Cation and anion fluxes in northern hardwood throughfall along an acidic deposition gradient

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hal O. Liechty ◽  
Glenn D. Mroz ◽  
David D. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Acidic Deposition ◽  
Strong Acid ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Ionic Concentrations ◽  
Anionic Composition ◽  
Canopy Leaching ◽  
Atmospheric Inputs ◽  
Deposition Gradient ◽  
Precipitation Acidity

Ionic concentrations and fluxes were measured for 2 years in five northern hardwood stands along an acidic deposition gradient that extends from northern Minnesota (lowest deposition) to southeastern Michigan (highest deposition). Precipitation fluxes of H+, SO42−, and NO3− were, respectively, 340, 69, and 83% greater at the site with the highest deposition than at the site with the lowest deposition. No significant differences among sites were evident for precipitation fluxes of cations along the gradient. Fluxes of H+, SO42−, NO3−, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in throughfall increased along the gradient and were positively correlated with increased atmospheric inputs of H+, SO42−, and NO3− measured at the sites. Fluxes of SO42− and NO3− in throughfall were greater than precipitation fluxes, indicating dry deposition in excess of any assimilation of these anions from precipitation. Dry deposition inputs of SO42− increased from the northwestern to southeastern sites and were estimated to range from 23 to 49% of precipitation inputs. Precipitation acidity was neutralized by the canopy in all stands, but the amount of H+ retained by the canopy was significantly greater at sites with the greatest precipitation acidity. Throughfall fluxes of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in excess of precipitation fluxes were positively correlated with the canopy retention and deposition of H+ along the gradient. Increased throughfall fluxes of these cations were consistent with hypothesized increases in canopy leaching of cations with increased acidic deposition. Increased canopy leaching of Ca2+ and Mg2+, resulting from elevated acidic deposition, was estimated to represent as much as 6.2 and 12.9% of foliar contents of these cations, respectively. Although HCO3− and organic anions were found to play an important role in maintaining electroneutrality in throughfall along the gradient, strong acid anions increasingly dominated anionic composition of throughfall with increasing acidic deposition.

Biogeochemical interactions between acidic deposition and a low-elevation spruce–fir stand in Howland, Maine

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 867-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory B. Lawrence ◽  
Ivan J. Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Acidic Deposition ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Strong Acid ◽  
Mineral Weathering ◽  
East Central ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Annual Deposition ◽  
Measurement Period

The biogeochemical interactions between acidic deposition and a forest ecosystem were investigated in a low-elevation spruce–fir stand in east-central Maine. A 0.2-ha plot was intensively instrumented for measurement of precipitation, throughfall, and soil solutions. Annual precipitation for 1989 had an average pH of 4.39 and an estimated 424, 191, and 231 mol•ha−1 deposition of H+, SO42−, and NO3−, respectively. Soil water flux was determined from precipitation and evaporation estimates. Ion flux data are presented for the 12-month period of 1989. Approximately 50% of inorganic strong acid acidity in precipitation plus unmeasured dry deposition was neutralized by the canopy for the measurement period reported. Soil and soil solution buffering were largely controlled by organic matter and mineral weathering. Mobilization of inorganic Al was minimal (<3 μM) in both the Oa and Bs horizons. Ratios of Al/Ca2+ were well below values considered to cause inhibition of Ca2+ uptake. Annual deposition of SO42− in throughfall (285 mol•ha−1) approximated output (291 mol•ha−1). Virtually 100% of wet-only NO3− input and 90% of wet-only NH4+ input were retained within the ecosystem.

Foliar sulfur and nitrogen along an 800-km pollution gradient

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1761-1769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt S. Pregitzer ◽  
Andrew J. Burton ◽  
Glenn D. Mroz ◽  
Hal O. Liechty ◽  
Neil W. MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Acidic Deposition ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Hardwood Forests ◽  
Litter Fall ◽  
Pollution Gradient ◽  
Northern Hardwood Forests ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Foliar S

