Autumnal nutrient transfers by retranslocation, leaching, and litter fall in a chestnut oak forest in southern Illinois

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy L. Ostman ◽  
George T. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Litter Fall ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Southern Illinois ◽  
Foliar Concentrations ◽  
Important Means ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Free Falling ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Retranslocation from leaves was investigated as a means of retaining nutrients in stands of Quercusprinus L. on two sites in southern Illinois, where wind rapidly moves litter downslope. Foliage samples were collected from late summer until leaf fall to describe the trends of leaf dry weight and nutrient concentration (N, K, P, Ca) changes. Free-falling rain and throughfall were collected to estimate foliar leaching. Foliar concentrations of N, K, and P decreased markedly during senescence while Ca concentrations increased. The pattern of concentration change was unique for each element, and the change in N concentration was closely correlated with change in leaf color. For the study sites as a whole, leaf dry weight decreased to 70% of the original value. Of 84.2 kg N/ha in green foliage, only 22.6% was returned to the site as litter. The canopy gained 0.3 kg N/ha (0.4%) from rainfall. The 78.5% N unaccounted for is attributed to retranslocation. Similarly, from 51.4 kg K/ha; 8.2, P; and 47.8, Ca in green foliage, 9.8, 1.3, and 3.3%, respectively, were removed by leaching; 27.4, 43.7, and 85.1% were returned to the site in litter. The remaining 63.0% K, 55.0% P, and 11.5% Ca unaccounted for is attributed to retranslocation. Retranslocation and leaching of nutrients was greater on the site of higher quality. But on both sites it appears that retranslocation is an important means of retaining and conserving N, K, and P countering the effect of annual litter removal.

Clonal differences in biomass characteristics, coppice ability, and biomass prediction equations among four Populus clones grown in eastern North Dakota

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald A. Tuskan ◽  
Timothy R. Rensema
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Poplar ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Prediction Equations ◽  
Biomass Yields ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
Biomass Components ◽  
Growth Vigor ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight ◽  
Sprout Growth

Differences in biomass characteristics and biomass prediction equations were quantified for four hybrid poplar clones: 'Siouxland', 'Robusta', 'Eugenei', and 'Northwest'. Twenty trees per clone were destructively sampled, separated into component parts, and compared using analysis of variance and regression techniques. Significant differences in clonal means were detected for all biomass components. The functional relationship, however, between standing-tree measurements and biomass yields did not generally vary among clones. There were differences in regression equation slopes among clones for leaf green weight, limb green weight, and leaf dry weight. These differences appear to be related to the annual infection of the clone 'Northwest' by Melampsora leaf rust. All clones coppiced satisfactorily despite a late summer harvest. Clonal differences did exist in coppice ability and sprout growth vigor.

scholarly journals Leaf Color Retention, Dark Respiration, and Growth of Red-leafed Japanese Maples Under High Night Temperatures

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.L. Deal ◽  
J.C. Raulston ◽  
L.E. Hinesley
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Color Retention ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Red- and purple-leafed seedlings and clonal material selected for superior color and growth under northern climatic conditions may exhibit progressive color loss and reduced growth rates when exposed to the hot summers and high night temperatures of more southern climates. Studies were conducted to characterize the color loss associated with red-leafed seedlings of Acer palmatum Thunb. (Japanese maple), and to determine to what extent night temperatures affect the dark respiration, growth, and anthocyanin expression of A. palmatum `Bloodgood'. The percentage of seedlings within each of five color classes was determined for five dates from spring to early fall. Significant shifts in class distribution occurred on every evaluation date tested. The class changes contributing the most to these shifts varied with age of leaf material and date. Dark respiration rates increased by 0.09 mg CO2/g leaf dry weight per hour for every 1C rise in temperature, regardless of exposure duration. Dark respiration rates of 0.69 and 1.73 mg CO2/g per hour were found at 14 and 26C, respectively. The greatest amount of growth occurred during weeks 6 through 8 at a night temperature of 14C. Plant growth during this period increased by an average 51%, compared to that at warmer night temperatures. Ultimately, total plant growth at 14C decreased 7%, 19%, and 32% as night temperatures increased from 18 to 22 to 26C. Leaf redness index values at 14 or 18C were from two to seven times greater than those at warmer night temperatures.

