years of 15-year-old loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.). As the growing season progressed, the shoots increased rapidly in total biomass; however, old needles formed in the previous year lost dry weight. The most striking biochemical change was a rapid decrease in starch content of old needles early in the growing season. Soluble sugars and organic acids in old needles also decreased slightly. Contents of biochemical constituents generally increased in current axes and needles as the organs grew and increased in weight, although there were decreases in organic acid contents of current axes early in the growing season. Formation of nonlabile major constituents (cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, and protein) in current-year shoots proceeded at different rates. These rates were interpreted in terms of aspects of shoot growth and development. Seasonal allocation of photosynthates into biochemical constituent fractions in current year growth flushes was calculated. Results suggested that photosynthates were allocated to constituents of different functional categories (metabolism, storage, structure, and protection) at different times of the growing season in such a way that structural growth was of first priority. Thus, allocation of photosynthates to structural growth early in the season enables branches to compete for favorable growing conditions.

scholarly journals Growth Responses of Boreal Scots Pine, Norway Spruce and Silver Birch Seedlings to Simulated Climate Warming over Three Growing Seasons in a Controlled Field Experiment

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 943
Author(s):  
Katri Nissinen ◽  
Virpi Virjamo ◽  
Antti Kilpeläinen ◽  
Veli-Pekka Ikonen ◽  
Laura Pikkarainen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Simulated Climate ◽  
Shoot And Root Biomass

We studied the growth responses of boreal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) seedlings to simulated climate warming of an average of 1.3 °C over the growing season in a controlled field experiment in central Finland. We had six replicate plots for elevated and ambient temperature for each tree species. The warming treatment lasted for the conifers for three growing seasons and for the birch two growing seasons. We measured the height and diameter growth of all the seedlings weekly during the growing season. The shoot and root biomass and their ratios were measured annually in one-third of seedlings harvested from each plot in autumn. After two growing seasons, the height, diameter and shoot biomass were 45%, 19% and 41% larger in silver birch seedlings under the warming treatment, but the root biomass was clearly less affected. After three growing seasons, the height, diameter, shoot and root biomass were under a warming treatment 39, 47, 189 and 113% greater in Scots pine, but the root:shoot ratio 29% lower, respectively. The corresponding responses of Norway spruce to warming were clearly smaller (e.g., shoot biomass 46% higher under a warming treatment). As a comparison, the relative response of height growth in silver birch was after two growing seasons equal to that measured in Scots pine after three growing seasons. Based on our findings, especially silver birch seedlings, but also Scots pine seedlings benefitted from warming, which should be taken into account in forest regeneration in the future.

scholarly journals Genotypic Stability Effects on Predicted Family Responses to Silvicultural Treatments in Loblolly Pine

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven E. McKeand ◽  
Robert P. Crook ◽  
H. Lee Allen
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Intensive Culture ◽  
Genotype By Environment ◽  
Silvicultural Treatments ◽  
Genotypic Stability ◽  
Superior Genotypes ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Abstract The lack of rank change in growth characteristics when open-pollinated families of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) are planted on different sites in the Southeast has greatly simplified breeding for superior genotypes. Although family rank does not usually change, genotype by environment interactions (GxE) may be very important in operational deployment of families in regeneration programs. Using data from GxE trials and two site preparation-fertilization-herbicide trials, we estimated the growth that different families should achieve following application of these silvicultural practices. Better performing families tend to be most responsive to site changes (i.e. genetically unstable). Growth responses to silvicultural treatment will be overestimated if only the most responsive families are used in silvicultural research trials. Similarly, genetic gains will be overestimated if gain trials are planted on only the best sites or receive intensive culture. South. J. Appl. For. 21(2):84-89.