Emissions of sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) oxides in the midwestern and northeastern United States result in pronounced regional gradients of acidic deposition. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which atmospheric deposition alters the uptake and cycling of S and N in five analogous northern hardwood forests located along one of the most pronounced regional gradients of SO42−-S and NO3−-N deposition in the United States. We tested the hypothesis that acidic deposition would alter foliar S and N ratios and nutrient cycling in aboveground litter fall. Sulfate in both wet deposition and throughfall increased by a factor of two across the 800-km deposition gradient. The July concentration of S in sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) leaves increased from about 1600 μg•g−1 at the northern research sites to 1800–1900 μg•g−1 at the southern sites. Differences in leaf litter S concentration were even more pronounced (872–1356 μg•g−1), and a clear geographic trend was always apparent in litter S concentration. The 3-year average S content of leaf litter was 63% greater at the southern end of the pollution gradient. Nitrate and total N deposition were also significantly greater at the southern end of the gradient. The concentration of N in both summer foliage and leaf litter was not correlated with N deposition, but the content of N in leaf litter was significantly correlated with N deposition. The molar ratios of S:N in mid-July foliage and leaf litter increased as atmospheric deposition of SO42−-S increased. Ratios of S:N were always much greater in leaf litter than in mid-July foliage. The molar ratios of S:N retranslocated from the canopies of these northern hardwood forests were less than those in mid-July foliage or litter fall and showed no geographic trend related to deposition, suggesting that S and N are retranslocated in a relatively fixed proportion. Significant correlations between SO42−-S deposition and foliar S concentration, S cycling, and the molar ratio of S:N in foliage suggest that sulfate deposition has altered the uptake and cycling of S in northern hardwood forests of the Great Lakes region.

Growth responses of ponderosa pine to long-term exposure to ozone, wet and dry acidic deposition, and drought

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Temple ◽  
George H. Riechers ◽  
Paul R. Miller ◽  
Robert W. Lennox
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Acidic Deposition ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Soil Water Availability ◽  
Growth Responses

A 3-year field study of the cumulative effects of ozone (O3), wet and dry acidic deposition, and soil water availability was conducted on ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Laws.) in the Sierra Nevada of California from 1988 to 1990. Thirty-six 2-year-old potted seedlings were placed in each of 30 chambers and exposed from May through October to three levels of O3 (charcoal-filtered (CF), nonfiltered (NF), and NF plus 1.5 times ambient O3 (NF150)); three levels of acidity in simulated rain (pH 3.5, 4.4, 5.3); two levels of dry deposition (60 or 90% filtration), and two levels of soil water availability (well watered (WW) or drought stressed (DS)). An additional six plots served as ambient air (AA) controls. One-third (432) of the trees were harvested at the end of each exposure season. Low soil water availability was the only stress factor to significantly affect growth following the first exposure season. After the second season, O3 significantly reduced foliar biomass in WW–NF150 trees, but DS seedlings did not respond to O3. After 3 years of exposure, WW–NF150 trees averaged 70% loss of 1988 needles and 48% loss of 1989 foliage. Ozone-injured seedlings compensated for these losses by increased growth of current-year needles and stems and also increased growth of fine feeder roots. Radial stem growth and coarse-root growth were significantly reduced in O3-injured trees. DS trees in NF150 chambers averaged half the needle loss of WW trees and showed no reduction in radial growth in response to O3. Rain pH and dry deposition had no direct effects on growth of ponderosa pine. These cumulative responses to interacting stresses indicate the importance of multifactorial, long-term studies to evaluate forest tree responses to atmospheric deposition.

scholarly journals Changes in the Physical Properties of Precipitation in Pine Stands in the Area with A Low Degree of Air Pollution (Western Pomerania)

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 27-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Kruszyk
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Bulk Precipitation ◽  
Total Load ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Canopy Leaching ◽  
Pine Stands

Abstract The study presents the results of research conducted in the years 2010-2012 in pine stands in Western Pomerania. The research included physicochemical properties of bulk precipitation and throughfall. The results confirm that despite a decrease in the total throughfall in the interception process, the size of mineral and organic depositions in pine stands exceeded values recorded for bulk precipitation. It was caused both by the process of enriching the throughfall with (K+, Mg2+) rinsed out of needles and leaves and by washing off the dry deposition (NH4+, Cl-, Na+, SO42-, NO3 -). The share of leaching processes for K+ was 74.1%, while for Mg2+ 23.6% of the total load of these elements brought to the ground with throughfall. In the case of Ca2+ no canopy leaching was observed for this element. The throughfall acidification processes were mostly caused by NO3-.