Key Morphological Events following Late-Season Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) Germination

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 196-201
Author(s):  
Robert Andrew Kerr ◽  
Lambert B. McCarty ◽  
William C. Bridges ◽  
Matthew Cutulle
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight ◽  
Term Management

AbstractGoosegrass is a weedy C4species throughout the world and a major pest in turfgrass systems. Further research is needed to characterize morphological events of goosegrass germinating in late summer to enhance long-term management programs. The objective of this study was to determine whether goosegrass germinating on August 15 will complete a life cycle before the first killing frost, typically November 15 in Clemson, SC. A biotype from Clemson, SC, was collected and a growth-chamber experiment was conducted to simulate autumn maximum and minimum temperatures. Culm, leaf, root, and raceme biomass measurements were recorded weekly, and growth curves were modeled. The inflection point (i.e., point of maximum growth) occurred for the following growth parameters: culm dry weight at 26.5 d after emergence (DAE), leaf dry weight at 26.6 DAE, number of racemes per plant at 50.7 DAE, raceme dry weight (including germinable seed) at 56.0 DAE, and root dry weight at 42.1 DAE. The completion of the life cycle occurred on October 22 (68 DAE), approximately 3 wk before the typical first killing frost in Clemson, SC. In summary, turf managers need to address goosegrass that germinates through approximately the first week of September at this location to avoid production of viable seed.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Nutrition of Eastern Redbud (Cercis canadensis)

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-228
Author(s):  
John M. Wooldridge ◽  
Stuart L. Warren ◽  
Frank A. Blazich
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cercis Canadensis ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Foliar Concentrations ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Eastern Redbud ◽  
Iron Manganese ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight ◽  
Mn Concentrations

Abstract Containerized seedlings of eastern redbud were grown in a greenhouse for 10 weeks with nitrogen application rates (NARs) ranging from 0 to 300 mg·L−1. Seedlings fertilized with nitrogen (N) at 180 mg·L−1 had the greatest leaf area, leaf dry weight, and total plant dry weight. Plants allocated more resources to root growth at NARs < 60 mg·L−1. At NARs ≥ 60 mg·L−1, allocation of carbon to roots and tops was constant, with a root:top ratio of 0.25. Foliar concentrations of N, phosphorus, and sulfur increased linearly with increasing NAR while concentrations of potassium were not affected by NAR. Foliar concentrations of calcium and magnesium responded quadratically with minimum concentrations at 240 and 180 mg·L−1, respectively. Boron also responded quadratically with maximum concentrations predicted at a NAR of 175 mg·L−1. Concentrations of copper decreased linearly with increasing NAR. Foliar iron, manganese (Mn), and sodium were not significantly affected by NAR. Foliar Mn concentrations were generally low and approached critical levels. Based on observed growth and the concentrations of various mineral nutrients, we conclude that during the first season of growth containerized eastern redbud should be fertilized with N at 180 mg·L−1 per daily irrigation.

Respon Akar Bibit Aren Genjah (Arenga pinnata) Di Pembibitan Pada Pemberian Dosis dan Interval Pupuk Organik Cair Nasa

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Yetti Elidar
Keyword(s):  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Treatment Combination ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Dose Study ◽  
Palm Sugar ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Research on the response of roots of palm sugar palm seeds (Arenga pinnata) in nurseries at doses and intervals of Nasa liquid organic fertilizer. Aims to determine the dosage, interval and combination of dosages and fertilization intervals with Nasa liquid organic fertilizer which can provide the best dry weight of the roots in the nursery. The research design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3x3 factorial experiments and each treatment was repeated 8 (eight) times, consisting of: the first factor was the treatment of POC Nasa dose in a concentration of 3 cc POC Nasa per liter of water (D) consists of 3 levels, namely: d1 = 300 ml POC Nasa, d2 = 400 ml POC Nasa, d3 = 500 ml POC Nasa, while the second factor is the treatment of POC Nasa Interval (I) consisting of 3 levels, namely: i1 = 2 once a week, i2 = once every 3 weeks, i3 = once every 4 weeks. The results of the POC Nasa dose study had a significant effect on leaf wet weight, leaf dry weight, root wet weight and root dry weight. The best dose at this level are: d2 (400 ml of Nasa liquid organic fertilizer), the interval of liquid organic fertilizer Nasa has a significant effect on leaf wet weight, leaf dry weight, root wet weight and root dry weight. The best dose at this level is: i1 (once every 2 weeks). The treatment combination has no significant effect on all parameters. 