Sulfonylurea herbicides applied to acidic sandy soils: movement, persistence and activity within the growing season

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1157 ◽  
Author(s):  
WM Blacklow ◽  
PC Pheloung
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Sulfonylurea Herbicides ◽  
Laboratory Bioassay ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Late Application ◽  
Lime Addition

Chlorsulfuron and triasulfuron were applied to the surface of acidic, sandy loam at a low rainfall site in 1989 (129 mm June-October) and a high rainfall site in 1990 (217 mm July-August). Four environments were obtained by early and late application times and lime addition in 1989 and by a wetter site in 1990. The pH of the surface 10 cm was 4.9 in 1989, 5.8 in 1990 and 6.5 after the addition of limestone in 1989. The plots were left fallow or sown, prior to herbicide applications, to wheat (cv. Kulin). Hourly averages of rainfall, soil and air temperature were recorded. The temperature range was 2.7�C to 23.2�C. The soil profiles were sampled on 5 to 7 occasions and herbicide residues were determined by a laboratory bioassay (sensitivity >0.4 8g kg-1 soil). Chlorsulfuron and triasulfuron were detected to 300 mm in the wetter environment but neither herbicide was as mobile in the profile as water. More herbicide moved to the lower layers of the profile in the higher pH environment. The half-lives for residues ranged from 12 to 28 days. Shoot biomass of wheat seedlings was suppressed by both herbicides but grain yields were unaffected. The residues failed to prevent reinvasion of the wheat plots by weeds, notably Arctotheca calendula.

Third-Year Growth Response of Loblolly Pine to Eight Levels of Competition Control

1987 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine G. Bacon ◽  
Shepard M. Zedaker
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Best Response ◽  
Competition Control ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
One Year

Abstract The growth response of young loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) to different amounts of competition control was studied in plantations of three ages in the Virginia Piedmont. Eight competition control treatments involved the removal of all, two-thirds, one-third, or none of the hardwoodstems either with or without herbaceous weed control. Results after three growing seasons showed a significant increase in pine diameter and volume growth with competition control. Treatments combining woody and herbaceous control resulted in better pine growth than the same treatments withoutherbaceous control, in the two youngest stands. The best response, obtained with the two-thirds woody plus herbaceous control treatment, resulted in: a 100% increase in volume growth over the check plots in seedlings treated at the beginning of their second growing season in the field; a 93% increase in one-year-old seedlings; and a 53% increase in the growth of seedlings treated before the third growing season. South. J. Appl. For. 11(2):91-95.

scholarly journals Tree Mortality Following Mixed-Severity Prescribed Fire Dramatically Alters the Structure of a Developing Pinus taeda Forest on the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain

Fire ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Ray ◽  
Deborah Landau
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Prescribed Fire ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Pine Forest ◽  
Atlantic Coastal Plain ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Stem Density ◽  
Horizontal Structure

This case study documents the aftermath of a mixed-severity prescribed fire conducted during the growing season in a young loblolly pine forest. The specific management objective involved killing a substantial proportion of the overstory trees and creating an open-canopy habitat. The burn generated canopy openings across 26% of the 25-ha burn block, substantially altering the horizontal structure. Mortality of pines was high and stems throughout the size distribution were impacted; stem density was reduced by 60% and basal area and aboveground biomass (AGB) by ~30% at the end of the first growing season. A nonlinear regression model fit to plot data portrays a positive relationship between high stocking (i.e., relative density > 0.60) and postburn mortality. Survival of individual trees was reliably modeled with logistic regression, including variables describing the relative reduction in the size of tree crowns following the burn. Total AGB recovered rapidly, on average exceeding levels at the time of the burn by 23% after six growing seasons. Intentional mixed-severity burning effectively created persistent canopy openings in a young fire-tolerant precommercial-sized pine forest, meeting our objectives of structural alteration for habitat restoration.

