Genetic improvement of sugar maple for high sap sugar content. I. Clone selection and seed orchard development

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 917-923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard B. Kriebel
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Downward Trend ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Clonal Variance ◽  
Final Spacing ◽  
Female Flowers

A grafted seed orchard of Acersaccharum Marsh, was established in Ohio in 1957 as part of a program of genetic improvement of sugar yield. During the 3rd decade, the orchard trees averaged 4.2% sap sugar. Although environmental sources of variance in sugar concentration were large, clonal differences were evident and generally consistent over the years; the clone × year interaction was negligible. Sap sugar concentration varied from year to year, but after an increase coinciding with early crown development in the 1st decade, there was no upward or downward trend with age. Inclusion of one seedling family in the orchard made it possible to obtain an approximation of within-family variance by comparison with within-clone variance. It was estimated to be about one-third of total family variance. The clone–family comparison also suggested that about 11% of total clonal variance was a rootstock effect. Sap tests over 3 years in a plantation of seed-orchard offspring showed that an initial thinning to an average 6.3 × 6.3 m spacing would leave trees with an average 4% sap sugar concentration. At final spacing the concentration would be higher. Only a few clones in the orchard produced medium or heavy crops of male or female flowers prior to age 27, but those from which seed was collected in early years averaged at least 4% sap sugar. All clones and the seedling family flowered by age 27.

Genetic improvement of sugar maple for high sap sugar content. II. Relative effectiveness of maternal and biparental selection

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 837-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard B. Kriebel
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Mass Selection ◽  
Nonrandom Mating ◽  
Maple Syrup ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard

Sap sugar data taken in four progeny plantations of sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) were analyzed to evaluate breeding methods for high sap sugar concentration. Two of the plantations included progeny from open pollination of mass-selected trees, one included progeny from a clonal seed orchard, and one included progeny from a breeding experiment. The plantations differed in proportions of maternal selection and biparental selection employed. Maternal selection was ineffective as a means of achieving gain for high sugar bush productivity, whereas biparental selection was clearly effective. Gain in rogued progeny plantations from maternal selection was no greater than would be expected from roguing progenies of unselected parents. Low female parent – offspring correlations were attributed to nonrandom mating resulting from insect pollination, rather than low heritability. The use of lower testing "standard" trees in mass selection favors low or mediocre performance of progenies, because of the probability that standards will contribute to the progeny gene pool. Biparental selection was effective through (i) open intercrossing of high-performing seed orchard clones and (ii) controlled pollination of selected superior trees. Seed orchard progeny could be selected by age 13 years and subsequently rogued to final sugar bush spacing. Long-term data support a prediction that the mature sugar bush will average about 4.5% sap sugar concentration. One gallon (1 gal = 3.79 L) of maple syrup of that concentration requires 18.4 gal of sap, compared with an average of 43 gal required from Ohio sugar bushes. The gain from biparental selection and intensive roguing of progeny is estimated to be about 40% greater than similar roguing of plantations from unselected or maternally selected parents.

scholarly journals Flower mites decrease nectar availability in the rain-forest bromeliad Neoregelia johannis

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadeu J. Guerra ◽  
Gustavo Q. Romero ◽  
Woodruff W. Benson
Keyword(s):  
Rain Forest ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Nectar Volume ◽  
Bombus Morio ◽  
Nectar Rewards ◽  
Flower Mites ◽  
Nectar Availability

Abstract:Nectarivorous flower mites can reduce the volume of nectar available to pollinators. The effects of the flower mite Proctolaelaps sp. on nectar availability in flowers of a melittophilous bromeliad Neoregelia johannis (Bromeliaceae) was evaluated in a coastal rain forest in south-eastern Brazil. In a randomized block experiment utilizing 18 flower pairs, one per bromeliad ramet, pollinators (Bombus morio) and mites were excluded, and then nectar volume, sugar concentration and sugar mass were quantified over the anthesis period. Mites significantly reduced nectar volume early in the morning (6h00–8h00), but not later (10h00–12h00). Mites decreased total volume of nectar available up to 22%. Sugar concentration in nectar was higher earlier in the morning, and decreased between 10h00–12h00. The pronounced consumption of nectar by mites during the period of higher sugar concentration reduced the total amount of sugar available to pollinators by 31%. This is the first study showing that flower mites decrease nectar rewards in a melittophilous plant. Because nectar volume by itself incompletely describes nectar production rates and the effects of nectar removal by flower mites on the availability of sugar, our study highlights the inclusion of sugar content in future studies assessing the effects of thieves on nectar production rates.