Leaf and stem structure of poplar (Populus ×euramericana) as Influenced by O3, NO2, their combination, and different soil N supplies

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 649-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.S. Günthardt-Goerg ◽  
P. Schmutz ◽  
R. Matyssek ◽  
J.B. Bucher
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Protein Patterns ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Leaf Injury ◽  
Populus Euramericana ◽  
N Supply ◽  
High Soil ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Although increasing tropospheric ozone (O3) concentrations as well as precursor NO2 emissions and N deposition have been observed, the combination of their effects on deciduous trees is little understood. We therefore examined the growth and leaf injury response of a model tree (Populus ×euramericana (Dode) Guinier cuttings exposed before flush and until they reached a height of more than 1 m) to low and high soil N supply (105 or 315 mg N•L−1 substrate volume), to filtered air, and to filtered air with NO2 (sinusoidal daily course with a mean of 100 nL•L−1), with O3 (60 nL•L−1), or with a combination of both in climate-controlled chambers. High soil N increased total plant dry weight, leaf area, and xylem radius in plants fumigated with or without added NO2 or O3. The number of leaves increased with high soil N independent of added NO2. The stomatal density was influenced by soil N and by fumigations, but the appearance of leaf injury symptoms, leaf loss, specific leaf weight, and bark radius were not modified by the soil N regimes. NO2 alone, though applied in a sixfold ambient concentration, did not significantly increase plant growth. NO2 and O3 alone had opposite effects on specific leaf dry weight, stomatal density, and in the high fertilization regime, on the bark radius. The decrease in specific leaf dry weight and the appearance of early leaf symptoms were enhanced by NO2 added to O3. Visible leaf injury caused by O3 increased in parallel with microscopic changes in mesophyll cell walls, in the starch and protein patterns of mesophyll cells, in the bark cell content, and in the phloem sieve pores. NO2 enhanced the negative effect of O3 rather than compensated for a low soil N supply.

Yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus) tolerates waterlogging better than narrow-leafed lupin (L. angustifolius) I. Shoot and root growth in a controlled environment

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 701 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Davies ◽  
D. W. Turner ◽  
M. Dracup
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Lupinus Luteus ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Yellow Lupin ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight ◽  
Better Than

We studied the adaptation of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) and yellow lupin (L. luteus) to waterlogging because yellow lupin may have potential as a new legume crop for coarse-textured, acidic, waterlogging-prone areas in Western Australia. In a controlled environment, plants were waterlogged for 14 days at 28 or 56 days after sowing (DAS). Plants were more sensitive when waterlogged from 56 to 70 DAS than from 28 to 42 DAS, root growth was more sensitive than shoot growth, and leaf expansion was more sensitive than leaf dry weight accumulation. Waterlogging reduced the growth of narrow-leafed lupin (60–81%) more than that of yellow lupin (25–56%) and the response was more pronounced 2 weeks after waterlogging ceased than at the end of waterlogging. Waterlogging arrested net root growth in narrow-leafed lupin but not in yellow lupin, so that after 2 weeks of recovery the root dry weight of yellow lupin was the same as that of the control plants but in narrow-leafed lupin it was 62% less than the corresponding control plants. Both species produced equal amounts of hypocotyl root when waterlogged from 28 to 42 DAS but yellow lupin produced much greater amounts than narrow-leafed lupin when waterlogged from 56 to 70 DAS.

Effects of Glyphosate on Growth and the Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Levels of Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 751-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Cañal Villanueva ◽  
B. Fernandez Muñiz ◽  
R. Sanchez Tames
Keyword(s):  
Root Development ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Formation ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Underground System ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight ◽  
Secondary Shoot

Growth and the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were measured in greenhouse-grown yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL. ♯ CYPES), following treatment with glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine]. Herbicide was applied as a foliar spray at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 mM. After 2 weeks, growth was inhibited, and chlorosis and leaf apex necrosis were observed. Plant height was reduced, leaf fresh weight was decreased by 40%, and leaf dry weight was slightly affected. Rhizome, tuber, and secondary shoot formation was strongly inhibited, but root development was not affected by glyphosate treatment. With the 10-mM treatment, dry weight of the underground system was reduced by 80%. Chlorophyll and carotenoid levels were decreased by 52 and 54%, respectively, following glyphosate treatment.

Boron Deficiency in a Southern Pine Nursery

1982 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Stone ◽  
C. A. Hollis ◽  
E. L. Barnard
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Boron Deficiency ◽  
First Year ◽  
Normal Height ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Abstract Boron deficiency in seedling loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliotti Engelm.) in a northern Florida nursery was diagnosed by: (1) characteristic damage to shoot tips and buds, including necrosis of only part of the terminal; and (2) boron concentrations as low as only 1.9 ppm (dry weight) in affected tissues. Soil and soil-management features associated with deficiency include extremely low silt and clay contents, organic matter levels of 1 percent or less, lack of boron addition, and high calcium irrigation water leading to soil reactions above pH 6 by late summer. Consequences of deficiency were not limited to the nursery. Damaged seedlings that survived outplanting developed into bushy plants incapable of normal height growth in the first year or two.

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