Changes in faunal and vegetation communities along a soil calcium gradient in northern hardwood forests

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1141-1152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin M. Beier ◽  
Anne M. Woods ◽  
Kenneth P. Hotopp ◽  
James P. Gibbs ◽  
Myron J. Mitchell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Acidic Deposition ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Hardwood Forests ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Northern Hardwood Forests ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Increasing Trends

Depletion of Ca from forest soils due to acidic deposition has had potentially pervasive effects on forest communities, but these impacts remain largely unknown. Because snails, salamanders, and plants play essential roles in the Ca cycle of northern hardwood forests, we hypothesized that their community diversity, abundance, and structure would vary with differences in biotic Ca availability. To test this hypothesis, we sampled 12 upland hardwood forests representing a soil Ca gradient in the Adirondack Mountains, New York (USA), where chronic deposition has resulted in acidified soils but where areas of well-buffered soils remain Ca rich due to parent materials. Along the gradient of increasing soil [Ca2+], we observed increasing trends in snail community richness and abundance, live biomass of redback salamanders ( Plethodon cinereus (Green, 1818)), and canopy tree basal area. Salamander communities were dominated by mountain dusky salamanders ( Desmognathus ochrophaeus Cope, 1859) at Ca-poor sites and changed continuously along the Ca gradient to become dominated by redback salamanders at the Ca-rich sites. Several known calciphilic species of snails and plants were found only at the highest-Ca sites. Our results indicated that Ca availability, which is shaped by geology and acidic deposition inputs, influences northern hardwood forest ecosystems at multiple trophic levels, although the underlying mechanisms require further study.

Temporal and spatial variation of oak growth–climate relationships along a pollution gradient in the midwestern United States

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 772-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. LeBlanc
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Response ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Acidic Deposition ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Ohio River ◽  
River Region ◽  
Daily Weather Data ◽  
Deposition Gradient ◽  
Response Variables

The Kalman filter procedure was used to evaluate temporal variation in associations between physiologically based climate indices and radial growth of black oak (Quercusvelutina Lam.) and white oak (Quercusalba L.) at seven similar sites along the Ohio River corridor acidic-deposition gradient. Physiological response variables were derived by a model that used daily weather data to estimate effects of climate on growing season net photosynthesis and woody respiration. Correlations between oak radial growth indices and physiological response variables deteriorated over the period of record (1900–1987) at all seven study sites; there was no spatial association between the deterioration and the acidic-deposition gradient. This deterioration of growth–climate correlations was temporally associated with decreased growing season temperature at all seven sites; no consistent temporal trend was found for growing season precipitation. The effects of decreasing temperature on modeled physiological response variables included increased net photosynthesis and decreased woody respiration. These results suggest that recent assessments of relationships between acidic deposition and forest condition in the Ohio River region have been done during a time period of relaxed climatic stress and may have underestimated pollution–climate stress interactions.

Measurements of wet and dry deposition in a Northern Hardwood forest

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
J.P. Shepard ◽  
M.J. Mitchell ◽  
T.J. Scott ◽  
Y.M. Zhang ◽  
D.J. Raynal
Keyword(s):  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Hardwood Forest ◽  
Northern Hardwood Forest ◽  
Wet And Dry Deposition ◽  
Northern Hardwood

Relative Importance of Anthropogenic versus Natural Sources of Acidity in Lakes and Streams of Central Ontario

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 1664-1677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce D. LaZerte ◽  
Peter J. Dillon
Keyword(s):  
Acid Deposition ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Acidic Deposition ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Strong Acid ◽  
Anthropogenic Emissions ◽  
Sea Salts ◽  
High Discharge ◽  
Lake Acidity ◽  
Alternative Sources

Anthropogenic acid deposition has been implicated in the acidification of surface waters of central Ontario and elsewhere. However, alternative sources of acidity have been proposed, including (i) the release of protons and their accompanying acid anions by soils (e.g. organic acids) and (ii) the exchange of internally generated protons for the cations of atmospherically deposited neutral salts (e.g. sea salts). We show that for a typical acidified catchment in central Ontario the first hypothesis is not important during periods of high discharge or on an annual basis. As most of the neutral salts deposited on inland areas are sulphate and nitrate of anthropogenic origin, any acidity generated via the second mechanism can be reduced by reducing the emission of the salts. A third and alternative hypothesis is that deposition of strong acid alters only the balance between humic anions and sulphate in runoff waters, but not pH; we have shown this to be incorrect using catchments from the Sudbury region of Ontario where rates of acid deposition have recently declined. We conclude that in central Ontario, acidic deposition derived from anthropogenic SO2 sources is the primary causal factor in recent lake acidification, and that a reduction in the anthropogenic emissions affecting this area will result in a decrease in lake acidity.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document