Sap yields, sugar content, and soluble carbohydrates of saps and syrups of some Canadian birch and maple species

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. C. Jones ◽  
I. Alli
Keyword(s):  
Sap Flow ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Total Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Maple Sap

During the spring of 1984 and 1985, white birch (Betulapapyrifera Marsh), sweet birch (B. lenta L), and yellow birch (B. alleghaniensis Britt.) were tapped to determine sap yields and syrup characteristics. These properties were compared with sap yields and syrup produced from sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh) and red maple (A. rubrum L). The sap flow seasons were as follows: white birch, 23 days (April 7–29, 1984) and 29 days (April 5 – May 3, 1985); sweet birch, 26 days (1984); yellow birch, 25 days (1985). The sap flow season for the maple species was much earlier than the birch species. Maple sap flow seasons were as follows: sugar maple, 16 days (March 28 – April 12, 1984) and 45 days (March 10 – April 23, 1985); red maple, 44 days (March 11 – April 23, 1985). Sap yields were as follows: white birch, 80.5 L in 1984 (1.0% sap) 51.0 L in 1985 (1.0% sap); sweet birch, 48.0 L in 1984 (0.5% sap); yellow birch, 28.4 L in 1985 (0.5% sap); red maple, 30.6 L in 1985 (2.3% sap); sugar maple, 53.5 L in 1985 (4.5% sap). Sap analyses showed the average total carbohydrate content of all birch saps and all maple saps was 9.2 and 24.5 g/L, respectively. The average sugar contents of the syrups from the birch saps and the maple saps were 302 and 711 g/L, respectively. The average pH of birch and maple saps were similar but the average pH of the syrups obtained from the birch saps was substantially lower than that of the syrups obtained from the maple saps.

High-Vacuum Pumping Effects on Maple Sap Sugar Yield

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 126-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Kelley ◽  
Lewis J. Staats
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
Gravity Flow ◽  
Lake Placid ◽  
Maple Sap

Abstract Some maple producers are reluctant to take advantage of high-vacuum pumping to increase yields of sugar maple sap in their closed-tubing sap collection systems. They believe that only sap of significantly lower sugar content will be obtained. During 1985 and 1986, at Lake Placid, NY, sap collected from sugar maple trees subjected to three levels of vacuum pumping (10-, 15-, and 20-in. Hg) was compared to sap obtained by gravity flow. In most instances the higher levels of vacuum resulted in significantly higher sap volumes with no significant decrease in sap sugar content. Application of 15-in. Hg pumped vacuum at the taphole in a well-maintained tubing system should result in a significant increase in syrup production. North. J. Appl. For. 6:126-129, September 1989.

scholarly journals Seed Ontogeny and Nonstructural Carbohydrates of Cycas micronesica Megagametophyte Tissue

HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 1144-1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Marler ◽  
Nirmala Dongol
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Biological Function ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Starch Concentration

The profile of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) was quantified to determine sugar and starch relationships of megagametophyte tissue during Cycas micronesica K.D. Hill seed ontogeny. Field work occurred in northern Guam where megastrobili were marked and dated as they emerged from stem apices of plants in a natural population. Seeds were harvested beginning 6 months after megastrobili emergence and continuing until 28 months, and gametophyte tissue was separated from the remainder of each seed. Carbohydrates within lyophilized gametophyte tissue were quantified by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The levels of glucose and fructose declined from a high at 6 months to a homeostasis at 11 months, and the levels of sucrose similarly declined from 6 months to a homeostasis at ≈14 months. Starch content exceeded sugar content and increased from 6 months to reach a homeostasis at ≈18 months. Maltose was not detected in any sample. Stoichiometric quotients changed dramatically until ≈14 months, when they became fairly stable until 28 months. Starch concentration was ≈5-fold greater than sugar concentration at 6 months, and increased to ≈15-fold greater than sugar concentration by 28 months. Total NSC in mature megagametophytes was almost 70% on a dry weight basis. Our results are in agreement with the biological function of this haploid tissue, as copious carbohydrate resources are readily available to support embryo and seedling growth.

scholarly journals Phenology, dichogamy, and floral synchronization in a northern red oak (Quercus rubra) seed orchard

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 629-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa W. Alexander ◽  
Keith E. Woeste
Keyword(s):  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Spring Phenology ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Male Flowers ◽  
Female Flowers

We developed a novel scoring system to assess spring phenology in a northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) clonal seed orchard. The system was used to score from 304 to 364 ramets for three reproductive seasons and to place clones into early, intermediate, and late phenology classes. Although the absolute number of clones in each phenological class changed from year to year, the overall order of clonal flowering was highly stable (rs = 0.67, p < 0.001). Early-flowering clones flowered significantly longer than later flowering clones in all 3 years. Dichogamy was present in the orchard, with male flowers of a clone emerging from 1.4 to 3.0 d sooner than its female flowers. Mean dichogamy values for individual clones ranged from 0.0 to 4.9 (± 1.3) d. Year strongly influenced a clone’s dichogamy value (F = 6.0, p = 0.004), whereas genotype had no influence. The mean overall phenological synchronicity for the 3 years of observations was 0.30 ± 0.01 or about 30% overlap between the time when females were receptive and males were shedding pollen. This study represents the first effort to quantify phenology in an artificial population of northern red oak, and it provides a snapshot of the current relationship between temperature, phenology, and floral synchronization.

scholarly journals PENGARUH KONSENTRASI GULA TERHADAP ORGANOLEPTIK DAN SIFAT KIMIA ANGGUR BUAH TOMI-TOMI (Flacourtia inermis Roxb)