Root and shoot biomass and mycorrhizal development of white spruce seedlings naturally regenerating in interior Alaskan floodplain communities

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 554-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Krasny ◽  
K. A. Vogt ◽  
J. C. Zasada
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Seedling Biomass ◽  
Mycorrhizal Development ◽  
Root:Shoot Ratios ◽  
Root And Shoot Biomass

Root and shoot biomass and mycorrhizal development were examined for white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings naturally regenerating in four floodplain communities in the boreal forest. Mean seedling biomass was highest in the open community and lowest in the spruce community. Seedlings growing in the open community had higher root:shoot ratios (0.50) compared with seedlings growing in the willow (0.34), alder (0.20), and spruce (0.24) communities. Essentially all short roots of spruce seedlings growing in all four communities were infected by mycorrhizal fungi throughout the growing season.

Growth and yield responses of rice to carbon dioxide concentration

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Baker ◽  
L. H. Allen ◽  
K. J. Boote
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Yield Responses

SUMMARYRice plants (Oryza salivaL., cv. IR30) were grown in paddy culture in outdoor, naturally sunlit, controlled-environment, plant growth chambers at Gainesville, Florida, USA, in 1987. The rice plants were exposed throughout the season to subambient (160 and 250), ambient (330) or superambient (500, 660, 900 μmol CO2/mol air) CO2concentrations. Total shoot biomass, root biomass, tillering, and final grain yield increased with increasing CO2concentration, thegreatest increase occurring between the 160 and 500 μmol CO2/mol air treatments. Early in the growing season, root:shoot biomass ratio increased with increasing CO2concentration; although the ratio decreased during the growing season, net assimilation rate increased with increasingCO2concentration and decreased during the growing season. Differences in biomass and lamina area among CO2treatments were largely due to corresponding differences in tillering response. The number of panicles/plant was almost entirely responsible for differences in final grain yield among CO2treatments. Doubling the CO2 concentration from 330 to 660 μmol CO2/mol air resulted in a 32 % increase in grain yield. These results suggest that important changes in the growth and yield of rice may be expected in the future as the CO2concentration of the earth's atmosphere continues to rise.

Directed Foliar Sprays of Forestry Herbicides for Loblolly Pine Release

1990 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 199-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Foliar Sprays ◽  
Crown Volume ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Water Oak ◽  
Potential Use

Abstract Six herbicides were compared as directed foliar sprays applied in May, July, and September on seven hardwood species and on loblolly pine. Equal-cost mixtures that met or exceeded minimum labeled rates were tested for Weedone 2,4- DP, Gadon 4, Garlon 3A, Arsenal Applicator Concentrate, Roundup, Escort, and Roundup + Escort. Test hardwoods were sweetgum, southern red oak, water oak, red maple, pignut hickory, dogwood, and yellow poplar. Crown volume reduction and rootstock reduction after one growing season were the main indicators of efficacy. Using directed sprays, yellow poplar was the easiest species to control, and pignut hickory was the most difficult. Control of sweetgum was most effective with Weedone, Arsenal, and Roundup. For control of oaks, the most effective applications were in July with Arsenal, Garlon 4 and 3A, and Roundup; but these and other hardwood species tended to refoliate 2 years after Arsenal treatment. Herbicide safety to loblolly pine was best with Arsenal and Escort, while injury was greatest with Roundup and Garlon 3A, which might have potential use in precommercial thinnings. South. J. Appl. For 14(4):199-206.

scholarly journals Seasonal dynamics of the diameter increment of fir (Abies alba Mill.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in a mixed stand

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 149-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Knott
Keyword(s):  
Abies Alba ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Mixed Stand ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Diameter Increment ◽  
Total Magnitude ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica L ◽  
Non Destructive

In the growing season 2001 changes were studied in the diameter increment of selected sample trees of silver fir and beech in a mixed stand using mechanical girth dendrometers. Within the selected set of trees individual differences were determined both in the dynamics of increment and in its total magnitude. The differences are evident not only between tree species but also within particular species in trees of the same diameter. On the basis of the results of a detailed study of diameter increment dynamics in the course of a year using a non-destructive method by means of mechanical dendrometers and measurements of particular components of microclimate individual growth responses of trees to selected external factors were determined.

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