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Rachel Breemer ◽  
Erynola Moniharapon ◽  
James Nimreskosu
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Fruit Wine ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
And Chemical Properties

This research was aimed to determine the exact sugar concentration on the organoleptic and chemical properties of tomi-tomi fruit wine. A completely randomized experimental design with three levels sugar concentration 30, 40, and 50% were repeat three times therefore there were a total of nine experimental units. Result showed that 50% sugar concentration had the best organoleptic characteristic that was able to produce wine having 1,27% ethyl alcohol, 21,23% sugar content and a pH of 3,6.

scholarly journals Eucalyptus Amplifolia and Corymbia Torelliana in the Southeastern USA: Genetic Improvement and Potential Uses

Forests ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Donald L. Rockwood ◽  
Dudley A. Huber ◽  
Mark A. Crawford ◽  
Phillip C. Rucks ◽  
Elizabeth Lamb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Medium Density Fiberboard ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Southeastern Usa ◽  
Clonal Seed Orchard ◽  
2Nd Generation ◽  
Honey Production ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Increase Productivity ◽  
Woody Crop

Eucalyptus amplifolia and Corymbia torelliana genetic improvement has been conducted in the lower southeastern USA by UF and collaborators since 1980. The collective accomplishments in genetic resources and potential commercial uses are summarized. For example, fast-growing, freeze-resilient E. amplifolia seeds are provided by 1st and 2nd generation seedling seed orchards (SSO) and a 2nd generation clonal seed orchard (CSO), while C. torelliana seed are available from 1st and 2nd generation SSOs. Breeding values (BV) have been developed for guiding the deployment of improved genotypes. Collaborative genetic improvement of these species is ongoing, including testing E. amplifolia in 11 countries and development of hybrid clones. Short Rotation Woody Crop (SRWC) systems may increase productivity and extend uses beyond conventional mulchwood to products such as medium density fiberboard (MDF), biochar, and energywood, while other possible applications include honey production, windbreaks, dendroremediation, and carbon sequestration. C. torelliana may be paired with E. grandis in two-row windbreaks to maximum windbreak effectiveness and may sequester as much carbon as E. grandis.

Production of grain molasses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.П. Мансуров ◽  
С.Ю. Булатов ◽  
Ю.В. Сизова ◽  
В.Н. Нечаев
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Crude Fiber ◽  
Dairy Production ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Optimal Forage ◽  
Cow Performance ◽  
Nizhny Novgorod Region

Для увеличения производства продуктов молочного животноводства большое значение для хозяйства имеет рациональное и экономное использование концентрированных кормов собственного производства. В связи с этим проведены исследования по приготовлению жидкой зерновой (кормовой) патоки. Материалом для изучения являлось зерно собственного производства, а именно ячменя и пшеницы, взятого из хозяйства Княгининского района Нижегородской области. Переработка зерна в жидкую патоку осуществлялась на установке, разработанной в Княгининском университете, с использованием двух ферментов: МЭК-СХ-3 и «Полифермента». Существенный интерес вызывала массовая доля сахара в приготовленной патоке. В результате исследований установлено, что при использовании фермента МЭК-СХ-3 содержание сухого вещества, сырого протеина, сырого жира и сахара в пшеничной патоке было выше по сравнению с ячменным продуктом. Исследование выявили более эффективное использование «Полифермента». Так, уровень сахара в пересчёте на сухое вещество в приготовленных патоках составлял 7,3 и 8,77% из сырья ячменя и пшеницы соответственно. Следует отметить, что количество сырой клетчатки в пшеничной патоке было самое низкое — 1,48%. При производстве зерновой патоки с использованием «Полифермента», содержащего комплекс ферментов, содержание сухого вещества в готовом продукте по сравнению с цельным зерном было ниже. Добавление жидкой зерновой патоки в рацион сельскохозяйственных животных позволяет восполнить дефицит сахара. Известно, что молочные коровы положительно реагируют на увеличенное содержание сахара в корме, что приводит к повышению уровня поедаемости и усвояемости кормов, следовательно, положительно повлияет на молочную продуктивность коров. Optimal forage distribution is crucial for the dairy production sphere. This paper reports on the preparation of liquid grain molasses. Barley and wheat grain were obtained from the Knyaginino rayon, the Nizhny Novgorod region. Processing grain into liquid molasses was performed on the equipment developed at the Knyaginino University using MEK-SKh-3 and “Poliferment” enzymes. Sugar content was of particular interest in the molasses produced. Wheat molasses exceeded the barley one in contents of dry matter (DM), crude protein, crude fat, and sugar after MEK-SKh-3 application. “Poliferment” showed higher effectiveness. Sugar content amounted to 7.3 and 8.77% in barley and wheat molasses, respectively. Wheat molasses had the lowest concentration of crude fiber — 1.48%. “Poliferment” application reduced DM content in molasses. Feeding liquid grain molasses to livestock compensates for sugar deficiency. Higher sugar concentration in forage positively affects cow performance increasing fodder consumption and digestion.

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